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Determination of physicochemical properties of ionic liquids by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1644:461964. [PMID: 33741140 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the years room temperature ionic liquids have gained attention as solvents with favorable environmental and technical features. Both chromatographic and conventional methods afford suitable tools for the study of their physicochemical properties. Use of gas chromatography compared to conventional methods for the measurement of physicochemical properties of ionic liquids have several advantages; very low sample concentrations, high accuracy, faster measurements, use of wider temperature range and the possibility to determine physicochemical properties of impure samples. Also, general purpose gas chromatography instruments are widely available in most laboratories thus alleviating the need to purchase more specific instruments for less common physiochemical measurements. Some of the main types of physicochemical properties of ionic liquids accessible using gas chromatography include gas-liquid partition constants, infinite dilution activity coefficients, partial molar quantities, solubility parameters, system constants of the solvation parameter model, thermal stability, transport properties, and catalytic and other surface properties.
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Poole CF. Selection of calibration compounds for selectivity evaluation of wall-coated, open-tubular columns for gas chromatography by the solvation parameter model. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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3
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Poole CF. Gas chromatography system constant database for 52 wall-coated, open-tubular columns covering the temperature range 60–140 °C. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1604:460482. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lenca N, Poole CF. A system map for the ionic liquid stationary phase 1,12-di(tripropylphosphonium)dodecane bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide for gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1525:138-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gas chromatography on wall-coated open-tubular columns with ionic liquid stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1357:87-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Karve L, Dutt GB. Role of Specific Interactions on the Rotational Diffusion of Organic Solutes in a Protic Ionic Liquid–Propylammonium Nitrate. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:9107-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp303761f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Karve
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - G. B. Dutt
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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Poole CF, Poole SK. Ionic liquid stationary phases for gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:888-900. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Huang K, Zhang X, Armstrong DW. Ionic cyclodextrins in ionic liquid matrices as chiral stationary phases for gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5261-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Poole CF, Poole SK. Extraction of organic compounds with room temperature ionic liquids. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2268-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Poole CF, Poole SK. Foundations of retention in partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1530-50. [PMID: 19013576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yao C, Anderson JL. Retention characteristics of organic compounds on molten salt and ionic liquid-based gas chromatography stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1658-712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Poole CF, Poole SK. Separation characteristics of wall-coated open-tubular columns for gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:254-80. [PMID: 17678934 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The application of the solvation parameter model for the classification of wall-coated open-tubular columns for gas chromatography is reviewed. A system constants database for 50 wall-coated open-tubular columns at five equally spaced temperatures between 60 and 140 degrees C is constructed and statistical and chemometric techniques used to identify stationary phases with equivalent selectivity, the effect of monomer chemistry on selectivity, and the selection of stationary phases for method development. The system constants database contains examples of virtually all commercially available common stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Poole
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Poole CF. Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods for the determination of solvent properties of room temperature ionic liquids. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1037:49-82. [PMID: 15214660 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Room temperature ionic liquids are novel solvents with favorable environmental and technical features. Synthetic routes to over 200 room temperature ionic liquids are known but for most ionic liquids physicochemical data are generally lacking or incomplete. Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods afford suitable tools for the study of solvation properties under conditions that approximate infinite dilution. Gas-liquid chromatography is suitable for the determination of gas-liquid partition coefficients and activity coefficients as well as thermodynamic constants derived from either of these parameters and their variation with temperature. The solvation parameter model can be used to define the contribution from individual intermolecular interactions to the gas-liquid partition coefficient. Application of chemometric procedures to a large database of system constants for ionic liquids indicates their unique solvent properties: low cohesion for ionic liquids with weakly associated ions compared with non-ionic liquids of similar polarity; greater hydrogen-bond basicity than typical polar non-ionic solvents; and a range of dipolarity/polarizability that encompasses the same range as occupied by the most polar non-ionic liquids. These properties can be crudely related to ion structures but further work is required to develop a comprehensive approach for the design of ionic liquids for specific applications. Data for liquid-liquid partition coefficients is scarce by comparison with gas-liquid partition coefficients. Preliminary studies indicate the possibility of using the solvation parameter model for interpretation of liquid-liquid partition coefficients determined by shake-flask procedures as well as the feasibility of using liquid-liquid chromatography for the convenient and rapid determination of liquid-liquid partition coefficients. Spectroscopic measurements of solvatochromic and fluorescent probe molecules in room temperature ionic liquids provide insights into solvent intermolecular interactions although interpretation of the different and generally uncorrelated "polarity" scales is sometimes ambiguous. All evidence points to the ionic liquids as a unique class of polar solvents suitable for technical development. In terms of designer solvents, however, further work is needed to fill the gaps in our knowledge of the relationship between ion structures and physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Poole
- Department of Chemistry, Room 183, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Abstract
The potentiality of capillary gas chromatography (GC) as a means for research on solubility phenomena is focused. Basic thermodynamic information can be obtained in a simple and direct way from this technique relying on few parameters with their associated errors tightly controlled. An unexplored field of solvation phenomenology inaccessible to other techniques is revealed by the accuracy of capillary GC, provided that relevant chromatographic variables are utilized and an adequate treatment of the experimental information performed. The present article reviews different approaches for the attainment of basic thermodynamic information through capillary GC. Some traditional concepts on the treatment of chromatographic data for physicochemical measurement are questioned. Applications of the technique to research on solubility phenomena are depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rex González
- Div. Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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Poole CF, Li Q, Kiridena W, Koziol WW. Selectivity equivalence of poly(ethylene glycol) stationary phases for gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2000; 898:211-26. [PMID: 11117419 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The solvation parameter model is used to study differences in selectivity for poly(ethylene glycol) stationary phases for packed column (Carbowax 20M) and fused-silica, open-tubular column (HP-20M, AT-Wax, HP-INNOWax and DB-FFAP) gas chromatography. All phases are dipolar, strongly hydrogen-bond basic with no hydrogen-bond acidity and of moderate cohesion. No two phases are exactly alike, however, and selectivity differences identified with cavity formation and dispersion interactions, n- and pi-electron pair interactions, dipole-type interactions and hydrogen-bond interactions are quantified by differences in the system constants at a fixed temperature where retention occurs solely by gas-liquid partitioning. The system constants vary linearly with temperature over the range 60-140 degrees C (except for n- and pi-electron pair interactions which are temperature invariant) facilitating a general comparison of the importance of temperature on selectivity differences for compared phases. From a mechanistic point of view it is demonstrated that selectivity differences can result from chemical differences between the poly(ethylene glycol) stationary phases and from differences in the relative contribution of interfacial adsorption to the retention mechanism. The latter depends on both system properties and solute characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Poole
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Li Q, Poole CF. Influence of interfacial adsorption on the system constants of the solvation parameter model in gas-liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02789764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Study of retention interactions of solute and stationary phase in the light of the solvation model theory. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tudor E, Oncescu T. Influence of temperature and n-alkane pair on the methylene increments to the thermodynamic functions of solution on SE-30 and Carbowax-20M capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abraham MH, Poole CF, Poole SK. Classification of stationary phases and other materials by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Synthesis and gas chromatographic evaluation of a high-temperature hydrogen-bond acid stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Gibbs energy of solution and molecular structural coefficients of 85 solutes on 20 gas chromatographic stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Park G, Poole CF. Solvation in weak complexing n-octyl phthalate and n-octyl tetrachlorophthalate solvents by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Tian W, Ballantine DS. Characterization of cyano-functionalized stationary gas chromatographic phases by linear solvation energy relationships. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Preparation and gas chromatographic characterisation of 3-bromo-4-(4-methylbenzyloxy)azobenzene stationary phase. Chromatographia 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02267807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Baniceru M, Radu S, Patroescu C. Preparation and gas chromatographic characterisation of 3-bromo-4-(4-methylbenzyloxy)azobenzene stationary phase. Chromatographia 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02688110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Poole SK, Miller KG, Poole CF. Variation of selectivity among the poly(siloxane) stationary phases for gas chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1220070510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Poole SK, Poole CF. Chemometric classification of the solvent properties (selectivity) of commonly used gas chromatographic stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00469-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Wasiak W, Voelkel A, Rykowska I. Physico-chemical characterization of chemically bonded stationary phases including metal complexes by inverse gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00921-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Abraham MH, Andonian-Haftven J, Du CM, Osei-Owusu JP, Sakellariou P, Shuely WJ, Poole CF, Poole SK. Comparison of uncorrected retention data on a capillary and a packed hexadecane column with corrected retention data on a packed squalane column. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Poole SK, Kollie TO, Poole CF. Influence of temperature on the mechanism by which compounds are retained in gas-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)87012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Poole CF, Kollie TO. Interpretation of the influence of temperature on the solvation properties of gas chromatographic stationary phases using Abraham's solvation parameter model. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80347-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Voelkel A. Inverse gas chromatography: the use of Laffort solubility factors and topological indices in structure-polarity relationships. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85302-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Poole CF, Kollie TO, Poole SK. Recent advances in solvation models for stationary phase characterization and the prediction of retention in gas chromatography. Chromatographia 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02268359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kollie TO, Poole CF, Abraham MH, Whiting GS. Comparison of two free energy of solvation models for characterizing selectivity of stationary phases used in gas-liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(92)85067-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chapter 9 Gas chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)61570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Influence of solute size and the non-polar interaction term on the selection of test solutes for the classification of stationary phase selectivity in gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)96242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Kollie TO, Poole CF. Application of multivariate analysis to the selection of test solutes for characterizing stationary phase selectivity in gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Voelkel A. Inverse Gas Chromatography: Characterization of Polymers, Fibers, Modified Silicas, and Surfactants. Crit Rev Anal Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/10408349108051641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Pomaville RM, Poole CF. Gas chromatographic study of the solution thermodynamics of organic solutes in tetraalkylammonium alkanesulfonate and perfluoroalkanesulfonate solvents. J Chromatogr A 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)97017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Applications of ethylammonium and propylammonium nitrate solvents in liquid-liquid extraction and chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)83299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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