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Abdulhussain N, Nawada S, Currivan S, Schoenmakers P. Fabrication of monolithic frits and columns for chip‐based multidimensional separation devices. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1400-1410. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noor Abdulhussain
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS) University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA) University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Suhas Nawada
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS) University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA) University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Sinéad Currivan
- Department of Applied Science Technological University Dublin Tallaght D24 FKT9 Ireland
- MiCRA Biodiagnostics Technological University Dublin Tallaght D24 FKT9 Ireland
- Centre of Applied Science for Health (CASH) Technological University Dublin Tallaght D24 FKT9 Ireland
| | - Peter Schoenmakers
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS) University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA) University of Amsterdam 1098 HX Amsterdam the Netherlands
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2
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Multi-particle frits for packed capillary columns in electrochromatographic use. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1595:221-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Sandy KE, Condarcure AM, Sutton CT, Baker CA, Gallagher ES, Bright LK, Aspinwall CA. Rapid Formation of Polymer Frits in Fused Silica Capillaries Using Spatially defined Thermal Free-Radical Initiated Polymerization. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018; 1:753-758. [PMID: 34316536 DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Column preparation in capillary chromatography commonly relies upon the generation of on-column porous frits. Here, we report a simple, robust and low-cost approach for preparing polymer frits on-column, in a rapid and spatially controlled manner using thermal free-radical initiated polymerization. In this approach, a simple, temperature-controlled heating apparatus is positioned adjacent to a 100 μm i.d. fused-silica capillary for a defined duration. Frits were synthesized in 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate modified capillaries using a monomer solution of 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile, glycidyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and decanol. Frit length and stability were investigated as a function of polymerization time and temperature. Frit length was easily controlled via a combination of polymerization time and temperature and position was readily controlled using a simple mechanical placement jig. Thermal initiated frits were stable throughout column packing and did not require removal of the capillary polyimide coating. The thermal initiation approach offers higher throughput, with polymerization times of < 2 min compared to ≥ 30 min for UV-initiated polymerization and significantly reduces the cost, enabling broader access to on-column frit technology for a variety of capillary separation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall E Sandy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ
| | | | - Corey T Sutton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, TN
| | | | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, 76706, TX
| | - Leonard K Bright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ
| | - Craig A Aspinwall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ.,Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ
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4
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Determination of 5-nitroimidazole residues in milk by capillary electrochromatography with packed C18 silica beds. Talanta 2015; 144:542-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Sakamaki H, Uchida T, Lim LW, Takeuchi T. Evaluation of column hardware on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry of phosphorylated compounds. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1381:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Xue Y, Gu X, Wang Y, Yan C. Recent advances on capillary columns, detectors, and two-dimensional separations in capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:124-34. [PMID: 25223262 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As a typical miniaturized analytical technique, CEC has attracted much attention because of its low sample and solvent consumption, high efficiency, high selectivity, high resolution, and fast speed. In this review, we mainly cover the development of capillary columns and detection techniques in the CEC since 2009. Herein, three types of capillary columns, namely, open-tubular capillary columns, monolithic columns and packed columns, and several types of detectors are reviewed in detail. Moreover, a 2D separation system based on CEC is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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7
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Fabrication and investigation of electrochromatographic columns with a simplex configuration. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1349:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Xiao Z, Wang L, Liu Y, Wang Q, Zhang B. A “plug-and-use” approach towards facile fabrication of capillary columns for high performance nanoflow liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1325:109-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Liu Q, Wang L, Zhou Z, Wang Q, Yan L, Zhang B. Toward rapid preparation of capillary columns for electrochromatography use. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:836-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen P.R. China
| | - Zhuoheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen P.R. China
| | - Qiuquan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Yan
- Xiamen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau; Xiamen P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen P.R. China
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10
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Zhang YP, Deng PH, Xu ML, Wei XJ, Tang B. Photoinduced Polymerization for Entrapping of Octadecylsilane Microsphere for Capillary Liquid Chromatography. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200900119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Saber Tehrani M, Aberoomand Azar P, Mohammadiazar S. A single step technique for preparation of porous solid phase microextraction fibers by electrochemically co-deposited silica based sol–gel/Cu nanocomposite. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1278:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Zhang B, Liu Q, Yang L, Wang Q. Performance of single particle fritted capillary columns in electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1272:136-40. [PMID: 23261296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Development of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) largely depends on column technology. The past ten years or so have seen a great number of CEC works performed on monolithic columns, due to simplicity and robustness in column fabrication. Monolithic columns eliminate the issue of column fritting, which conventionally made particle-packed capillary columns fragile and introduced nonuniformity to the chromatographic bed. The particulate packing material, however, is still a popular type of stationary phase widely used in CEC, as the rich library of HPLC packing material provides a wide range of choices for chromatographic separations performed in electrodriven mode. In this study, we investigated a purely physical fritting method, single particle fritting technology, to immobilize particulate chromatographic material inside capillary tube in a sinter-free manner to produce robust capillary columns. Single particle fritted columns present significantly improved column-to-column reproducibility (n=10) in peak efficiency, retention factor, peak area and asymmetry (%RSD=5.4, 7.7, 6.2 and 6.1, respectively, at 26 kV), enabling their practical application in high throughput parallel analysis using multiple columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the Key Laboratory of Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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13
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Azar PA, Tehrani MS, Mohammadiazar S, Husain SW. A novel strategy to increase performance of solid-phase microextraction fibers: Electrodeposition of sol-gel films on highly porous substrate. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3354-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Aberoomand Azar
- Department of Chemistry; Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran; Iran
| | - Mohammad Saber Tehrani
- Department of Chemistry; Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran; Iran
| | - Sirwan Mohammadiazar
- Department of Chemistry; Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran; Iran
| | - Syed Waqif Husain
- Department of Chemistry; Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran; Iran
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14
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Kato M, Suwanai Y, Shimojima A, Santa T. A surfactant-based, regularly arrayed nanostructure gel matrix for migration of small molecules. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3339-42. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Yusuke Suwanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimojima
- Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Tomofumi Santa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku; Tokyo; Japan
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15
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Recent progress in capillary electrophoretic analysis of amino acid enantiomers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3078-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Yamamoto T, Murayama S, Kato M. Fluorescence derivatization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for analysis by means of conventional CE-LIF. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2866-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Recent advances in column for hydrophilic interaction capillary electrochromatography. Se Pu 2010; 28:284-90. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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18
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Preparation and evaluation of tandem stationary phases for μ-HPLC and capillary electrochromatography. Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Although there are many publications related to technological or methodological developments of CEC, few focus on the analysis of natural products, especially phytochemical bioactive compounds. This review summarized the application of CEC in the analysis of phytochemical bioactive components, including flavonoids, nucleosides, steroids, lignans, quinones and coumarins, as well as fingerprint analysis of herbs. The strategies for optimization of CEC conditions and detection were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-qing Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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20
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A capillary electrochromatography-electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry method for simultaneous analysis of charged and neutral constituents of a hepatocarcinoma cell metabolome. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8277-82. [PMID: 19616781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although metabolome research is a rapidly expanding field in the postgenomic era, no single method exists for complete analysis of all the constituents of a metabolome. In this study, we developed a metabolome analysis method using a combination of capillary electrochromatography and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. The capillary electrochromatography column was prepared by surface modification of silica compounds (tetraethoxysilane and octyltriethoxysilane) in a fused-silica capillary column. The method was used to separate more than 100 charged and neutral compounds simultaneously. When 1 mM formic acid was used as the eluent, the cationic compounds were eluted rapidly, and then neutral and anionic compounds were eluted (in that order). The developed system was used to analyze the metabolome of a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2). Thirty-three peaks were detected, and eighteen compounds were identified, including marker compounds of hepatocellular cell activity, such as creatinine and homocysteine. Thus, the system was useful not only for metabolome analysis but also for diagnostic measurements of cell function.
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21
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Szumski M, Buszewski B. Effect of temperature during photopolymerization of capillary monolithic columns. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2574-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Monolithic microextraction tips by emulsion photopolymerization. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2282-7. [PMID: 19203757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monoliths formed by photopolymerization are excellent means for fabricating functional elements in miniaturized microdevices such as microextraction tips which are becoming important for sample preparation. Various silica-based and polymer-based materials have been used to fabricate monoliths with through pores of several nm to 4 microm. However, the back pressure created by such methods is still considered to be high for microtips that use suction forces to deliver the liquid. In this study, we demonstrated that emulsion techniques such as oil-in-water can be used to form monoliths with large through pores (>20 microm), and with rigid structures on small (10 microL) and large (200 microL) pipette tips by photopolymerization. We further showed that, with minor modifications, various functionalized particles (5-20 microm) can be added to form stable emulsions and successfully encapsulated into the monoliths for qualitative and quantitative solid-phase microextractions for a diverse application. Due to high permeability and large surface area, quick equilibration can be achieved by pipetting to yield high recovery rates. Using tryptic digests of ovalbumin as the standard, we obtained a recovery yield of 90-109% (RSD: 10-16%) with a loading capacity of 3 mug for desalting tips immobilized with C18 beads. Using tryptic digests of beta-casein and alpha-casein as standards, we showed that phosphopeptides were substantially enriched by tips immobilized with immobilized metal affinity chromatography or TiO(2) materials. Using estrogenic compounds as standards, we obtained a recovery yield of 95-108% (RSD: 10-12%) and linear calibration curves ranging from 5 to 100 ng (R(2)>0.99) for Waters Oasis HLB tips immobilized with hydrophilic beads.
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23
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Dong X, Wu R, Dong J, Wu M, Zhu Y, Zou H. Recent progress of polar stationary phases in CEC and capillary liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:141-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Fan LQ, Zhang YP, Ye XW, Zhang YJ, Li B, Lee KP. Rapid Preparation of Monolithic Silica Column for Electrophoretic and Chromatographic Separation by Microwave Irradiation. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802548606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Qun Fan
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Yu Ping Zhang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiong Wen Ye
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Yi Jun Zhang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P. R. China
| | - Kwang Pill Lee
- b Department of Chemistry , Graduate School, Kyungpook National University , South Korea
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25
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Smith NW, Jiang Z. Developments in the use and fabrication of organic monolithic phases for use with high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:416-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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A review on development of solid phase microextraction fibers by sol–gel methods and their applications. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 610:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Abele S, Nie FQ, Foret F, Paull B, Macka M. UV-LED photopolymerised monoliths. Analyst 2008; 133:864-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b802693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru KATO
- Center for NanoBio Integration, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
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29
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Zhang B, Bergström ET, Goodall DM, Myers P. Single-Particle Fritting Technology for Capillary Electrochromatography. Anal Chem 2007; 79:9229-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ac0713297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK, and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Edmund T. Bergström
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK, and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - David M. Goodall
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK, and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Peter Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK, and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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30
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Wen J, Guillo C, Ferrance JP, Landers JP. Microfluidic-Based DNA Purification in a Two-Stage, Dual-Phase Microchip Containing a Reversed-Phase and a Photopolymerized Monolith. Anal Chem 2007; 79:6135-42. [PMID: 17622187 DOI: 10.1021/ac0703698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we show that a novel capillary-based photopolymerized monolith offering unprecedented efficiency (approximately 80%) for DNA extraction from submicroliter volumes of whole blood (Wen, J.; Guillo, C.; Ferrance, J. P.; Landers, J. P. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 1673-1681) can be translated to microfluidic devices. However, owing to the large mass of protein present in blood, both DNA binding capacity and extraction efficiency were significantly decreased when extraction of DNA was carried out directly from whole blood (38+/-1%). To circumvent this, a novel two-stage microdevice was developed, consisting in a C18 reversed-phase column for protein capture (stage 1) in series with a monolithic column for DNA extraction (stage 2). The two-stage, dual-phase design improves the capability of the monolith for whole blood DNA extraction by approximately 100-fold. From a 10-microL load of whole blood containing 350 ng of DNA, 99% (340+/-10 ng) traverses the C18 phase while approximately 70% (1020+/-45 ug) of protein is retained. A total of 240+/-2 ng of DNA was eluted from the second-stage monolith, resulting in an overall extraction efficiency of 69+/-1%. This provided not only an improvement in extraction efficiency over other chip-based DNA extraction solid phases but also the highest extraction efficiency reported to-date for such sample volumes in a microfluidic device. As an added bonus, the two-stage, dual-phase microdevice allowed the 2-propanol wash step, typically required to remove proteins from the DNA extraction phase for successful PCR, to be completely eliminated, thus streamlining the process without affecting the PCR amplifiability of the extracted DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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31
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KATO M, TOYO'OKA T. Development of Capillary Columns with High Resolution and Selectivity Based on Silica Materials. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2007. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.56.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru KATO
- Center for Nano Bio Integration, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Toshimasa TOYO'OKA
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and COE Program in the 21st Centry, University of Shizuoka
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32
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Zhang YP, Fan LQ, Lee KP, Zhang YJ, Choi SH, Gong WJ. Preparation of monolithic capillary columns for capillary electrochromatography by γ-ray irradiation. Mikrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-006-0694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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34
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Zhang S, Macka M, Haddad PR. Preparation and characterisation of dual-layer latex-coated columns for open-tubular capillary electrochromatographic preconcentration of cations combined in-line with their separation by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1069-77. [PMID: 16523457 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A dual-layer ion-exchange latex-coated column was prepared and characterised for on-capillary preconcentration of cations using an open-tubular ion-exchange CEC format. After preconcentration, the analyte cations were eluted with a transient isotachophoretic gradient and separated by CE. The latex double layer was established by first coating the negatively charged wall of the capillary with a layer of cationic quaternary ammonium anion-exchange Dionex AS5A latex particles (60 nm diameter), and then coating a layer of anionic sulphonated cation-exchange Dionex CS3 latex particles (300 nm diameter) onto the underlying AS5A layer. The adhesion of layers is based on electrostatic attractions. Several dual-layer capillaries were characterised for their EOF and ion-exchange capacity and this showed that coatings could be prepared reproducibly by a simple flushing procedure. The dual-layer columns exhibited a moderate, pH-independent EOF (ca. 26 x 10(-9 )m2V(-1)s(-1)) and an ion-exchange capacity of 57 microequiv./g (or 2.69 nequiv./column). Using an 8 cm length of coated capillary combined with a 72 cm length of untreated capillary, a method for on-line preconcentration and separation of monovalent organic bases, alkali metal ions and alkaline earth metal ions by CE was developed. Recoveries for the preconcentration step were 48% for 4-methylbenzylammonium, 43% for benzylammonium, 30-32% for alkali metal ions and 71-75% for alkaline earth cations. In all cases, recoveries were reproducible with RSDs being less than 6.2%. The influences of the ion-exchange selectivity coefficient of the analyte and the sample-loading rate on analyte recovery were also examined. The proposed method was utilised for the determination of alkaline earth cations and low microM detection limits were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Zhang
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
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35
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Kato M, Sakai-Kato K, Toyo'oka T. Silica sol-gel monolithic materials and their use in a variety of applications. J Sep Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Razunguzwa TT, Lenke J, Timperman AT. An electrokinetic/hydrodynamic flow microfluidic CE-ESI-MS interface utilizing a hydrodynamic flow restrictor for delivery of samples under low EOF conditions. LAB ON A CHIP 2005; 5:851-5. [PMID: 16027936 DOI: 10.1039/b503746h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A hydrodynamic flow restrictor (HDR) that is used to combine electrokinetic and hydrodynamic flow streams has been fabricated in a microfluidic channel by laser micromachining. Combining electrokinetic and hydrodynamic flow streams is challenging in microfluidic devices, because the hydrodynamic flow often overpowers the electrokinetic flow, making it more difficult to use low electroosmotic flow in the electrokinetic portion of the system. The HDR has been incorporated into a capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry interface that provides continuous introduction of a make-up solution and negates the hydrodynamic backpressure in the capillary electrophoresis channel to the extent that low EOF can be utilized. Moreover, the hydrodynamic backpressure is sufficiently minimized to allow coatings that minimize EOF to be used in the electrokinetically driven channel. Such coatings are of great importance for the analysis of proteins and other biomolecules that adsorb to charged surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trust T Razunguzwa
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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37
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Karwa M, Hahn D, Mitra S. A sol–gel immobilization of nano and micron size sorbents in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchannels for microscale solid phase extraction (SPE). Anal Chim Acta 2005; 546:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gübitz G, Schmid MG. Recent advances in chiral separation principles in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2005; 25:3981-96. [PMID: 15597419 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments in chiral separation in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), electrokinetic chromatography (EKC), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) covering literature published since the year 2000. New chiral selectors and innovative approaches for CE and CEC are introduced. Recent progress in column technology for CEC is highlighted and the development of new chiral stationary phases is discussed. This review is not dedicated to list applications but will focus on new developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gübitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dept. of Pharm. Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria.
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Mangelings D, Maftouh M, Vander Heyden Y. Capillary electrochromatographic chiral separations with potential for pharmaceutical analysis. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:691-709. [PMID: 15938179 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200400077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of capillary electrochromatography as a chiral separation technique for pharmaceutical applications is reviewed. Publications of the past 10 years that provide a potential practical application in pharmaceutical analysis are considered. Method development or validation, separation strategies, and potential routine analysis by the methods/applications cited are the main subjects on which we focused our attention. The indirect chiral separation method was only used once in CEC mode. In the direct chiral separations, the use of chiral stationary phases was obviously preferred over the use of chiral mobile phases with non-chiral stationary phases. Amongst the chiral stationary phases, those based on macrocyclic antibiotics and polysaccharide selectors were the most frequently used. Monolithic stationary phases also have several applications, but not so extended as those with packed capillary electrochromatography. The considered papers not only describe the applicability of the technique for relatively large sets of chiral analytes, they also showed that various types of stationary phases can be produced in-house in a simple manner. However, to survive as a mature separation technique, considerable time and effort are still needed to solve some disadvantages currently characterizing capillary electrochromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Mangelings
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Wang G, Lowry M, Zhong Z, Geng L. Direct observation of frits and dynamic air bubble formation in capillary electrochromatography using confocal fluorescence microscopy. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1062:275-83. [PMID: 15679165 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Confocal fluorescence microscopy has been used to study the capillary electrochromatography (CEC) frits and dynamic air bubble formation under real chromatographic conditions. Confocal fluorescence microscopy provides a nondestructive way to view the three-dimensional structure of the frits with high spatial resolution. Frits prepared with four different procedures were studied: (1) sintering bare silica beads with sodium silicate; (2) sintering bare silica beads wetted with water; (3) sintering C18 beads wetted with water; and (4) sintering C18 beads wetted with water and then surfaced-recovered with C18. Frits prepared with sintering silicate-wetted beads have a high degree of heterogeneity, while the other three types of frits have similar, more homogeneous packing structures. Confocal fluorescence microscopy also provides sufficient temporal resolution for in situ observation of the dynamic processes in air bubble formation. In this study, air bubble formation is imaged during the reorganization process of the packing bed and is shown to occur close to the border between the packing bed and the outlet frit. Confocal fluorescence microscopy opens a new avenue in studying dynamic processes in situ in CEC separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gufeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Optical Science and Technology Center and The Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing, University of lowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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41
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Abstract
A review is presented on the current state of the art and future trends in the development of sol-gel stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The design and synthesis of stationary phases with prescribed chromatographic and surface charge properties represent challenging tasks in contemporary CEC research. Further developments in CEC as a high-efficiency liquid-phase separation technique will greatly depend on new breakthroughs in the area of stationary phase development. The requirements imposed on CEC stationary phase performance are significantly more demanding compared with those for HPLC. The design of CEC stationary phase must take into consideration the structural characteristics that will provide not only the selective solute/stationary phase interactions leading to chromatographic separations but also the surface charge properties that determine the magnitude and direction of the electroosmotic flow responsible for the mobile phase movement through the CEC column. Therefore, the stationary phase technology in CEC presents a more complex problem than in conventional chromatographic techniques. Different approaches to stationary phase development have been reported in contemporary CEC literature. The sol-gel approach represents a promising direction in this important research. It is applicable to the preparation of CEC stationary phases in different formats: surface coatings, micro/submicro particles, and monolithic beds. Besides, in the sol-gel approach, appropriate sol-gel precursors and other building blocks can be selected to create a stationary phase with desired structural and surface properties. One remarkable advantage of the sol-gel approach is the mild thermal conditions under which the stationary phase synthesis can be carried out (typically at room temperature). It also provides an effective pathway to integrating the advantageous properties of organic and inorganic material systems, and thereby enhancing and fine-tuning chromatographic selectivity of the created hybrid organic-inorganic stationary phases. This review focuses on recent developments in the design, synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of sol-gel stationary phases in CEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
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42
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Legido-Quigley C, Smith NW. Study of short polystyrene monolith-fritted micro-liquid chromatography columns for analysis of neutral and basic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1042:61-8. [PMID: 15296389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study details the effects of poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) (PS-DVB) frits in micro-HPLC columns for the separation of neutral and basic compounds. The procedure comprised the optimization of separations with only monolith or conventional fritted columns followed by method transference to short monolith-fritted columns. It was observed that a superior separation was achieved with the new columns compared to silica-fritted-packed columns once triethylamine (TEA) was added in small percentages. The separation of basic and neutral compounds was achieved in fast analysis times in the isocratic mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Legido-Quigley
- Centre for Analytical Sciences, Imperial College, Exhibition Road, RSCI London SW7 2AY, UK.
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43
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Jiskra J, Claessens HA, Cramers CA. Stationary and mobile phases in capillary electrochromatography (CEC). J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Kato M, Jin H, Sakai-Kato K, Toyo'oka T, Dulay MT, Zare RN. Determination of glutamine and serine in rat cerebrospinal fluid using capillary electrochromatography with a modified photopolymerized sol-gel monolithic column. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1004:209-15. [PMID: 12929975 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatographic separations of amino acid mixtures were studied using two modified porous photopolymerized sol-gel monolithic columns. One was modified with dimethyloctadecylchlorosilane (DMOS), and the other was modified with DMOS, followed by chlorotrimethylsilane to end-cap residual silanol groups. Prior to separation, amino acids were derivatized with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole using as a mobile phase 50 mM phosphate (pH 2.5), water, and acetonitrile in the ratio of 1:1:8. Five derivatized amino acids (Asn, Phe, Ala, Ile, and Leu) were separated within 7 min. Theoretical plate numbers varied between 58700 and 105000/m. This separation method with the end-capped monolithic column was applied to rat cerebrospinal fluid. The dominant amino acid found was Gln at a concentration of 420 microM along with small quantities of Ser (54 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kato
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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45
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Abstract
There is a great deal of interest in continuous beds as stationary phases for both HPLC and CEC. There are various ways to prepare monoliths, by polymerization of organic species or by polymerization of silicon alkoxides. The former method has recently been reviewed, while silica based monoliths are now commercially available. The purpose of this paper is to deal with the problems associated with silica based monoliths. The most important problem is obviously the cracking and the shrinkage of the bed during drying. The second problem is monolith cladding. Much literature has been published but no definitive solution is available and thus a wide research area remains open. Monoliths are a compromise between loadability, permeability and mass transfer kinetics. Due to the better mass transfer properties of a monolithic skeleton over distinct particles, high flow rates and high speed separations are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Siouffi
- UMR 6516, Université d'Aix Marseille, France.
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46
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47
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Kato M, Sakai-Kato K, Toyo'oka T, Dulay MT, Quirino JP, Bennett BD, Zare RN. Effect of preparatory conditions on the performance of photopolymerized sol-gel monoliths for capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 961:45-51. [PMID: 12186390 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We prepared different photopolymerized sol-gel (PSG) columns by varying the amount of monomer (methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane), porogen (toluene) and catalyst (hydrochloric acid) in the reaction solution containing a photoinitiator (Irgacure 1800). The effects of these variations on the chromatographic behavior of the PSG columns were studied. All of the columns studied exhibited reversed-phase character. The concentration of hydrochloric acid was important for the rigidity of the columns, although it did not affect the separation property. The ratio of monomer solution to porogen was a critical factor in controlling the through-pore size and the surface area of PSG, which were found to significantly affect the separation properties, such as permeability, theoretical plate number, retention time, and separation efficiency, of a mixture of test analytes-thiourea, benzene, and naphthalene. There was no change in the retention order for the test analytes. Short separation times were achieved on PSG columns made from a 10% monomer stock solution and 90% porogen with 1 M hydrochloric acid. Mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylbenzenes were separated with theoretical plate numbers greater than 100 000 plates/m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kato
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.
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48
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Zou H, Huang X, Ye M, Luo Q. Monolithic stationary phases for liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 954:5-32. [PMID: 12058917 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A monolithic stationary phase is the continuous unitary porous structure prepared by in situ polymerization or consolidation inside the column tubing and, if necessary, the surface is functionalized to convert it into a sorbent with the desired chromatographic binding properties [J. Chromatogr. A 855 (1999) 273]. Monolithic stationary phases have attracted considerable attention in liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography in recent years due to their simple preparation procedure, unique properties and excellent performance, especially for separation of biopolymers. This review summarizes the preparation, characterization and applications of the monolithic stationary phases. In addition, the disadvantages and limitations of the monolithic stationary phases are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfa Zou
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
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