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Elbordiny HS, Alzoman NZ, Maher HM, Aboras SI. Tailoring two white chromatographic platforms for simultaneous estimation of ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir in their novel pills: degradation, validation, and environmental impact studies. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26719-26731. [PMID: 37681051 PMCID: PMC10481124 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04186g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic is not yet over, Pfizer has launched the novel pill Paxlovid® (Nirmatrelvir (NMV) co-packaged with ritonavir (RIT)) as an effective medication for hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. Making pharmaceutical analysis greener and more sustainable has lately become the main direction of the research community. In this context, two fast, green, and stability-indicating chromatographic methods were designed for the neat quantitative determination of NMV and RIT in their bulk and dosage forms. Method I is deemed the first electro-driven attempt for the assay of Paxlovid®. Herein, the optimized conditions of the Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatographic (MEKC) method were 50 mM borate buffer at pH 9.2 with 25 mM sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) being used as the background electrolyte (BGE) on a deactivated fused silica capillary (50 cm effective length × 50 μm id). Method II was an isocratic reversed-phase HPLC separation method using Zorbax-Eclipse C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm particle size) column and 50 mM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 5 and acetonitrile as mobile phase constituents at a flow rate of 1 mL min-1. For the sake of simplicity and increasing sensitivity, a single wavelength of 210 nm was used for the two methods to assay both drugs. Linear correlations between peak areas and concentration were observed in the ranges of 10-200 μg mL-1 for NMV and 5-100 μg mL-1 RIT in both methods. The impact of versatile stress conditions such as hydrolysis, oxidation, and photolysis on the stability of NMV and RIT was studied. Fortunately, both methodologies were able to separate both drugs from their degradants. Thus, the stability indicating power of the methods was proved. The derived methods were statistically validated in agreement with the ICH guidelines. Furthermore, the environmental friendliness and sustainability of these methods were investigated and compared with the cited methods using the holistic multicriteria evaluation tools namely Hexagon, AGREE, and RGB12 metrics. Conclusively, the proposed methods offered reliable, feasible, economic, white, and stability-indicating alternatives to the cited chromatographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydi S Elbordiny
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University Damanhour Egypt
| | - Nourah Z Alzoman
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University P.O. Box 22452 Riyadh 11495 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadir M Maher
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Sara I Aboras
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
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Al-Zoman NZ, Maher HM, Al-Subaie A. Eco-friendly micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of newly developed antiviral agents in pharmaceutical formulations. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1538884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nourah Zoman Al-Zoman
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadir Mohamed Maher
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, University of Alexandria, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amal Al-Subaie
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Zoman NZ, Maher HM, Al-Subaie A. Simultaneous determination of newly developed antiviral agents in pharmaceutical formulations by HPLC-DAD. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:1. [PMID: 28101128 PMCID: PMC5214962 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir/dasabuvir (Viekira Pak®) are the newest medicines approved for use in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and are available in tablet form as an oral combination. Specifically, these agents are indicated in the treatment of HCV in patients with genotype 1 infection. Due to the therapeutic importance and increased use of Viekira Pak, proper methods for its determination in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations must be developed. Results The present study describes the development and validation of a simple, rapid, selective and economical reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method for the simultaneous determination of paritaprevir (PAR), ombitasvir (OMB), dasabuvir(DAS) and ritonavir (RIT) in bulk and pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed method was carried out using an RPC18 column (150 × 4.5 mm, 3.5 μ), with a mobile phase consisting of 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7)and acetonitrile (35:65, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and a detection wavelength of 254 nm. Sorafenib (SOR) was selected as the internal standard to ensure that the quantitative performance was high. The method was validated based on its specificity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, accuracy, precision, robustness and stability. The calibration curves for PAR, DAS, RIT and OMB were linear at 2.5–60, 1.25–30, 1.7–40 and 0.42–10 μg/ml, respectively, and all of the correlation coefficients were >0.999. Conclusions The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir/dasabuvirin tablets, without interference from the excipient peaks. Hence, the method can be applied for the routine quality control analysis of the studied drugs, either in bulk or dosed forms.Simultaneous estimation of newly developed antiviral agents in pharmaceutical formulations by HPLC-DAD method ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourah Zoman Al-Zoman
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11495 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadir Mohamed Maher
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11495 Saudi Arabia ; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, University of Alexandria, El-Messalah, Alexandria, 21521 Egypt
| | - Amal Al-Subaie
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11495 Saudi Arabia
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Sohrabi-Gilani N, Makani S. Extraction of ultratrace amounts of nelfinavir from biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations using surfactant-modified magnetite nanoparticles followed by spectrophotometric determination. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gambhir K, Singh P, Jangir DK, Mehrotra R. Thermal stability and hydration behavior of ritonavir sulfate: A vibrational spectroscopic approach. J Pharm Anal 2015; 5:348-355. [PMID: 29403949 PMCID: PMC5762246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ritonavir sulfate is a protease inhibitor widely used in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In order to elucidate the inherent stability and sensitivity characteristics of ritonavir sulfate, it was investigated under forced thermal and hydration stress conditions as recommended by the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. In addition, competency of vibrational (infrared and Raman) spectroscopy was assessed to identify structural changes of the drug symbolizing its stress degradation. High performance liquid chromatography was used as a confirmatory technique for both thermal and hydration stress study, while thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis and atomic force microscopy substantiated the implementation of vibrational spectroscopy in this framework. The results exhibited high thermal stability of the drug as significant variations were observed in the diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra only after the drug exposure to thermal radiations at 100 °C. Hydration behavior of ritonavir sulfate was evaluated using Raman spectroscopy and the value of critical relative humidity was found to be >67%. An important aspect of this study was to utilize vibrational spectroscopic technique to address stability issues of pharmacological molecules, not only for their processing in pharmaceutical industry, but also for predicting their shelf lives and suitable storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ranjana Mehrotra
- Quantum Optics and Photon Physics, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
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Mishra TD, Kurani H, Singhal P, Shrivastav PS. Simultaneous Quantitation of HIV-Protease Inhibitors Ritonavir, Lopinavir and Indinavir in Human Plasma by UPLC-ESI-MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:625-35. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Carvalho AZ, El-Attug MN, Zayed SE, Hove EV, Duppen JV, Hoogmartens J, Schepdael AV. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography method development for determination of impurities in Ritonavir. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1210-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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LC–MS/MS studies of ritonavir and its forced degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:833-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
This review presents different solvents and electrolytes commonly used as BGEs in NACE for the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds. Most NACE applications carried out since 1998 for the analysis of compounds of pharmaceutical interest are presented in four tables: (i) analysis of drugs and related substances, (ii) analysis of chiral substances, (iii) analysis of phytochemical extracts and (iv) analysis of drugs in biological fluids. These selected examples are used to illustrate the interest in NACE versus conventional aqueous CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Geiser
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne,Geneva, Switzerland
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Yekkala R, Lei H, Hoogmartens J, Adams E. Evaluation of an International Pharmacopoeia method for the analysis of indinavir sulfate by liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:71-80. [PMID: 16503105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A gradient LC method for the determination of indinavir sulfate (IDV) and its impurities has been recently published in a consultation document of the International Pharmacopoeia, WHO Drug Information. The method uses a base-deactivated reversed-phase C18 column (25 cm x 4.6 mm i.d.), 5 microm kept at a temperature of 40 degrees C. The mobile phases consist of acetonitrile, phosphate buffer pH 7.5 and water. The flow rate is 1.0 ml/min. UV detection is performed at 220 nm. A system suitability test (SST) is described to govern the quality of the separation. The separation towards IDV components was investigated on 16 C18 columns and correlation was made with the column classification system developed in our laboratory. The method was evaluated using a Hypersil BDS C18 column (25 cm x 4.6 mm i.d.), 5 microm. A central composite design was applied to examine the robustness of the method. The method shows good precision, linearity, sensitivity and robustness. Six commercial samples were examined using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yekkala
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, O & N 2, Postbus 923, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Pereira EA, Micke GA, Tavares MFM. Determination of antiretroviral agents in human serum by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1091:169-76. [PMID: 16395807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a simple and rapid electrokinetic chromatography method for the simultaneous separation of different protease inhibitors (indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, nelfinavir), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (stavudine, zidovudine, didanosine) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nevirapine, efavirenz) was developed. The analyses were performed in a 75 microm i.d. uncoated fused-silica capillary with 48.5 cm length (effective length of 40 cm) using a running buffer consisting of 20 mmol L(-1) sodium dodecyl sulfate, 10 mmol L(-1) sodium tetraborate, 30% acetonitrile and 5% ethanol. Samples were injected hydrodynamically by applying 50 mbar pressure during 6 s. All analytes were separated within 10 min with a voltage of 20 kV. The proposed method was validated for zidovudine, didanosine and efavirenz in human serum. Serum samples were prepared using a solid-phase extraction procedure (Waters Oasis HLB cartridges). For quantitative purposes, stavudine was chosen as the internal standard (IS). Method validation parameters were determined revealing good migration time repeatability (<0.7% RSD) and peak area repeatability (<1.2% RSD). Intra- and inter-day precisions were less than 1.7% and 4.4% RSD, respectively. Matrix matching analytical curves for each drug were linear in the 1.0-20.0 microg mL(-1) interval (r > 0.998). Limits of detection (LOD) were in range of 0.3-0.5 microg mL(-1). The extraction recoveries were higher than 90% with exception of efavirenz, which was 77.4%. Based on the performance characteristics, the proposed method was found suitable for the determination of zidovudine, didanosine and efavirenz in serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete A Pereira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 26077, 05513-970 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Jancic B, Medenica M, Ivanovic D, Malenovic A. Evaluation of a Liquid Chromatographic Method for Analysis of Indinavir and Degradation Products Arising from Hydrolysis of its Amide Bond. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Aurora Prado MS, Kedor-Hackmann ERM, Santoro MIRM, Pinto TJA, Tavares MFM. Capillary electrophoretic method for determination of protease inhibitor indinavir sulfate used in human immunodeficiency virus therapy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 34:441-50. [PMID: 15013159 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Revised: 09/05/2003] [Accepted: 09/20/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple, fast and reliable capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for determination of indinavir sulfate, a potent protease inhibitor used in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy, in commercial and simulated capsule formulations is described. The analysis was performed in a 75microm i.d. uncoated fused-silica capillary with 27cm length (effective length of 19.4cm) using a 20mmoll-1 phosphate buffer at pH 2.52. Samples were injected hydrodynamically by applying 0.5psi pressure during 2s. The applied voltage was 28kV. Direct UV detection at 214nm led to an adequate sensitivity without interference from sample excipients and known impurities. For quantitative purposes, diazepam was used as internal standard. Under optimized conditions, the migration times for indinavir sulfate and diazepam were 1.06 and 1.66min, respectively. Analytical curve of peak area ratios versus concentration in the range of 20.0-100.0microg/ml gave a coefficient of correlation of 0.9992, establishing the method linearity. The limits of detection and quantitation were 4.61 and 14.0microg/ml, respectively. The within-day precision expressed as relative standard deviation was <1.5% for 10 consecutive sample injections. An average recovery of 100.81+/-0.56% at three concentration levels was obtained. Based on the performance characteristics, the proposed methodology was found suitable for the determination of indinavir sulfate in capsule formulations, presenting additional advantages inherent to the CE technology, such as low consumption of reagents and column endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S Aurora Prado
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
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Gutleben W, Scherer K, Tuan ND, Stoiber H, Dierich MP, Zemann A. Separation of 11 protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Droste JAH, Verweij-Van Wissen CPWGM, Burger DM. Simultaneous determination of the HIV drugs indinavir, amprenavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, the nelfinavir hydroxymetabolite M8, and nevirapine in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Ther Drug Monit 2003; 25:393-9. [PMID: 12766571 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200306000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of the currently available HIV protease inhibitors amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, the active nelfinavir metabolite M8, and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine in human plasma is described. The method involved liquid-liquid extraction from plasma, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with an OmniSpher 5 C18 column and ultraviolet detection set at a wavelength of 215 nm for the protease inhibitors and 280 nm for nevirapine. The runtime was 25 minutes. The assay has been validated over the concentration range of 0.05 to 30 mg/L for indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir, 0.07 to 30 mg/L for amprenavir and lopinavir, and 0.05 to 15 mg/L for M8 and nevirapine. This method proved to be simple, accurate, and precise and is useful for the therapeutic drug monitoring of protease inhibitors and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor nevirapine on a routine basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A H Droste
- Deparment of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Tuan ND, Gutleben W, Scherer K, Stoiber H, Falkensammer B, Dierich MP, Zemann A. Simultaneous separation of fifteen approved protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors for human immunodeficiency virus therapy by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2003; 24:662-70. [PMID: 12601735 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200390078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, a novel approach towards a complete separation of all 15 protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors which are currently approved for use in highly active antiretroviral therapy in a single analytical run is presented. The developed method employs an acidic background electrolyte with sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPAS) as polyanionic electroosmotic flow (EOF) modifier to establish a strong cathodic EOF, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as pseudostationary selector, and acetonitrile and ethanol as organic modifiers. Separation of the analytes is based on two different mechanisms. The more basic analytes are protonated at the prevailing pH conditions and thus migrate in front of the cathodic EOF, whereas the less basic and neutral analytes interact with the SDS and are retained after the EOF. By optimizing electrolyte pH, the amount of solvents and SDS concentrations in the background electrolyte it is possible to completely separate all compounds of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Duc Tuan
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Innsbruck, Autria
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Gutleben W, Scherer K, Tuan ND, Stoiber H, Dierich MP, Zemann A. Simultaneous separation of 11 protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors for human immunodeficiency virus therapy by co-electroosmotic capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 982:153-61. [PMID: 12489864 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, a co-electroosmotic capillary zone electrophoretic method is shown for the simultaneous separation of protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which are used as antiretroviral therapy drags against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The investigated drugs carry basic amino groups, thus the electrophoretic system takes advantage of an acidic buffer electrolyte. In order to establish a strong cathodic electroosmotic flow (EOF), a poly-anionic surfactant is added to the background electrolyte. Thus, fast migration times due to a co-directional migration of analytes and EOF (co-electroosmotic CE) are obtained. The developed separation system exhibits good selectivities for the investigated compounds and sufficient sensitivity to monitor drug levels in the low ppm range in HIV positive patients who are treated by highly active anitiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Gutleben
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Fan B, Stewart JT. Determinations of zidovudine/didanosine/nevirapine and zidovudine/didanosine/ritonavir in human serum by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:955-60. [PMID: 12408885 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography methods were developed and validated to separate and quantitate anti-HIV drug mixtures containing zidovudine(AZT)/didanosine(ddI)/nevirapine (mixture A) and AZT/ddI/ritonavir (mixture B) in human serum. Serum samples were prepared using a solid-phase extraction procedure. The effects of various factors such as buffer type, buffer and surfactant concentrations, and pH on the separations were investigated. The optimized resolution was achieved with a run buffer containing 18 mM sodium dodecylsulfate in 15 mM phosphate and borate buffer (pH 9.0). An uncoated 52 cm (effective length 30 cm)x50 micrometer ID fused-silica capillary operated at 30 degrees C was used in the analysis with UV detection at 210 nm. Aprobarbital was chosen as the internal standard. All analytes were separated within 14 min with a voltage of +15 kV and a current around 30 microA. The methods were validated over the range of 0.5-25.0 microgram/ml for AZT, 0.8-18.5 microgram/ml for ddI, 0.5-22.8 microgram/ml for nevirapine in mixture A and the range of 0.5-25.0 microgram/ml for AZT, 0.8-18.5 microgram/ml for ddI, 1.2-28.8 microgram/ml for ritonavir in mixture B. Intra-day and inter-day accuracy was less than 12.4% and intra-day and inter-day precision was less than 13.9% for both mixtures. Extraction recoveries of all analytes from serum were higher than 75.9%. The assay should be applicable to pharmacokinetic studies and routine monitoring of these drugs in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, 30602-2352, Athens, GA, USA
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