1
|
Chankvetadze B. Our research cooperation with Professor Yoshio Okamoto. Chirality 2022; 34:630-645. [PMID: 35048410 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes our cooperation with the research group of Prof. Yoshio Okamoto at Nagoya University during the period of time between 1992 and 2005. Although the text deals entirely with enantioseparations in high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and capillary electrochromatography, this is not a detailed review in any of these areas. The text highlights selected aspects of these techniques, which have been the subject of our joint research and in part their reflection in follow-up research by our and other research groups. Together with more systematically studied topics, aspects such as ultrafast separation of enantiomers, uncommonly high separation factor of enantiomers and other related issues are also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Polysaccharide-Based Chiral Stationary Phases for Enantioseparations by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1985:93-126. [PMID: 31069731 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9438-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the application of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Since this book contains dedicated chapters on enantioseparations using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), or capillary electrochromatography (CEC), the application of polysaccharide-based materials in these modes of liquid-phase separation techniques is touched just superficially. Special emphasis is directed toward a discussion of the optimization of polysaccharide-based chiral selectors, their attachment onto the carrier, and the optimization of the support. The optimization of the separation of enantiomers based on various parameters such as mobile phase composition and temperature is discussed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Bragg W, Shamsi SA. High Throughput Analysis of Chiral Compounds Using Capillary Electrochromatography (CEC) and CEC-Mass Spectrometry with Cellulose Based Stationary Phases. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2013; 48:2589-2599. [PMID: 25264392 DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2012.719984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To fulfill the ever growing demand for rapid chiral analysis, this research presents an approach for highthroughput enantiomeric separations and sensitive detection of model chiral analytes using capillary electrochromatography (CEC) with UV and MS detection. This was achieved utilizing a short 7 cm CEC columns packed with cellulose tris (3,5-dimethyl-phenylcarbamate) (CDMPC) or sulfonated cellulose tris (3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (CDMPC-SO3) chiral stationary phases (CSPs) applying outlet side injections in CEC-UV. The separation performance was compared between CDMPC and CDMPC-SO3 CSPs for rapid enantio-separation in CEC-UV mode. In addition, using a high sensitivity UV-flow cell in combination with outlet side injections, the S/N and hence the limit of detection of chiral drug could be improved. The 7-cm packed column was also used with traditional inlet injections for CEC coupled to a low-cost single-quadrupole MS. While outlet side injection was not possible in CEC-MS due to instrumentation constraints, the combined use of a short 7 cm column packed with CDMPC-SO3 CSP provided several fold higher throughput. Both CEC-UV and CEC-MS with short packed bed has the potential for a simple, sensitive and cost-effective method for enantiomeric drug profiling in biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shahab A Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chankvetadze B. Enantioseparations by high-performance liquid chromatography using polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases: an overview. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 970:81-111. [PMID: 23283772 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-263-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the application of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for separation of enantiomers in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Since this book contains dedicated chapters on enantioseparations using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), capillary electrochromatography (CEC), and simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography, the application of polysaccharide-based materials in these modes of liquid phase separation techniques are touched just superficially. More emphasis is directed toward a discussion of the optimization of polysaccharide-based chiral selectors, their attachment onto the carrier, and the optimization of the support. The optimization of the separation of enantiomers based on various parameters such as mobile phase composition and temperature is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chankvetadze B. Recent developments on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases for liquid-phase separation of enantiomers. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:26-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
6
|
Hendrickx A, Mangelings D, Chankvetadze B, Vander Heyden Y. Updating a chiral separation strategy for non-acidic drugs with capillary electrochromatography applicable for both chlorinated and non-chlorinated polysaccharide selectors. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2718-26. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
7
|
Hendrickx A, Mangelings D, Chankvetadze B, Vander Heyden Y. Comparative enantioseparations of pharmaceuticals in capillary electrochromatography on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases containing selectors with or without chlorinated derivatives. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3207-16. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
8
|
Zheng J, Bragg W, Hou J, Lin N, Chandrasekaran S, Shamsi SA. Sulfated and sulfonated polysaccharide as chiral stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography and capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:857-72. [PMID: 19108837 PMCID: PMC2752677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 11/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The applications of polysaccharide phenyl carbamate derivatives as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are often hindered by longer retention times, especially using a normal-phase (NP) eluent due to very low electroosmotic flow (EOF). Therefore, in this study, we propose an approach for the aforementioned problems by introducing two new types of negatively charged sulfate and sulfonated groups for polysaccharide CSPs. These CSPs were utilized to pack CEC columns for enantioseparation with a NP eluent. Compared to conventional cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) or CDMPC CSPs, the sulfated CDMPC CSP (sulfur content 4.25%, w/w) shortened the analysis time up to 50% but with a significant loss of enantiomeric resolution (approximately 60%). On the other hand, the sulfonated CDMPC CSP (sulfur content 1.76%, w/w) not only provided fast throughput but also maintained excellent resolving power. In addition, its synthesis is much more straightforward than the sulfated one. Furthermore, we studied several stationary phase parameters (CSP loading and silica gel pore size) and mobile phase parameters (including type of mobile phase and its composition) to evaluate the throughput and enantioselectivity. Using the optimized conditions, a chiral pool containing 66 analytes was screened to evaluate the enantioselectivity under three different mobile phase modes (i.e., NP, polar organic phase (POP) and reversed-phase (RP) eluents). Among these mobile phase modes, the RP mode showed the highest success rate, whereas some degree of complementary enantioselectivity was observed with NP and POP. Finally, the feasibility of applying this CSP for CEC-MS enantioseparation using internal tapered column was evaluated with NP, POP and RP eluents. In particular, the NP-CEC-MS provided significantly enhanced sensitivity when methanol was replaced with isopropanol in the sheath liquid. Using aminoglutethimide as model chiral analyte, all three modes of CEC-MS demonstrated excellent durability as well as excellent reproducibility of retention time and enantioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - William Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jingguo Hou
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Administration, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Na Lin
- Department of Human Genetics, Division of Medical Genetics, Emory University, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Sekar Chandrasekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shahab A. Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Debowski JK. SELECTED APPLICATIONS OF CAPILLARY ELECTROCHROMATOGRAPHY IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: TO BUY OR NOT TO BUY? J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120013988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
11
|
Gübitz G, Schmid MG. Chiral separation principles in chromatographic and electromigration techniques. Mol Biotechnol 2006; 32:159-80. [PMID: 16444017 DOI: 10.1385/mb:32:2:159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Almost half of the drugs in use today are chiral. It is well established that the pharmacological activity is mostly restricted to one of the enantiomers (eutomer). There can be qualitative and quantitative differences in the activity of the enantiomers. In many cases, the inactive enantiomer (distomer) shows unwanted side effects or even toxic effects. Even if the side effects are not that drastic, the distomer has to be metabolized and this represents an unnecessary burden for the organism. Therefore, the development of methods for the separation of enantiomers, both on analytical and preparative scale, has become increasingly important. Chromatographic techniques such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and above all high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been used for enantiomer separation for about two decades. More recently, electromigration techniques, such as capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography, have been shown to be powerful alternatives to chromatographic methods. This review gives a short overview of different chiral separation principles and their application. Several new developments are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gübitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Karl-Franzens University, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang S, Macka M, Haddad PR. Preparation and characterisation of dual-layer latex-coated columns for open-tubular capillary electrochromatographic preconcentration of cations combined in-line with their separation by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1069-77. [PMID: 16523457 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A dual-layer ion-exchange latex-coated column was prepared and characterised for on-capillary preconcentration of cations using an open-tubular ion-exchange CEC format. After preconcentration, the analyte cations were eluted with a transient isotachophoretic gradient and separated by CE. The latex double layer was established by first coating the negatively charged wall of the capillary with a layer of cationic quaternary ammonium anion-exchange Dionex AS5A latex particles (60 nm diameter), and then coating a layer of anionic sulphonated cation-exchange Dionex CS3 latex particles (300 nm diameter) onto the underlying AS5A layer. The adhesion of layers is based on electrostatic attractions. Several dual-layer capillaries were characterised for their EOF and ion-exchange capacity and this showed that coatings could be prepared reproducibly by a simple flushing procedure. The dual-layer columns exhibited a moderate, pH-independent EOF (ca. 26 x 10(-9 )m2V(-1)s(-1)) and an ion-exchange capacity of 57 microequiv./g (or 2.69 nequiv./column). Using an 8 cm length of coated capillary combined with a 72 cm length of untreated capillary, a method for on-line preconcentration and separation of monovalent organic bases, alkali metal ions and alkaline earth metal ions by CE was developed. Recoveries for the preconcentration step were 48% for 4-methylbenzylammonium, 43% for benzylammonium, 30-32% for alkali metal ions and 71-75% for alkaline earth cations. In all cases, recoveries were reproducible with RSDs being less than 6.2%. The influences of the ion-exchange selectivity coefficient of the analyte and the sample-loading rate on analyte recovery were also examined. The proposed method was utilised for the determination of alkaline earth cations and low microM detection limits were obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Zhang
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qin F, Xie C, Feng S, Ou J, Kong L, Ye M, Zou H. Monolithic silica capillary column with coated cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) for capillary electrochromatographic separation of enantiomers. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1050-9. [PMID: 16470756 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic silica capillary columns were prepared by a sol-gel process in fused-silica capillaries with an inner diameter of 50 microm and were modified by coating of cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate). Influences of the factors in the modification process on enantiomer separations were investigated. The prepared columns were used to perform enantiomer separations by CEC. Fifteen and two pairs of enantiomers were separated under aqueous and nonaqueous mobile phases, respectively, and most of them were baseline-separated with very high column efficiencies. The Van Deemter curve was found flat under high linear velocity of the mobile phase, which indicated favorable kinetic properties of the prepared columns. Baseline separation of a pair of enantiomers was achieved in 90 s with high-column efficiency by short-end separation under high voltage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qin
- National Chromatographic Research & Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Qin F, Liu Y, Chen X, Kong L, Zou H. Capillary electrochromatographic separation of enantiomers under aqueous mobile phases on a covalently bonded cellulose derivative chiral stationary phase. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3921-9. [PMID: 16152670 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A chemically bonded cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase (CSP) was prepared by a radical polymerization reaction. The prepared CSP was packed into fused-silica capillaries with inner diameter of 75 microm to perform enantiomer separations in CEC. The electrochromatographic behavior of the CSP was investigated. On the prepared CSP, high EOF could be generated under acidic mobile phases, which represented an advantage for the separation of acidic enantiomers. Several neutral, acidic, and basic enantiomers were resolved on the prepared CSP under aqueous mobile phases. The column efficiencies were between 20,000 and 100,000 plates/m, which were much higher than those of HPLC. In addition, it was observed that the separation of some enantiomers benefited from the adoption of THF as mobile phase modifier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qin
- National Chromatographic Research & Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gübitz G, Schmid MG. Recent advances in chiral separation principles in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2005; 25:3981-96. [PMID: 15597419 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments in chiral separation in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), electrokinetic chromatography (EKC), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) covering literature published since the year 2000. New chiral selectors and innovative approaches for CE and CEC are introduced. Recent progress in column technology for CEC is highlighted and the development of new chiral stationary phases is discussed. This review is not dedicated to list applications but will focus on new developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Gübitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dept. of Pharm. Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mangelings D, Maftouh M, Vander Heyden Y. Capillary electrochromatographic chiral separations with potential for pharmaceutical analysis. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:691-709. [PMID: 15938179 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200400077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of capillary electrochromatography as a chiral separation technique for pharmaceutical applications is reviewed. Publications of the past 10 years that provide a potential practical application in pharmaceutical analysis are considered. Method development or validation, separation strategies, and potential routine analysis by the methods/applications cited are the main subjects on which we focused our attention. The indirect chiral separation method was only used once in CEC mode. In the direct chiral separations, the use of chiral stationary phases was obviously preferred over the use of chiral mobile phases with non-chiral stationary phases. Amongst the chiral stationary phases, those based on macrocyclic antibiotics and polysaccharide selectors were the most frequently used. Monolithic stationary phases also have several applications, but not so extended as those with packed capillary electrochromatography. The considered papers not only describe the applicability of the technique for relatively large sets of chiral analytes, they also showed that various types of stationary phases can be produced in-house in a simple manner. However, to survive as a mature separation technique, considerable time and effort are still needed to solve some disadvantages currently characterizing capillary electrochromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debby Mangelings
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vander Heyden Y, Mangelings D, Matthijs N, Perrin C. 18 Chiral separations. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(05)80062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
Simal-Gándara J. The Place of Capillary Electrochromatography Among Separation Techniques—A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340490475867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
19
|
Jiskra J, Claessens HA, Cramers CA. Stationary and mobile phases in capillary electrochromatography (CEC). J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
20
|
Zarbl E, Lämmerhofer M, Woschek A, Hammerschmidt F, Parenti C, Cannazza G, Lindner W. Strong versus weak chiral cation exchangers: Comparative evaluation for enantiomer separation of chiral bases by non-aqueous CEC. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20021101)25:15/17<1269::aid-jssc1269>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
An original way to use a β-cyclodextrin-bonded silica stationary phase in electrochromatography. Application to the achiral separation of nucleobases and nucleosides. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
22
|
Chankvetadze L, Kartozia I, Yamamoto C, Chankvetadze B, Blaschke G, Okamoto Y. Enantioseparations in capillary liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography using amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) in combination with aqueous organic mobile phase. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020701)25:10/11<653::aid-jssc653>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|