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Li T, Song Y, Xu J, Fan J. A hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent mediated sol-gel coating of solid phase microextraction fiber for determination of toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene in water coupled with GC-FID. Talanta 2019; 195:298-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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LAN MF, AN N, ZHAO Y, CAO W, LI H, ZHAO L, HUANG YD, ZHANG RY. Effect of Porogen Solubility Parameter on Structure of Chromatographic Supports with Large Pores. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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YU Y, WU XL, LI Y, HUANG YK, JIANG CW, ZHAO FF, WU J, ZHANG RY. Preparation of Mixed-mode Chromatography Supports Based on Gigaporous Polymer Microspheres. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(16)60979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sadri M, Vatani H. Ionic Liquid-Mediated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Polydimethylsiloxane Fiber for Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction of Phenolic Compounds in Aqueous Samples by Gas Chromatography Coupled to Flame Ionization Detector. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:174-181. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sarafraz-Yazdi A, Yekkebashi A. A non-ionic surfactant-mediated sol–gel coating for solid-phase microextraction of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene in water samples using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00742e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sarafraz-Yazdi A, Vatani H. A solid phase microextraction coating based on ionic liquid sol–gel technique for determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene in water samples using gas chromatography flame ionization detector. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1300:104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kabir A, Furton KG, Malik A. Innovations in sol-gel microextraction phases for solvent-free sample preparation in analytical chemistry. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Photochemical construction of nanoporous polymer microspheres in Cu/Cu2O nanoparticle suspensions. Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chen S, Gao F, Wang Q, Su Z, Ma G. Double emulsion-templated microspheres with flow-through pores at micrometer scale. Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2717-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Viktorova EN, Korolev AA, Ibragimov TR, Kurganov AA. Effect of the nature of a porogen on the porous structure of monolithic polydivinylbenzene sorbents. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x12050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Effect of solubilization of surfactant aggregates on pore structure in gigaporous polymeric particles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shearrow AM, Bhansali S, Malik A. Ionic liquid-mediated bis[(3-methyldimethoxysilyl)propyl] polypropylene oxide-based polar sol–gel coatings for capillary microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6349-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sun Y, Liu FF, Shi QH. Approaches to high-performance preparative chromatography of proteins. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 113:217-254. [PMID: 19373447 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Preparative liquid chromatography is widely used for the purification of chemical and biological substances. Different from high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of many different components at minimized sample loading, high-performance preparative chromatography is of much larger scale and should be of high resolution and high capacity at high operation speed and low to moderate pressure drop. There are various approaches to this end. For biochemical engineers, the traditional way is to model and optimize a purification process to make it exert its maximum capability. For high-performance separations, however, we need to improve chromatographic technology itself. We herein discuss four approaches in this review, mainly based on the recent studies in our group. The first is the development of high-performance matrices, because packing material is the central component of chromatography. Progress in the fabrication of superporous materials in both beaded and monolithic forms are reviewed. The second topic is the discovery and design of affinity ligands for proteins. In most chromatographic methods, proteins are separated based on their interactions with the ligands attached to the surface of porous media. A target-specific ligand can offer selective purification of desired proteins. Third, electrochromatography is discussed. An electric field applied to a chromatographic column can induce additional separation mechanisms besides chromatography, and result in electrokinetic transport of protein molecules and/or the fluid inside pores, thus leading to high-performance separations. Finally, expanded-bed adsorption is described for process integration to reduce separation steps and process time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China,
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Xia HF, Lin DQ, Yao SJ. Preparation and characterization of macroporous cellulose–tungsten carbide composite beads for expanded bed applications. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1175:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Synthesis of macroporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres by surfactant reverse micelles swelling method. Eur Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhou WQ, Gu TY, Su ZG, Ma GH. Synthesis of macroporous poly(styrene-divinyl benzene) microspheres by surfactant reverse micelles swelling method. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wang DM, Hao G, Shi QH, Sun Y. Fabrication and characterization of superporous cellulose bead for high-speed protein chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1146:32-40. [PMID: 17300793 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel superporous cellulose (SC) matrix has been fabricated by water-in-oil emulsification-thermal regeneration using granules of calcium carbonate as porogenic agents. As a control, microporous cellulose (MC) bead was fabricated in the absence of calcium carbonate. Simultaneously, double cross-linking was applied to enhance the mechanical strength of the particles. The photographs by scanning electron microscopy of the SC bead illustrated that there were more "craters" of several microns scattering on the surface of the beads. It led to a higher water content and effective porosity of the SC medium. The two beads were then modified with diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) group to prepare anion exchangers. The dynamic uptake results of bovine serum albumin (BSA) exhibited that the pore diffusivity of BSA in the DEAE-SC bead was two to three times larger than that in the DEAE-MC bead. In addition, the column packed with the DEAE-SC showed lower backpressure, higher column efficiency and dynamic binding capacity than the column packed with the DEAE-MC at a flow rate range of 150-900cm/h. Moreover, the column efficiency of the DEAE-SC column was independent of flow velocity up to a flow rate of 1200cm/h. All the results exhibited the superior characteristics of the SC bead as a potential medium for high-speed protein chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Krácalíková K, Tishchenko G, Bleha M. Effect of the matrix structure and concentration of polymer-immobilized Ni2+–iminodiacetic acid complexes on retention of IgG1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 67:7-25. [PMID: 16466797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2005.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Terpolymer bead particles (100-350 microm in diameter) were prepared by suspension radical polymerization from methacrylate esters [2,3-epoxypropyl methacrylate (GMA), 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate (DEGMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA)] and subsequently derivatized affording iminodiacetic acid (IDA) chelating sorbents. The sorbents differed in pore volumes (0-0.7 cm3/g) and specific surface areas (0.03-9.8 m2/g) of their matrices as well as in the amounts of immobilized Ni2+-IDA complexes (0.03-1.58 mmol/g). The binding of imidazole was studied by frontal chromatography to evaluate the accessibility of Ni2+-IDA complexes. It was found that an increase in the bonded imidazole content with increasing immobilized Ni2+-IDA concentration was strongly dependent on the matrix morphology. A higher pore volume of the matrix significantly improved the utilizability of Ni2+-IDA complexes for imidazole binding. The performance of the sorbents based on two porous matrices with immobilized Ni2+-IDA concentration (0.1-1.58 mmol/g) differing in pore size distributions was compared in immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) of monoclonal mouse immunoglobulin IgG1 specific against human choriogonadotropic hormone (GTH-spec IgG1). The results have shown that sorbents based on matrix with large pores (up to 20 microm in diameter) exhibited high protein binding capacities. The GTH-spec IgG1 (Mw=158,000) was eluted from all the sorbents in its native form as was confirmed by MALDI-TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Krácalíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Sun GY, Yang Z, Dong XY, Sun Y. Biporous polymeric beads fabricated by double emulsification for high-speed protein chromatography. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shi QH, Zhou X, Sun Y. A novel superporous agarose medium for high-speed protein chromatography. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 92:643-51. [PMID: 16261631 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A novel superporous agarose (SA) bead characterized by the presence of wide pores has been fabricated by water-in-oil emulsification using solid granules of calcium carbonate as porogenic agent. After cross-linking, the solid granules were removed by dissolving them in hydrochloric acid. Then, the gel was modified with diethylaminoethyl groups to create an anion exchanger, SA-DEAE, for protein adsorption. A homogeneous agarose (HA) bead was also produced and modified with DEAE for comparison. It was found that the porosity of SA-DEAE was about 6% larger than that of HA-DEAE. Moreover, both optical micrographs and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of the ion exchangers with adsorbed fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled IgG revealed the superporous structure of the SA medium. In addition, the SA-DEAE column had lower backpressure than the HA-DEAE column, confirming the convective flow of mobile phase through the wide pores. Due to the presence of the wide pores, more channels were available for protein transport and, furthermore, more diffusive pores in the agarose network were accessible for the protein approach from different directions. This led to 40% higher protein capacity and two times higher effective pore diffusivity in the SA-DEAE than in HA-DEAE. Moreover, an increase of the efficiency of the SA-DEAE column until a flow rate of 5 cm/min and the independency of the column efficiency at flow rates from 5 to 17.8 cm/min was found, indicating that intraparticle mass transfer was intensified by convective flow at elevated flow rates. Therefore, the chromatographic resolution of IgG and BSA was little affected up to a flow rate of 17.8 cm/min. The results indicate that the SA medium is favorable for high-speed protein chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hong Shi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Sun GY, Shi QH, Sun Y. Novel biporous polymeric stationary phase for high-speed protein chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1061:159-65. [PMID: 15641358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel rigid biporous bead (BiPB) had been fabricated by double emulsification to prepare a (w/o)/w emulsion and a subsequent polymerization. The polymerization of monomers, glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, was initiated with benzoin ethyl ether by ultraviolet irradiation. The BiPB with an average diameter of 42.8 microm was characterized to possess two types of pores, i.e., micropores (20-100nm) and superpores (300-4000nm). Its specific surface area was determined to be 41.9m2/g, about 20% smaller than that of a microporous bead (MiPB) (52.1 m2/g). Flow hydrodynamic experiments showed that the BiPB column had smaller backpressure and plate height than those of the MiPB column at a given flow rate. Derivatized with diethylamine (DEA), the static adsorption capacity of the DEA-BiPB was about 7% smaller than that of the DEA-MiPB for BSA (bovine serum albumin). However, frontal analysis demonstrated that the dynamic binding capacity of the DEA-BiPB column was 1.6-2.4 times higher than that of the DEA-MiPB at high flow rate range of 1200-2400cm/h. Moreover, separation of a model protein mixture (myoglobin and BSA) was conducted at mobile phase velocities up to 3000cm/h to compare the performance of the two stationary phases. All the results indicate that the BiPB contains interconnected flowthrough pores and the BiPB column is promising for high-speed protein chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yong Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Wu L, Bai S, Sun Y. Development of rigid bidisperse porous microspheres for high-speed protein chromatography. Biotechnol Prog 2003; 19:1300-6. [PMID: 12892494 DOI: 10.1021/bp0201509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of a high-performance stationary phase is an essential demand for high-speed separation of proteins by liquid chromatography. Based on a novel porogenic mode, that is, using superfine granules of calcium carbonate as solid porogen and a mixture of cyclohexanol and dodecanol as liquid porogen, a rigid spherical biporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) matrix has been prepared by radical suspension-polymerization. The epoxide groups of the matrix were modified with diethylamine to afford the ionizable weak base 1-N,N-diethylamino-2-hydeoxypropy functionalities that are required for ion exchange chromatography. Results from scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry measurements revealed that the matrix contained two families of pores, that is, micropores (10-90 nm) and macropores (180-4000 nm). Furthermore, the biporous medium possesses specific surface area as high as 91.3 m(2)/g. Because of the presence of the macropores that provided convective flow channels for the mobile phase, the dynamic adsorption capacity was found to be as high as 54.6 mg/g wet bead at 300 cm/h, approximately 63.2% of its static capacity. In addition, the column efficiency and dynamic binding capacity decreased only slightly with mobile-phase flow rate in the range of 300-3000 cm/h. These properties made the packed bed with the bidisperse porous matrix suitable for high-speed protein chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
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Shi Y, Sun Y. Fabrication and characterization of a novel biporous spherical adsorbent for protein chromatography. Chromatographia 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02497474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zou H, Huang X, Ye M, Luo Q. Monolithic stationary phases for liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 954:5-32. [PMID: 12058917 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A monolithic stationary phase is the continuous unitary porous structure prepared by in situ polymerization or consolidation inside the column tubing and, if necessary, the surface is functionalized to convert it into a sorbent with the desired chromatographic binding properties [J. Chromatogr. A 855 (1999) 273]. Monolithic stationary phases have attracted considerable attention in liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography in recent years due to their simple preparation procedure, unique properties and excellent performance, especially for separation of biopolymers. This review summarizes the preparation, characterization and applications of the monolithic stationary phases. In addition, the disadvantages and limitations of the monolithic stationary phases are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfa Zou
- National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
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Shi Y, Dong XY, Sun Y. Development of rigid biporous polymeric adsorbent for protein chromatography. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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