1
|
Chen D, Yang Z, Shen X, Sun L. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Tandem Mass Spectrometry As an Alternative to Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Top-down Proteomics of Histones. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4417-4424. [PMID: 33650845 PMCID: PMC8564867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Top-down proteomics (TDP) is an ideal approach for deciphering the histone code and it routinely employs reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Because of the extreme complexity of histones regarding the number of proteoforms, new analytical tools with high-capacity separation and highly sensitive detection of proteoforms are required for TDP of histones. Here we present capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-MS/MS via the electro-kinetically pumped sheath-flow CE-MS interface for large-scale top-down delineation of histone proteoforms. CZE-MS/MS identified a comparable number of proteoforms to RPLC-MS/MS from a calf histone sample with more than 30-fold less sample consumption (75-ng vs. Three μg), indicating its substantially higher sensitivity. We identified about 400 histone proteoforms from the calf histone sample using two-dimensional size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)-CZE-MS/MS with less than 300-ng proteins consumed. We identified histone proteoforms carrying various tentative post-translational modifications (PTMs), for example, acetylation, methylation (mono-, di-, and tri-), phosphorylation, and succinylation. The electrophoretic mobility (μef) of unmodified histone proteoforms can be predicted accurately (R2 = 0.98) with an optimized semiempirical model based on our recent work. The results render CZE-MS/MS as a useful tool for deciphering the histone code in a proteoform-specific manner and on a global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daoyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Zhichang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Xiaojing Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dzema D, Kartsova L, Kapizova D, Appelhans D. New Approach to the Formation of Physically Adsorbed Capillary Coatings Consisting of Hyperbranched Poly(Ethylene Imine) with a Maltose Shell to Enhance the Separation of Catecholamines and Proteins in CE. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
3
|
Neuberger S, Rafai A, Neusüß C. Screening of Small Intact Proteins by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS). Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1466:43-56. [PMID: 27473480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4014-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been shown to be a suitable separation technique for complex samples. Combined with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), it is a powerful tool offering the opportunity of high selectivity and sensitivity combined with the possibility to identify and characterize intact proteins. In this protocol, we demonstrate a screening method for intact proteins based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separation coupled with online mass spectrometric detection. In order to avoid protein-wall interactions, a neutral coated capillary is used to create a universal method for proteins with both low and high electrophoretic mobilities. In addition, we show the successful validation and application of this screening method for a set of eight standard proteins and the glycoprotein erythropoietin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Neuberger
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraβe 1, Aalen, D-73430, Germany
| | | | - Christian Neusüß
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraβe 1, Aalen, D-73430, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amini A. Analysis of Somatropin by Double-Injection Capillary-Zone Electrophoresis in Polybrene/Chondroitin Sulfate A Double-Coated Capillaries. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1466:93-105. [PMID: 27473484 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4014-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Purity determination of somatropin as a recombinant protein is important to ensure its safety and quality. This is carried out by capillary zone electrophoresis in double-injection mode using polybrene/chondroitin sulfate A double-coated capillaries. Modification of the capillary wall eliminates protein-wall interactions which results in improved accuracy and precision of the determinations. In the double-injection mode two somatropin samples are analyzed within a single electrophoretic run. Prior to the second injection, the first injected plug is electrophoresed for a predetermined time period in order to adjust the inter-plug distance. Here, the principle for the separation of somatropin charge variants is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Amini
- Medical Products Agency (MPA), Box 26, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 42, Uppsala, 751 03, Sweden.
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, Uppsala, 751 23, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sidoli S, Cheng L, Jensen ON. Proteomics in chromatin biology and epigenetics: Elucidation of post-translational modifications of histone proteins by mass spectrometry. J Proteomics 2012; 75:3419-33. [PMID: 22234360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Taichrib A, Pioch M, Neusüß C. Toward a screening method for the analysis of small intact proteins by CE-ESI-TOF MS. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1356-66. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
7
|
Činčárová L, Lochmanová G, Nováková K, Šultesová P, Konečná H, Fajkusová L, Fajkus J, Zdráhal Z. A combined approach for the study of histone deacetylase inhibitors. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:2937-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
MacDonald AM, Bahnasy MF, Lucy CA. A modified supported bilayer/diblock polymer – Working towards a tunable coating for capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Young NL, Dimaggio PA, Garcia BA. The significance, development and progress of high-throughput combinatorial histone code analysis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3983-4000. [PMID: 20683756 PMCID: PMC11115713 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The physiological state of eukaryotic DNA is chromatin. Nucleosomes, which consist of DNA in complex with histones, are the fundamental unit of chromatin. The post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones play a critical role in the control of gene transcription, epigenetics and other DNA-templated processes. It has been known for several years that these PTMs function in concert to allow for the storage and transduction of highly specific signals through combinations of modifications. This code, the combinatorial histone code, functions much like a bar code or combination lock providing the potential for massive information content. The capacity to directly measure these combinatorial histone codes has mostly been laborious and challenging, thus limiting efforts often to one or two samples. Recently, progress has been made in determining such information quickly, quantitatively and sensitively. Here we review both the historical and recent progress toward routine and rapid combinatorial histone code analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas L Young
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 415 Schultz Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
He Y, Wei Y, Zheng X, Zheng J. Capillary modified with covalently attached coating for enhanced CE separation of biopolymers. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:630-3. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
11
|
Bachmann S, Vallant R, Bakry R, Huck CW, Corradini D, Bonn GK. CE coupled to MALDI with novel covalently coated capillaries. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:618-29. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
12
|
Huhn C, Ramautar R, Wuhrer M, Somsen GW. Relevance and use of capillary coatings in capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:297-314. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
13
|
Sneekes EJ, Han J, Elliot M, Ausio J, Swart R, Heck AJR, Borchers C. Accurate molecular weight analysis of histones using FFE and RP-HPLC on monolithic capillary columns. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2691-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
14
|
Pantůčková P, Gebauer P, Boček P, Křivánková L. Electrolyte systems for on-line CE-MS: Detection requirements and separation possibilities. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:203-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
15
|
Lindner HH. Analysis of histones, histone variants, and their post-translationally modified forms. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2516-32. [PMID: 18494025 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
For many years, histones were considered passive structural components of eukaryotic chromatin. Meanwhile it has been proven that histones also participate in gene regulation and repression via post-translational modification. The multitude of these post-translational modifications and the existence of numerous histone variants require particular separation strategies for their analysis, a prerequisite for studying biological processes. The most widely utilized techniques for the separation of histones, namely PAGE, HPCE, RP-HPLC, and hydrophilic Interaction LC, are reviewed here. Problems inherent to the analysis of histones owing to their unique physical and chemical properties along with advantages and shortcomings of particular methods are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert H Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Analysis of human histone H4 by capillary electrophoresis in a pullulan-coated capillary, LC-ESI-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 390:1881-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
17
|
Gulcev MD, Lucy CA. Factors Affecting the Behavior and Effectiveness of Phospholipid Bilayer Coatings for Capillary Electrophoretic Separations of Basic Proteins. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1806-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702408u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makedonka D. Gulcev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Charles A. Lucy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Haselberg R, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry for the analysis of intact proteins. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1159:81-109. [PMID: 17560583 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Developments in the fields of protein chemistry, proteomics and biotechnology have increased the demand for suitable analytical techniques for the analysis of intact proteins. In 1989, capillary electrophoresis (CE) was combined with mass spectrometry (MS) for the first time and its potential usefulness for the analysis of intact (i.e. non-digested) proteins was shown. This article provides an overview of the applications of CE-MS within the field of intact protein analysis. The principles of the applied CE modes and ionization techniques used for CE-MS of intact proteins are shortly described. It is shown that separations are predominantly carried out by capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing, whereas electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) are the most popular ionization techniques used for interfacing. The combination of CE with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) MS for the analysis of metalloproteins is also discussed. The various CE-MS combinations are systematically outlined and tables provide extensive overviews of the applications of each technique for intact protein analysis. Selected examples are given to illustrate the usefulness of the CE-MS techniques. Examples include protein isoform assignment, single cell analysis, metalloprotein characterization, proteomics and biomarker screening. Finally, chip-based electrophoresis combined with MS is shortly treated and some of its applications are described. It is concluded that CE-MS represents a powerful tool for the analysis of intact proteins yielding unique separations and information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Haselberg
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Su X, Ren C, Freitas MA. Mass spectrometry-based strategies for characterization of histones and their post-translational modifications. Expert Rev Proteomics 2007; 4:211-25. [PMID: 17425457 PMCID: PMC2572816 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the intimate interactions between histones and DNA, the characterization of histones has become the focus of great attention. A series of mass spectrometry-based technologies have been dedicated to the characterization and quantitation of different histone forms. This review focuses on the discussion of mass spectrometry-based strategies used for the characterization of histones and their post-translational modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Su
- The Ohio State Unviersity, Department of Molecular Virology Immunology & Medical Genetics, Human Cancer Genetics, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gotti R, Calleri E, Massolini G, Furlanetto S, Cavrini V. Penicillin G acylase as chiral selector in CE using a pullulan-coated capillary. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4746-54. [PMID: 17080475 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, penicillin G acylase (PGA), an enzyme belonging to the family of hydrolases, has been investigated as chiral selector in CE using the partial filling technique. Owing to the strong disposition of PGA to be adsorbed by the inner capillary wall, permanently coated capillaries were used to diminish both the protein-wall interactions and the EOF. In particular, the silica surface of the capillary was chemically coated by an antiadhesive and an hydrophilic layer of pullulan, a high-molecular-mass homopolysaccharide. The coating procedure consisted in the silanization with glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and the subsequent coupling of the hydroxyl groups of pullulan onto the silanized capillary. Using this approach, a significant EOF suppression was obtained within a wide pH range (pH 3.0-9.0); this result was very important in order to find the suitable conditions for the application of partial filling technique. The optimization of partial filling was carried out by considering the effects of different experimental conditions (buffer pH, PGA concentration, and loading duration), on the migration time and enantioresolution of rac-ketoprofen. Under the selected conditions as: 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 5.5) containing 240 microM of PGA (partial filling of 120 s at a pressure of 50 mbar), a series of acidic compounds resulted to be enantioresolved in about 10 min. The long-term stability of the proposed coating was evaluated; more than 100 injections were performed without significant loss of reproducibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Huang YF, Huang CC, Hu CC, Chang HT. Capillary electrophoresis-based separation techniques for the analysis of proteins. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3503-22. [PMID: 16927348 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CE offers the advantages of high speed, great efficiency, as well as the requirement of minimum amounts of sample and buffer for the analysis of proteins. In this review, we summarize the CE-based techniques coupled with absorption, LIF, and MS detection systems for the analysis of proteins mostly within the past 5 years. The basic principle of each technique and its advantages and disadvantages for protein analysis are discussed in brief. Advanced CE techniques, including on-column concentration techniques and high-efficiency multidimensional separation techniques, for high-throughput protein profiling of complex biological samples and/or of single cells are emphasized. Although the developed techniques provide improved peak capacity, they have not become practical tools for proteomics, mainly because of poor reproducibility, low-sample lading capacity, and low throughput due to ineffective interfaces between two separation dimensions and that between separation and MS systems. In order to identify the complexities and dynamics of the proteomes expressed by cells, tissues, or organisms, techniques providing improved analytical sensitivity, throughput, and dynamic ranges are still demanded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hunzinger C, Schrattenholz A, Poznanović S, Schwall GP, Stegmann W. Comparison of different separation technologies for proteome analyses: Isoform resolution as a prerequisite for the definition of protein biomarkers on the level of posttranslational modifications. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1123:170-81. [PMID: 16822517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this article we evaluate methods used to reveal the molecular complexity, which is generated in biological samples by posttranslational modifications (PTM) of proteins. We show how distinct molecular differences on the level of phosphorylation sites in a single protein (ovalbumin) can be resolved with different success using 1D and 2D gel-electrophoresis and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with monolithic polystyrol-divinylbenzol (PS-DVB) columns for protein separation, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for protein identification. Phosphorylation site analysis was performed using enzymatic dephosphorylation in combination with differential peptide mass mapping. Liquid chromatography-MALDI-TOF MS coupling with subsequent on-target tryptic protein digestion turned out to be the fastest method tested but yielded low resolution for the analysis of PTM, whereas 2D gel-electrophoresis, due to its unique capability of resolving highly complex isoform pattern, turned out to be the most suitable method for this purpose. The evaluated methods complement one another and in connection with efficient technologies for differential and quantitative analysis, these approaches have the potential to reveal novel molecular details of protein biomarkers.
Collapse
|
23
|
Yu B, Cong H, Liu H, Li Y, Liu F. Ionene-dynamically coated capillary for analysis of urinary and recombinant human erythropoietin by capillary electrophoresis and online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2006; 28:2390-400. [PMID: 16342807 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a series of ionene polymers were synthesized and used to coat fused-silica capillaries for the separation of recombinant and urinary human erythropoietin (rhEPO and uEPO) standards by CE. The influence of the charge density of coatings on the separation of rhEPO and uEPO glycoforms was investigated. Then, we further studied the method for fast separation and detection of rhEPO and uEPO standards by CE-ESI-MS. The influence of several CE and MS operating parameters, such as the concentration of CE running buffer, applied external pressure, and the composition and flow rate of sheath liquid on CE-ESI-MS was studied. The results demonstrated that when the capillary was permanently coated with 6,6-ionene and the pH value of acetic acid-ammonium acetate running buffer was 4.80 and 5.50, respectively, a significantly reproducible separation was achieved for rhEPO and uEPO glycoforms. In the online CE-ESI-MS experiments, we not only achieved the online MS signal of uEPO, but also obtained baseline separation of three major rhEPO glycoforms successfully and reproducibly on the 6,6-ionene-coated capillaries. Furthermore, the standard mixture of rhEPO and uEPO was separated, and two incompletely resolved peaks that were identified to be rhEPO and uEPO by the unique MS "fingerprint" were obtained. Additionally, the molecular weight of rhEPO and uEPO were verified and compared to the results by MALDI-TOF-MS. It can be concluded that, in contrast to other indirect methods, the online CE-ESI-MS technique with the combination of the advantages of both CE and MS shows great potential for the separation and detection of rhEPO doping directly in competitive sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Puerta A, Axén J, Söderberg L, Bergquist J. Novel adsorptive polyamine coating for enhanced capillary electrophoresis of basic proteins and peptides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 838:113-21. [PMID: 16714157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In capillary electrophoresis (CE), the anionic and hydrophobic nature of the fused-silica capillary surface has long been known to present a problem in protein and peptide analysis. The use of capillary surface coating is one of the approaches to avoid the analyte-wall interactions. In this study, a new polymer, poly-LA 313, has been synthesized, physico-chemical characterized, and applied as polyamine coating for CE separations. The coating process is highly reproducible and provides fast separations of peptides and proteins in a few minutes and with high efficiency. The physically adsorbed polymer gives rise to a durable coating in the range of pH 2-10, in the presence of organic modifiers (acetonitrile and methanol) and with complex biological samples. The efficiency of the new cationic polymer was also tested performing protein and peptide separations with capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Puerta
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, PO Box 599, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Akashi S, Suzuki K, Arai A, Yamada N, Suzuki EI, Hirayama K, Nakamura S, Nishimura Y. Top-down analysis of basic proteins by microchip capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:1932-8. [PMID: 16715472 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A system of microchip capillary electrophoresis/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (microchip-CE/ESI-MS) for rapid characterization of proteins has been developed. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) enables rapid analysis of a sample present in very small quantity, such as at femtomole levels, at high resolution. Faster CE/MS analysis is expected by downsizing the normal capillary to the microchip (microchip) capillary. Although rapidity and high resolution are advantages of CE separation, electroosmotic flow (EOF) instability caused by the interaction between proteins and the microchannel surface results in low reproducibility in the analysis of basic proteins under neutral pH conditions. By coating the microchannel surface with a basic polymer, polyE-323, basic proteins, which have pI values of over 7.5, could be separated and detected by microchip-CE/MS on quadrupole (Q) and time-of-flight (TOF) hybrid instruments. By increasing the cone and collision voltages during the analysis by microchip-CE/ESI-MS of a small protein, some product ions, which contain the sequence information, could also be obtained, i.e., 'top-down' analysis of the protein could be accomplished with this microchip-CE/MS system. To our knowledge, this is the first report of 'top-down' analysis of a protein by microchip-CE/MS. Since it requires a much shorter time and a smaller sample amount for analysis than the conventional liquid chromatography (LC)/ESI-MS method, microchip-CE/MS promises to be suitable for the high-throughput characterization of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Akashi
- International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Simpson DC, Smith RD. Combining capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry for applications in proteomics. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1291-305. [PMID: 15765477 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is currently dominated by the analysis of peptides originating either from digestion of proteins separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) or from global digestion; the simple peptide mixtures obtained from digestion of gel-separated proteins do not usually require further separation, while the complex peptide mixtures obtained by global digestion are most frequently separated by chromatographic techniques. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) provides alternatives to 2-DE for protein separation and alternatives to chromatography for peptide separation. This review attempts to elucidate how the most promising CE modes, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), might best be applied to MS-based proteomics. CE-MS interfacing, mass analyzer performance, column coating to minimize analyte adsorption, and sample stacking for CZE are considered prior to examining numerous applications. Finally, multidimensional systems that incorporate CE techniques are examined; CZE often finds use as a fast, final dimension before ionization for MS, while CIEF, being an equilibrium technique, is well-suited to being the first dimension in automated fractionation systems.
Collapse
|
27
|
Mass spectrometry detection in capillary electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(05)45009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
28
|
Monton MRN, Terabe S. Recent Developments in Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry of Proteins and Peptides. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:5-13. [PMID: 15675508 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many researchers have invested considerable efforts toward improving capillary electrophoresis (CE)-mass spectrometry (MS) systems so they can be applied better to standard analyses. This review highlights the developments in CE-MS of proteins and peptides over the last five years. It includes the developments in interfaces, sample-enrichment techniques, microfabricated devices, and some applications, largely in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) and capillary isotachophoresis formats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rowena N Monton
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Simó C, Elvira C, González N, San Román J, Barbas C, Cifuentes A. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of basic proteins using a new physically adsorbed polymer coating. Some applications in food analysis. Electrophoresis 2004; 25:2056-2064. [PMID: 15237406 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A new physically adsorbed capillary coating for capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) of basic proteins is presented, which is easily obtained by flushing the capillary with a polymer aqueous solution for two min. This coating significantly reduces the electrostatic adsorption of a group of basic proteins (i.e., cytochrome c, lysozyme, and ribonuclease A) onto the capillary wall allowing their analysis by CE-MS. The coating protocol is compatible with electrospray inonization (ESI)-MS via the reproducible separation of the standard basic proteins (%RSD values (n = 5) < 1% for analysis time reproducibility and < 5% for peak heights, measured from the total ion electropherograms (TIEs) within the same day). The LODs determined using cytochrome c with total ion current and extracted ion current defection were 24.5 and 2.9 fmol, respectively. Using this new coating lysozymes from chicken and turkey egg white could be easily distinguished by CE-MS, demonstrating the usefulness of this method to differentiate animal species. Even after sterilization at 120 degrees C for 30 min, lysozyme could be detected, as well as in wines at concentrations much lower than the limit marked by the EC Commission Regulation. Adulteration of minced meat with 5% of egg-white could also be analysed by our CE-MS protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Elvira
- Institute of Science and Technology of Polymers (CSIC)
| | | | - J San Román
- Institute of Science and Technology of Polymers (CSIC)
| | - Coral Barbas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ullsten S, Zuberovic A, Wetterhall M, Hardenborg E, Markides KE, Bergquist J. A polyamine coating for enhanced capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of proteins and peptides. Electrophoresis 2004; 25:2090-2099. [PMID: 15237410 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A procedure for enhanced capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) of proteins is presented. The use of a newly presented capillary coating, PolyE-323, provided fast separations of typically a few minutes with high efficiency, good deactivation, and no bleeding into the mass spectrometer. Capillaries coated with PolyE-323 showed high stability over a range of pH 2-10, and tolerance towards methanol and acetonitrile, two modifiers commonly used in CE-ESI-MS. Due to the speed and simplicity of the coating procedure, the polymeric surface could, if necessary, easily be regenerated. This capability is especially valuable when working with samples of complex matrix, where a capillary surface cleaning step might be desired in order to eliminate possible memory effects. The potential of PolyE-323-coated capillaries in bioanalysis using CE-ESI-MS was demonstrated by analyzing peptides and proteins up to 66 kDa using time of flight (TOF)-MS. Due to the stable, anodal electroosmotic flow generated by the coating, the use of a sheathless ESI interface was enabled, demonstrated in peptide analysis with attomole sensitivity. The fast on-line CE-ESI-TOF system using PolyE-323-coated capillaries provided efficient separation and detection of a large number of peaks in a short time, exemplified by the analysis of a tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The capability of the developed capillary surface coating was demonstrated by the separation of human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ullsten
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aida Zuberovic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Wetterhall
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilia Hardenborg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin E Markides
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Monton MRN, Terabe S. Field-enhanced sample injection for high-sensitivity analysis of peptides and proteins in capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1032:203-11. [PMID: 15065797 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Field-enhanced sample injection (FESI) was used to improve the concentration sensitivity of a capillary electrophoresis (CE)-mass spectrometry (MS) system with sheath flow configuration. Using some bioactive peptides, more than 3000-fold improvement in signal was obtained, permitting analysis in the low nM (fmol/microl) levels. The system was further evaluated for analysis of complex peptide mixtures by using low concentration tryptic digests of standard proteins. Rapid identification of the original protein was obtained by database searching using the observed molecular masses of the peptides, and by comparison of actual MS-MS spectra of selected peptides with the predicted fragmentation patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rowena N Monton
- Graduate School of Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
López-Soto-Yarritu P, Díez-Masa JC, de Frutos M, Cifuentes A. Comparison of different capillary electrophoresis methods for analysis of recombinant erythropoietin glycoforms. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20021101)25:15/17<1112::aid-jssc1112>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-1700, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:119-132. [PMID: 11813320 DOI: 10.1002/jms.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|