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Nevídalová H, Michalcová L, Glatz Z. Capillary electrophoresis-based immunoassay and aptamer assay: A review. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:414-433. [PMID: 31975407 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the group of techniques called affinity probe CE has been widely used for the detection and the determination of several types of biomolecules with high sensitivity. These techniques combine the low sample consumption and high separation power of CE with the selectivity of the probe to the target molecule. The assays can be defined according to the type of probe used: CE immunoassays, with an antibody as the probe, or aptamer-based CE, with an aptamer as the probe. Immunoassays are generally divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous groups, and homogeneous variant can be further performed in competitive or noncompetitive formats. Interacting partners are free in solution at homogeneous assay, as opposed to heterogeneous analyses, where one of them is immobilized onto a solid support. Highly sensitive fluorescence, chemiluminescence or electrochemical detections were typically used in this type of study. The use of the aptamers as probes has several advantages over antibodies such as shorter generation time, higher thermal stability, lower price, and lower variability. The aptamer-based CE technique was in practice utilized for the determination of proteins in biological fluids and environmentally or clinically important small molecules. Both techniques were also transferred to microchip. This review is focused on theoretical principles of these techniques and a summary of their applications in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Nevídalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Michalcová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Kafle A, Klaene J, Hall AB, Glick J, Coy SL, Vouros P. A differential mobility spectrometry/mass spectrometry platform for the rapid detection and quantitation of DNA adduct dG-ABP. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1473-80. [PMID: 23722681 PMCID: PMC6098668 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is continued interest in exploring new analytical technologies for the detection and quantitation of DNA adducts, biomarkers which provide direct evidence of exposure and genetic damage in cells. With the goal of reducing clean-up steps and improving sample throughput, a Differential Mobility Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (DMS/MS) platform has been introduced for adduct analysis. METHODS A DMS/MS platform has been utilized for the analysis of dG-ABP, the deoxyguanosine adduct of the bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP). After optimization of the DMS parameters, each sample was analyzed in just 30 s following a simple protein precipitation step of the digested DNA. RESULTS A detection limit of one modification in 10^6 nucleosides has been achieved using only 2 µg of DNA. A brief comparison (quantitative and qualitative) with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry is also presented highlighting the advantages of using the DMS/MS method as a high-throughput platform. CONCLUSIONS The data presented demonstrate the successful application of a DMS/MS/MS platform for the rapid quantitation of DNA adducts using, as a model analyte, the deoxyguanosine adduct of the bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Vouros
- Correspondence to: P. Vouros, Northeastern University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Barnett Institute, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Wang C, Li T, Wang Z, Feng F, Wang H. Quantitative study of stereospecific binding of monoclonal antibody to anti-benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide-N2-dG adducts by capillary electrophoresis immunoassay. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2254-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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LeBlanc A, Shen S, Lew K, Weinfeld M, Chris Le X. Detection of benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts in mononuclear white blood cells by CE immunoassay and its application to studying the effect of glutathione depletion. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1558-63. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Preparation, identification and analysis of stereoisomeric anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide–deoxyguanosine adducts using phenyl liquid chromatography with diode array, fluorescence and tandem mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1183:119-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Valero-Navarro A, Fernández-Sánchez JF, Medina-Castillo AL, Fernández-Ibáñez F, Segura-Carretero A, Ibáñez JM, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. A rapid, sensitive screening test for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons applied to Antarctic water. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:903-10. [PMID: 17208278 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe a rapid, sensitive, fluorescence screening test for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples that avoids more costly time-consuming methods. The screening test works by detecting benzo[a]pyrene. It runs without the need for any pre-concentration step, thus rendering it suitable for routine use in water-quality-control laboratories. The test recognizes contaminated samples rapidly (150 s) and inexpensively with a cut-off level of 10 ng l(-1), which is the value that the European Union and World Health Organization (WHO) have laid down in its assessment of the quality of water for human consumption. This was first ascertained by analysing tap and waste-water samples before studying environmental water samples from the Antarctic region. The reliability of the screening test was 2% false positives and 4% false negatives in 200 samples of tap and waste-water. The applicability was confirmed by the fact that the predictions of the screening test coincided exactly with results obtained with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assays. We also discuss the polluted Antarctic samples and the possible sources of the contamination involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Valero-Navarro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, c/Fuentenueva s/n., E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Fundador E, Rusling J. Detection of labeled abasic sites in damaged DNA by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:1883-90. [PMID: 17206410 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-1041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 11/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Removal of nucleobases from the DNA backbone leads to the formation of abasic sites. The rate of abasic site formation is significantly increased for chemically damaged nucleobases. Thus, abasic sites serve as general biomarkers for the quantification of DNA damage. Herein, we show that capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) can be used to detect the amount of abasic sites with very high sensitivity. For proof of concept, DNA was incubated with methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) and the damaged bases were removed by incubation at 80 degrees C. The resulting abasic sites were then tagged with a fluorescent aldehyde-reactive probe (FARP). The DNA was precipitated with ethanol, and then analyzed by CE-LIF. CE-LIF and HPLC analysis shows that the fluorescently tagged DNA (DNA-FARP) had a peak area directly proportional to the amount of N-7 methyl guanines. The CE-LIF method had a detection limit of 1.2 abasic sites per 1,000,000 bases or ca. 20 attomoles of abasic sites. This provides a general method for detecting DNA damage that is not only faster but also has comparable or better sensitivity than the alternative ELISA-like method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Fundador
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
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Maisonnette C, Simon P, Hennion MC, Pichon V. Selective immunoclean-up followed by liquid chromatography for the monitoring of a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine at the ngl−1 level. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1120:185-93. [PMID: 16414055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A selective clean-up procedure using an immunosorbent (IS) was developed for the trace-level determination, in water and urine samples, of 3-benzo(a)pyrene-glucuronide (3-BP-G), a biomarker of exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). First, three sorbents used for the immobilization of antibodies were evaluated for their ability to limit the risk of non-specific interactions and to provide a high bonding density. The best sorbent, i.e. sepharose, was used for the immobilization of two different monoclonal antibodies. The most specific antibody for 3-BP-G was applied to the selective extraction from urine providing a clean extract, an easy and reliable quantification by comparison with a classical SPE process. The sensitivity of the fluorescence associated with the selectivity of the IS provides a limit of detection up to 1.2 ng l(-1) in urine for 3-BP-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Maisonnette
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, LECA, UMR CNRS 7121, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles, ESPCI, 10, rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Miao H, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Confirmation of peak assignments in capillary electrophoresis using immunoprecipitation. Application to D-aspartate measurements in neurons. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1106:56-60. [PMID: 16199049 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection is a powerful tool for analysis of samples ranging from tissue extracts to single cells. However, accurate peak identification in electropherograms is challenging when complex biological samples are analyzed, as often matching a migration time between an analyte and corresponding standard may be insufficient to confirm the peak's identity. A method which combines single-step immunoprecipitation and CE-LIF analysis for investigation of the chiral amino acids in single cells and small tissue samples is demonstrated. D-Aspartate (D-Asp) has been reported in the central nervous system of the invertebrate neurobiological model Aplysia californica. In order to confirm the identity of D-Asp signal in the complex electropherograms of nerve tissue extracts and individual neurons, anti-D-Asp serum, preincubated with L-Asp conjugate, is added to the sample. This selectively binds the free D-Asp, creating an antibody-antigen complex with a migration time similar to that of antibody alone, but not that of D-Asp. The complete disappearance of the putative D-Asp peak confirms its identity and validates that there are no other detectable analytes co-migrating with D-Asp in the electropherogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Champaign, School of Chemical Sciences, 600 South Mathews Avenue 63-5, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Le XC, Pavski V, Wang H. 2002 W.A.E. McBryde Award Lecture Affinity recognition, capillary electrophoresis, and laser-induced fluorescence polarization for ultrasensitive bioanalysis. CAN J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/v04-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The combination of affinity recognition, capillary electrophoresis (CE), laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), and fluorescence polarization for the ultrasensitive determination of compounds of biological interest is described. Competitive immunoassays using CELIF eliminate the need for fluorescently labeling trace analytes of interest and are particularly useful for determination of small molecules, such as cyclosporine, gentamicin, vancomycin, and digoxin. Fluorescence polarization allows for differentiation of the antibody-bound from the unbound small molecules. Noncompetitive affinity CELIF assays are shown to be highly effective in the determination of biomarkers for DNA damage and HIV-1 infection. An antibody (or aptamer) is used as a fluorescent probe to bind with a target DNA adduct (or the reverse transcriptase of the HIV-1 virus), with the fluorescent reaction products being separated by CE and detected by LIF. Aptamers are attractive affinity probes for protein analysis because of high affinity, high specificity, and the potential for a wide range of target proteins. Fluorescence polarization provides unique information for studying molecular interactions. Innovative integrations of these technologies will have broad applications ranging from cancer research, to biomedical diagnosis, to pharmaceutical and environmental analyses.Key words: capillary electrophoresis, laser-induced fluorescence, fluorescence polarization, immunoassay, affinity probes, antibodies, aptamers, DNA damage, toxins, therapeutic drugs.
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Highly sensitive and selective fluorescence optosensor to detect and quantify benzo[a]pyrene in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Immunoassays using capillary electrophoresis laser induced fluorescence detection for DNA adducts. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Protein-DNA binding assays have been used in a variety of fields from fundamental studies regarding the binding process itself, to serving as probes for the detection, quantification and separation of target analytes. These assays have been used for the study of protein-DNA complex stoichiometry, the detection of DNA damage, and real-time separation of free and bound complexes by electrophoretic mobility. Synthetic DNA oligonucleotides, known as aptamers, have been increasingly used for affinity binding assays to proteins, as well as for separation studies and as biosensors. Recent advances have been made in protein-DNA binding assays using capillary electrophoresis, laser-induced fluorescence, fluorescence polarization, molecular beacons, and affinity chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Pavski
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2G3
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Abstract
DNA adducts associated with tobacco smoking could provide a marker of biologically effective dose of tobacco carcinogens and improve individual cancer risk prediction. A significant number of clinical and epidemiologic studies have reported associations of increased DNA adduct levels with the occurrence of the prevalent tobacco related cancers including cancer of the lung, head and neck, and bladder. The inducibility of DNA adducts following in vitro treatments using blood lymphocytes also appears to be a risk factor in the development of lung and head and neck cancer. Corroborative evidence pointing to the importance of DNA adducts in tobacco carcinogenesis include numerous studies showing associations of tobacco smoke exposure with the induction of DNA adducts in humans in vivo. Further effort is necessary, however, to more fully characterize the dose-response relationship between smoking and DNA adducts in exposed target and surrogate tissues. The relationship between gene polymorphisms thought to modify tobacco-related cancer risk and DNA adduct levels is complex. Results of some DNA adduct studies (both in vitro and in vivo) appear inconsistent with the epidemiologic findings. This is evident for polymorphisms involving both carcinogen metabolism (e.g. GSTP1) and DNA repair (e.g. XRCC1). Molecular studies of human tumors suggest associations of p53 mutation with DNA adducts and have revealed correlations of DNA adduct levels with somatic alterations (e.g. 3p21 LOH) that are thought to occur at the very earliest stages of tobacco carcinogenesis. More research is needed to assess the relationship between endogenous sources of DNA adducts and tobacco smoke exposure and the relative oncogenic effects of chemically stable versus unstable DNA adducts. Many potentially fruitful new avenues of cancer research are emerging that integrate DNA adduct analyses with assessments of smoking, genetics, diet and ambient air quality. These investigations aim to understand the multifactorial nature of interindividual variability in response to tobacco carcinogens. As these trends continue a variety of innovative study designs and approaches will become important in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Wiencke
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, CA 94143-0560, USA.
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Abstract
Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) with laser-induced fluorescence polarization (LIFP) detection is described, with examples of affinity interaction studies. Because fluorescence polarization is sensitive to changes in the rotational motion arising from molecular association or dissociation, ACE-LIFP is capable of providing information on the formation of affinity complexes prior to or during CE separation. Unbound, small fluorescent probes generally have little fluorescence polarization because of rapid rotation of the molecule in solution. When the small fluorescent probe is bound to a larger affinity agent, such as an antibody, the fluorescence polarization (and anisotropy) increases due to slower motion of the much larger complex molecule in the solution. Fluorescence polarization results are obtained by simultaneously measuring fluorescence intensities of vertical and horizontal polarization planes. Applications of CE-LIFP to both strong and weak binding systems are discussed with antibody-antigen and DNA-protein binding as examples. For strong affinity binding, such as between cyclosporine and its antibody, complexes are formed prior to CE-LIFP analysis. For weaker binding, such as between single-stranded DNA and its binding protein, the single-stranded DNA binding protein is added to the CE separation buffer to enhance dynamic formation of affinity complexes. Both fluorescence polarization (and anisotropy) and mobility shift results are complementary and are useful for immunoassays and binding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chris Le
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
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