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MS U, Ferdosh S, Haque Akanda MJ, Ghafoor K, A.H. R, Ali ME, Kamaruzzaman BY, M. B. F, S. H, Shaarani S, Islam Sarker MZ. Techniques for the extraction of phytosterols and their benefits in human health: a review. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1454472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uddin MS
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Sahena Ferdosh
- Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Md. Jahurul Haque Akanda
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Kashif Ghafoor
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rukshana A.H.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Basic Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Foy’s Lake, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Eaqub Ali
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NanoCat), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - B. Y. Kamaruzzaman
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Fauzi M. B.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology & Industry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences, Cyberjaya, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Hadijah S.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Sharifudin Shaarani
- Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Vinha AF, Barreira JCM, Costa ASG, Oliveira MBPP. A New Age for Quercus spp. Fruits: Review on Nutritional and Phytochemical Composition and Related Biological Activities of Acorns. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:947-981. [PMID: 33401830 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The current global food system must adapt to the expected growth of world population (about 9 billion individuals by 2050). This adaptation will probably include an increased consumption of edible wild foods, due to their richness in micronutrients and bioactive compounds, besides providing a cost-effective and sustainable way of improving caloric food security. A striking example of such natural matrices is the Quercus genus, which has the additional advantage of being widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere. In a traditional sense, Quercus fruits (acorns) were mainly used in animal feeding, despite their potentially important role on the rural economy. But this preconception is changing. In fact, their nutritional value, high contents in phytochemical compounds, biological activity (such as antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and cardioprotective properties) and use in the treatment of specific diseases (such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, or Alzheimer's disease) have raised the interest in integrating acorns into the human diet. Accordingly, this comprehensive overview was designed to provide an evidence-based review of the literature, with the objective to achieve useful conclusions regarding the nutritional properties, methodologies of extraction, identification, and characterization of a wide variety of bioactive compounds and scientifically validated bioactivities in Quercus species worldwide. The industrial by-products from acorn oil extraction or flour production are also included. Data regarding the analytical techniques, individual compounds, and their bioactivities, are organized in tables. The reported data are discussed and directions for further investigations are suggested, highlighting the use of acorns in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Vinha
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,FP-ENAS (UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit), CEBIMED (Biomedical Research Center), Univ. Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal
| | - João C M Barreira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Inst. of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Anabela S G Costa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Beatriz P P Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Dept. of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Salivo S, Beccaria M, Sullini G, Tranchida PQ, Dugo P, Mondello L. Analysis of human plasma lipids by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with dual detection and with the support of high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry for structural elucidation. J Sep Sci 2014; 38:267-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Salivo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute (S.C.I.F.A.R.); University of Messina; Viale Annunziata Messina Italy
| | - Marco Beccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute (S.C.I.F.A.R.); University of Messina; Viale Annunziata Messina Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sullini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute (S.C.I.F.A.R.); University of Messina; Viale Annunziata Messina Italy
| | - Peter Q. Tranchida
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute (S.C.I.F.A.R.); University of Messina; Viale Annunziata Messina Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute (S.C.I.F.A.R.); University of Messina; Viale Annunziata Messina Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (C.I.R.); Università Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21; Rome Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l. A start-up of the University of Messina, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute (S.C.I.F.A.R.); University of Messina; Viale Annunziata Messina Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute (S.C.I.F.A.R.); University of Messina; Viale Annunziata Messina Italy
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca (C.I.R.); Università Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21; Rome Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l. A start-up of the University of Messina, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute (S.C.I.F.A.R.); University of Messina; Viale Annunziata Messina Italy
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Li L, Han J, Wang Z, Liu J, Wei J, Xiong S, Zhao Z. Mass spectrometry methodology in lipid analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10492-507. [PMID: 24921707 PMCID: PMC4100164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipidomics is an emerging field, where the structures, functions and dynamic changes of lipids in cells, tissues or body fluids are investigated. Due to the vital roles of lipids in human physiological and pathological processes, lipidomics is attracting more and more attentions. However, because of the diversity and complexity of lipids, lipid analysis is still full of challenges. The recent development of methods for lipid extraction and analysis and the combination with bioinformatics technology greatly push forward the study of lipidomics. Among them, mass spectrometry (MS) is the most important technology for lipid analysis. In this review, the methodology based on MS for lipid analysis was introduced. It is believed that along with the rapid development of MS and its further applications to lipid analysis, more functional lipids will be identified as biomarkers and therapeutic targets and for the study of the mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Juanjuan Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Zhenpeng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jian'an Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jinchao Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Shaoxiang Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Beijing 100190, China.
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Mathison B, Holstege D. A rapid method to determine sterol, erythrodiol, and uvaol concentrations in olive oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4506-4513. [PMID: 23587059 DOI: 10.1021/jf400254k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, accurate, and efficient method for determining the sterol, uvaol, and erythrodiol concentrations was developed to meet International Olive Council (IOC) certification criteria for extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). The unsaponifiable fraction of the sample (0.2 g) was separated with a diatomaceous earth column, and the sterol and triterpenic dialcohols were isolated with a novel base-activated silica solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge cleanup protocol. The improved method and the IOC method provided identical pass/fail results (n = 34) for each of the six sterol and erythrodiol/uvaol IOC criteria used to assess olive oil. This method was validated, and recoveries of stigmasterol (88%) and β-sitosterol (84%) were greater than previously published values obtained using the IOC method. This method requires approximately one-third the time required to complete the IOC method and has great utility for the rapid screening of EVOO to detect adulteration, false labeling, and an inferior product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mathison
- UC Analytical Laboratory, University of California (UC), 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-5270, USA
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Gómez-Coca RB, Pérez-Camino MDC, Moreda W. Specific procedure for analysing steryl glucosides in olive oil. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Xu Z, Harvey KA, Pavlina T, Dutot G, Hise M, Zaloga GP, Siddiqui RA. Steroidal compounds in commercial parenteral lipid emulsions. Nutrients 2012; 4:904-21. [PMID: 23016123 PMCID: PMC3448078 DOI: 10.3390/nu4080904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition lipid emulsions made from various plant oils contain steroidal compounds, called phytosterols. During parenteral administration of lipid emulsions, phytosterols can reach levels in the blood that are many fold higher than during enteral administration. The elevated phytosterol levels have been associated with the development of liver dysfunction and the rare development of liver failure. There is limited information available in the literature related to phytosterol concentrations in lipid emulsions. The objective of the current study was to validate an assay for steroidal compounds found in lipid emulsions and to compare their concentrations in the most commonly used parenteral nutrition lipid emulsions: Liposyn(®) II, Liposyn(®) III, Lipofundin(®) MCT, Lipofundin(®) N, Structolipid(®), Intralipid(®), Ivelip(®) and ClinOleic(®). Our data demonstrates that concentrations of the various steroidal compounds varied greatly between the eight lipid emulsions, with the olive oil-based lipid emulsion containing the lowest levels of phytosterols and cholesterol, and the highest concentration of squalene. The clinical impression of greater incidences of liver dysfunction with soybean versus MCT/LCT and olive/soy lipid emulsions may be reflective of the levels of phytosterols in these emulsions. This information may help guide future studies and clinical care of patients with lipid emulsion-associated liver dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Xu
- Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Z.X.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Kevin A. Harvey
- Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Z.X.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Thomas Pavlina
- Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA; (T.P.); (M.H.); (G.P.Z.)
| | - Guy Dutot
- Baxter SAS, Maurepas-Cedex 78311, France;
| | - Mary Hise
- Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA; (T.P.); (M.H.); (G.P.Z.)
| | - Gary P. Zaloga
- Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, IL 60015, USA; (T.P.); (M.H.); (G.P.Z.)
| | - Rafat A. Siddiqui
- Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Z.X.); (K.A.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Kardani F, Daneshfar A, Sahrai R. Determination of β-sitosterol and cholesterol in oils after reverse micelles with Triton X-100 coupled with ultrasound-assisted back-extraction by a water/chloroform binary system prior to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 701:232-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dinh TTN, Thompson LD, Galyean ML, Brooks JC, Patterson KY, Boylan LM. Cholesterol Content and Methods for Cholesterol Determination in Meat and Poultry. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Orozco-Solano M, Ruiz-Jimenez J, Luque De Castro MD. Characterization of fatty alcohol and sterol fractions in olive tree. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:7539-7546. [PMID: 20550122 DOI: 10.1021/jf100751r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The determination of sterols and fatty alcohols is a part of the study of the metabolomic profile of the unsaponifiable fraction in olive tree. Leaves and drupes from three varieties of olive tree (Arbequina, Picual, and Manzanilla) were used. The content of the target compounds was studied in five ripeness stages and three harvesting periods for olive drupes and leaves, respectively. A method based on ultrasound-assisted extraction and derivatization for the individual identification and quantitation of sterols and fatty alcohols, involving chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry detection by selected ion monitoring, was used. The concentrations of alcohols and sterols in the drupes ranged between 0.1 and 1086.9 mug/g and between 0.1 and 5855.3 mug/g, respectively, which are higher than in leaves. Statistical studies were developed to show the relationship between the concentration of the target analytes and variety, ripeness stage, and harvesting period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Orozco-Solano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Spain
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Zhu Q, Wang L, Wu S, Joseph W, Gu X, Tang J. Selectivity of molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction for sterol compounds. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Shanker K, Singh SC, Pant S, Srivastava P, Yadav AK, Pandey R, Verma RK, Gupta MM. Quantitative TLC Analysis of Sterol (24β-Ethylcholesta-5,22E,25-triene-3β-ol) in Agnimantha (Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn). Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Pandey R, Verma RK, Gupta MM. High-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for quantitative determination of 4α-methyl-24β-ethyl-5α-cholesta-14,25-dien-3β-ol, 24β-ethylcholesta-5,9(11),22E-trien-3β-ol, and betulinic acid inClerodendrum inerme. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2086-91. [PMID: 17654616 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, selective, precise, and robust high-performance thin-layer chromatography method was developed and validated for analysis of two new recently isolated sterols, 4alpha-methyl-24beta-ethyl-5alpha-cholesta-14,25-dien-3beta-ol (1) and 24beta-ethylcholesta-5,9(11),22E-trien-3beta-ol (2), and a triterpene, betulinic acid (3), in Clerodendrum inerme extract. The method employed HPTLC plates precoated with silica gel 60F(254 )as the stationary phase. To achieve good separation, an optimised mobile phase consisting of toluene-acetone (94:06, v/v) was used (R(f )0.48, 0.34, and 0.22 for compounds 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Densitometric determination of the above compounds was carried out in reflection/absorption mode at 620 nm. Optimised chromatographic conditions provide well separated compact spots for the compounds 1, 2, and 3. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 100-2500 ng/spot. The method was validated for precision, robustness, and recovery. The limits of detection and quantitation were 5, 6, and 10 microg/mL and 14, 18, and 29 microg/mL, respectively, for 1, 2, and 3. The method reported here is reproducible and convenient for quantitative analysis of these compounds in the aerial parts of C. inerme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Pandey
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
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Martínez-Vidal JL, Garrido-Frenich A, Escobar-García MA, Romero-González R. LC–MS Determination of Sterols in Olive Oil. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lagarda MJ, García-Llatas G, Farré R. Analysis of phytosterols in foods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1486-96. [PMID: 16621410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols are bioactive compounds, one of their most studied and outstanding properties being their cholesterol-lowering activity. This explains the growing interest in the phytosterol contents of foods as either intrinsic or added components. The different steps (extraction, saponification, clean up, chromatographic determination) of plant sterol determination are reviewed, and emphasis is placed on the methods used to assay different phytosterols in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lagarda
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
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Meier S, Mjøs SA, Joensen H, Grahl-Nielsen O. Validation of a one-step extraction/methylation method for determination of fatty acids and cholesterol in marine tissues. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1104:291-8. [PMID: 16343517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and fast direct extraction/methylation with methanolic hydrogen chloride was validated for determination of fatty acids (FA) in marine tissues. Three parameters: reaction time, temperature and presence of non-polar solvent, were studied by an experimental 2(3) full factorial design. The method was validated for five different types of samples; cod liver (high lipid content >60%, mainly triacylglycerol), cod muscle (low lipid content, approximately 1%, mainly phospholipids), cod plasma (lipid content, approximately 2%, mainly lipoprotein complex, high water amount), cod testis (lipid content approximately 3%, high levels of cholesterol), and herring muscle (lipid content approximately 7%). The one-step procedure for extraction/methylation of wet tissues was compared with the traditional procedure of extraction of the lipids by the Folch method (chloroform/methanol, 2:1, v/v), followed by methylation. The two methods gave similar FA profiles. The one-step extraction/methylation procedure gave a higher recovery of the total FA than the traditional procedure. Problems with carry-over peaks of cholesterol from previous samples were avoided by application of extra long GC temperature programs. The cholesterol decomposed to some degree under the preceding methanolysis step, giving several peaks in the chromatograms. The decomposition peaks were identified by mass spectrometry as cholestdienes originating from dehydration of cholesterol, a metylether of cholesterol and a cholesteryl chloride. These cholesterol artefacts can be used for quantitative determination of cholesterol in the samples. Standard samples of cholesterol were determined with high accuracy, (R(2)>0.99), and cholesterol in cod plasma was compared with good agreement (R(2)=0.97) to an enzymatic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
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Fedeniuk RW, Boison JO, MacNeil JD. Validation of a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the determination of pg/ml levels of 17β-estradiol and 17β-trenbolone in bovine serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 802:307-15. [PMID: 15018792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2003] [Revised: 10/14/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A method for the quantitation of pg/ml levels of 17beta-estradiol and 17beta-trenbolone in bovine serum by gas chromatography/electron-capture mass spectrometry has been developed and validated. Using the area ratios of the integrated molecular-ion peaks of the analytes to their corresponding deuterated internal standards, [2,4,16,16-2H4] 17beta-estradiol (17beta-estradiol-d(4)) and [16,16-2H2] 17beta-trenbolone (17beta-trenbolone-d(2)), and non-weighted linear regression, two calibration curves per analyte; 5-50 and 50-500 pg/ml for 17beta-estradiol in sera, and 25-250 and 250-2500 pg/ml for 17beta-trenbolone in sera, respectively, were constructed. Splitless injection of 200 fg 17beta-estradiol and 1000 fg 17beta-trenbolone could be detected and quantified. Tested batches of control bovine sera did not exhibit interference for 17beta-trenbolone, and showed expected background presence of endogenous 17beta-estradiol. Intra-day residual errors did not exceed 20%, and regression correlations were greater than 0.99. Intra-day precision data was similar to inter-day precision data. Using this method, 16 samples can be processed within one working day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick W Fedeniuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saskatoon Laboratory, Centre for Veterinary Drug Residues, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 2R3.
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Studer J, Purdie N, Krouse JA. Friedel-Crafts acylation as a quality control assay for steroids. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2003; 57:791-796. [PMID: 14658657 DOI: 10.1366/000370203322102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The rapid Friedel-Crafts chromogenic acylation of alkene groups at ambient temperatures using a 25:1 mixture of 98% acetyl chloride and 70% perchloric acid is shown to have all the properties needed to serve as a potential quality control reagent that can be used to routinely discriminate among steroid analogs. Although ostensibly a non-selective reagent, from these and prior applications in terpenes and polyunsaturated acid esters, it is seen that the reaction is capable of discriminating bewteen geometric isomers and even enantiomers. The selectivity towards acylation of the alpha- over the beta-position at C-17 makes the method adaptable to screening for anabolic steroids. Reactions at that position produce the more unusual results, including a positive color reaction for alpha-methyltestosterone even though there is no alkene functional group in the vicinity of C-17. For molecules with more than one alkene, concurrent acylations are independent one from the other and, in the absence of any interferences, their spectral properties are found to be additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Studer
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078-0447, USA
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Janoszka B, Warzecha L, Dobosz C, Bodzek D. Determination of 7-ketocholesterol and 7-hydroxycholesterol in meat samples by TLC with densitometric detection. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2003. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.16.2003.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pelillo M, Iafelice G, Marconi E, Fiorenza Caboni M. Identification of plant sterols in hexaploid and tetraploid wheats using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:2245-2252. [PMID: 14558121 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Free sterols from hexaploid and tetraploid free-threshing wheats (Triticum aestivum L. and T. durum Desf.) and from their respective hulled wheats (T. spelta L. and T. dicoccon Schrank) were analysed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The qualitative analysis of sterols showed a similar pattern either between hexaploid (T. aestivum, T. spelta) and tetraploid (T. durum, T. dicoccon) wheats or between free-threshing (T. aestivum, T. durum) and hulled (T. spelta, T. dicoccon) wheats. However, quantitative differences were found between tetraploid and hexaploid wheats, in that free sterol amounts in tetraploid wheats were 40% higher than in hexaploid ones. The mass spectra of the sterols were classified into four groups, taking into account the structural features of rings A and B. Typical mass spectral fragmentations of the four classes, and additional evidence related to the side chain of each molecule, were investigated together with their chromatographic behaviour, allowing identification of all the detected sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pelillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università di Bologna, via Ravennate 1020, 47023 Cesena, Italy
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2002; 13:181-188. [PMID: 12099110 DOI: 10.1002/pca.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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