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Liu Y, Huang X, Ren J. Recent advances in chemiluminescence detection coupled with capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:2-18. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Xiangyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jicun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
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2
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Cao JT, Wang H, Ren SW, Chen YH, Liu YM. Dual-signal amplification strategy for ultrasensitive chemiluminescence detection of PDGF-BB in capillary electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1866-70. [PMID: 26031509 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang 464000 China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang 464000 China
| | - Shu-Wei Ren
- Xinyang Central Hospital; Xinyang 464000 China
| | | | - Yan-Ming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang 464000 China
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Yeh HC, Hsu WT, Lin WY. Enhancement in Chemiluminescence by Carbonate for Cobalt(II)-catalyzed Oxidation of Luminol with Hydrogen Peroxide. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200500093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ma AJ, Chang YT, Lin WY. A kinetic treatment of stopped-flow time courses for multiple chemiluminescence of the KIO4-luminol-Mn2+system. LUMINESCENCE 2012; 28:355-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Jay Ma
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei; 106; Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tang Chang
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei; 106; Taiwan
| | - Wann-Yin Lin
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan University; Taipei; 106; Taiwan
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He W, Jia H, Guo S, Zheng Z. Ultrasensitive Detection of Nickel(II) Ion by Capillary Electrophoresis–Post Chemiluminescence with Field-amplified Sample Injection. CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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6
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Huang X, Ren J. Capillary Electrophoresis of Polyamines with Universal Indirect Chemiluminescence Detection, Using Cobalt (II) as a Probe Ion. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120017175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Huang
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Hunan Normal University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Jicun Ren
- b College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiaotong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai , 200240 , P. R. China
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Huang TY, Lin WY. A stopped-flow study of the dual chemiluminescence for the luminol-KIO4-Mn2+ system in strong alkaline solutions. LUMINESCENCE 2011; 26:118-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Saito S, Nakano Y, Hikichi A, Suzuki R, Yoshimoto K, Maeda M, Aoyama M, Shibukawa M. Ultrasensitive CE for heavy metal ions using the variations in the chemical structures formed from new octadentate fluorescent probes and cationic polymers. Analyst 2011; 136:2697-705. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00777c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Lara FJ, García-Campaña AM, Velasco AI. Advances and analytical applications in chemiluminescence coupled to capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1998-2027. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Zhang X, Zhou Q, Lv Y, Wu L, Hou X. Ultrasensitive determination of cobalt in single hair by capillary electrophoresis using chemiluminescence detector. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Liu Y, Yue H, Tian W, Chen Y, Li F. Quantification of Carcinoembryonic Antigen by Capillary Electrophoresis–Chemiluminescence Detection using Internal Standard Method. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802568812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Liu YM, Jia YX, Tian W. Determination of quinolone antibiotics in urine by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3765-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Lin Z, Wu X, Lin X, Xie Z. End-column chemiluminescence detection for pressurized capillary electrochromatographic analysis of norepinephrine and epinephrine. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1170:118-21. [PMID: 17905257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 09/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple and convenient end-column chemiluminescence (CL) detection coupled to pressurized capillary electrochromatography (pCEC) was described. Luminol and N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol (ABEI) were adopted as mode compounds to evaluate the feasibility of end-column reactor. Detailed analysis of ABEI revealed that the high sensitivity could be obtained with the reactor. Furthermore, determination of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EP), which were labeled with ABEI, was accomplished by using the end-column pCEC-CL detection based on ABEI-potassium ferricyanide-alkaline medium CL reaction system. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limit (S/N=3) of NE and EP was 0.08 microM and 0.06 microM, respectively. The proposed method has also been successfully applied to the analysis of adrenaline hydrochloride injection sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Coufal P, Pacáková V, Stulík K. An evaluation of the experimental approaches to detection of small ions in CE. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3379-89. [PMID: 17806126 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review points out some important trends in the development of the detection techniques for small ions in CE. On the basis of selected literature references it briefly discusses some general requirements on detection techniques in CE. Various optical measurements, mass spectrometric approaches and electrochemical detection techniques are dealt with. Some specific features of microchip CE separation and detection are pointed out and possibilities of dual detection are mentioned. The principal parameters of the above detection techniques are then briefly compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Coufal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 2830, CZ-128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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15
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Xu X, Li L, Weber SG. Electrochemical and optical detectors for capillary and chip separations. Trends Analyt Chem 2007; 26:68-79. [PMID: 18167508 PMCID: PMC1832263 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In separations in capillaries or on chips, the most predominant detectors outside of the field of proteomics are electrochemical (EC) and optical. These detectors operate in the μM to pM range on nL peak volumes with ms time resolution. The driving forces for improvement are different for the two classes of detectors.With EC detectors, there are two limitations that the field is trying to overcome. One is the ever-present surface of the electrode which, while often advantageous for its catalytic or adsorptive properties, is also frequently responsible for changes in sensitivity over time. The other is the decoupling of the electrical systems that operate electrokinetic separations from the system operating the detector.With optical detectors, there are similarly a small number of important limitations. One is the need to bring the portability (size, weight and power requirements) of the detection system into the range of EC detectors. The other is broadening and simplifying the applications of fluorescence detection, as it almost always involves derivatization.Limitations aside, the ability to make detector electrodes and focused laser beams of the order of 1 μm in size, and the rapid time response of both detectors has vaulted capillary and chip separations to the forefront of small sample, fast, low mass-detection limit analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA USA
| | - Stephen G. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA USA
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Lara FJ, García-Campaña AM, Gámiz-Gracia L, Bosque-Sendra JM, Alés-Barrero F. Determination of phenothiazines in pharmaceutical formulations and human urine using capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2348-59. [PMID: 16718647 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A CE instrument coupled with chemiluminescence (CL) detection was designed for the determination of promethazine hydrochloride (PTH) and promazine hydrochloride (PMH) in real samples. An important enhancement of the CL emission of luminol with potassium ferricyanide was observed in the presence of these phenothiazines; so this system was selected for their detection after CE separation. Parameters affecting the electrophoretic separation were optimized in a univariate way, while those affecting CL detection were optimized by means of a multivariate approach based on the use of experimental designs. Chemometrics was also employed for the study of the robustness of the factors influencing the postcolumn CL detection. The method allows the separation of the phenothiazines in less than 4 min, achieving LODs of 80 ng/mL for PMH and 334 ng/mL for PTH, using sample injection by gravity. Electrokinetic injection was used to obtain lower LODs for the determination of the compounds in biological samples. The applicability of the CE-CL method was illustrated in the determination of PTH in pharmaceutical formulations and in the analysis of PMH in human urine, using a previous SPE procedure, achieving an LOD of 1 ng/mL and recoveries higher than 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Lara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Threeprom J, Som-Aum W, Lin JM. Determination of Pb(II), Cu(II) and Fe(III) with Capillary Electrophoresis Using Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid as a Complexing Agent and Vancomycin as a Complex Selector. ANAL SCI 2006; 22:1179-84. [PMID: 16966806 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.22.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of metal ions using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a complexing agent and vancomycin as a complex selector was successfully studied by capillary electrophoresis with the U-shaped cell. The partial filling method (counter current mode) was used in order to gain selectivity of the separation, and also to increase the detection sensitivity. The effect of the vancomycin concentration on the separation behavior of free EDTA and metal products, and the effect of the EDTA concentration on the stability of metal-EDTA products were considered. Under the optimal condition, the reproducibilities (RSD) of the migration time and the peak area were less than 3.39% and 9.61%, respectively. With the high sensitivity of the method, Pb(II), Cu(II) and Fe(III) in tap water were successfully determined, and the recoveries were 99 - 105%. The concentrations of these metal ions found in tap water did not exceed the maximum allowed concentrations regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirasak Threeprom
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Han S. Capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection of rutin and chlorogenic acid based on its enhancing effect for the luminol-ferricyanide system. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:1371-4. [PMID: 16317908 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence method has been developed for the determination of rutin and chlorogenic acid based on its enhancing effect on the luminol-ferricyanide system. Under the optimum conditions, the analytes could be separated within 5 min, and the detection limits of the proposed method were 0.22 microg/ml for rutin and 0.50 microg/ml for chlorogenic acid, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of rutin and chlorogenic acid in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Han
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, P R China
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Zhang LY, Sun MX. Field-amplified sample injection and in-capillary derivatization for sensitivity improvement of the electrophoretic determination of histamine. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1100:230-5. [PMID: 16212971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Revised: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of the combination of field-amplified sample injection (FASI) and in-capillary derivatization was explored for improving sensitivity of histamine in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) was used as derivatization reagent. The reagent and sample was introduced by tandem mode. The derivatization was accomplished by at-inlet mode with standing time of 1.5 min. The combination of FASI and in-capillary derivatization was successfully achieved with about 400-fold concentration sensitivity enhancement compared to pre-capillary derivatization at the same set-up. The detection limit of concentration for histamine reached 1.25 x 10(-11) M by CE and fluorescence detection with S/N = 3. Parameters affecting FASI and in-capillary derivatization process including sample matrix, buffer concentration and reagent injection amount, were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Plant Development Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China
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Hu Y, Li X, Pang Z. Indirect chemiluminescence detection for capillary zone electrophoresis of monoamines and catechol using luminol-K3[Fe(CN)6] system. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1091:194-8. [PMID: 16395811 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Indirect chemiluminescence (ICL) detection for capillary electrophoresis (CE) of monoamines and catechol using luminol-K3 [Fe(CN)6] system was described. A strong and stable background chemiluminescence (CL) signal can be generated by luminol-K3 [Fe(CN)6] reaction. Based on the principle of that some phenolic compounds may be oxidized in the presence of K3 [Fe(CN)6], quenching effect of catecholamines for luminol-K3[Fe(CN)6] CL reaction results in a quantifiable decrease in the background signal. The conditions for CE separation and the CL detection for four standard catecholamines were systematically investigated using a homemade CE-ICL system. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limits of dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EP), norepinephrine (NE) and catechol (CA) were determined to be 0.18 mciroM 0.39 microM 0.48 microM and 0.09 microM, respectively. It also has been successfully applied to analyze seven pharmaceutical samples and seven human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Han S, Liu E, Li H. On-line chemiluminescence determination protocatechuic aldehyde and protocatechuic acid in pharmaceutical preparations by capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:733-8. [PMID: 15797795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with on-line direct chemiluminescence (CL) detection was first used in detecting protocatechuic aldehyde (PAH) and protocatechuic acid (PA) in their pharmaceutical preparations. It was found that the weak CL produced from the reaction of luminol with ferricyanide in an alkaline solution was strongly increased by PAH and PA which was separated by CE. Parameters affecting separation process and CL detection have been examined in detail. Under the optimum conditions, the baseline separation of PAH and PA was obtained within 6 min. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for the analysis of PAH and PA was less than 1.1% for the migration time and 1.6% for the peak height. The detection limits (S/N=3) of PAH and PA were 7.0 x 10(-8)M and 5.0 x10(-8)M, respectively. The proposed method has been satisfactorily applied to the determination of PAH and PA in Salivia miltorrhrza pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Han
- Institute of Analytical Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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Tan F, Yang B, Guan Y. Determination of Heavy Metal Ions by Capillary Electrophoresis with Contactless Conductivity Detection after Field-amplified Sample Injection. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:955-8. [PMID: 16122167 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for determining of heavy metal ions by field-amplified sample injection capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. The effects of the 2-N-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid/histidine (MES/His) concentration in the sample matrix, the injection time and organic additives on the enrichment factor were studied. The results showed that MES/His with a low concentration in the sample matrix, an increase of the injection time and the addition of acetonitrile improved the enrichment factor. Four heavy metal ions (Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+) were dissolved in deionized water, separated in a 10 mM MES/His running buffer at pH 4.9 and detected by contactless conductivity detection. The detection sensitivity was enhanced by about three orders of magnitude with respect to the non-stacking injection mode. The limits of detection were in the range from 5 nM (Zn2+) to 30 nM (Cu2+). The method has been used to determine heavy metal ions in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Micro-Instrumentation, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116012, China
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Liu YM, Cheng JK. Separation of biogenic amines by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with on-line chemiluminescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1003:211-6. [PMID: 12899311 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A method of on-line chemiluminescence detection with capillary electrophoresis for biogenic amines (diaminopropane, putrescine, cadaverine and diaminohexane) labeled with N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol is reported for the first time. Two separation modes, capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), were studied. The results show that excellent resolution was achieved in MEKC. Parameters affecting separation process and chemiluminescence detection have been examined in detail. Under the optimum conditions, the baseline separation of four amines was obtained within 7.5 min. The detection limits (S/N=3) of diaminopropane, putrescine, cadaverine and diaminohexane are 3.5 x 10(-8), 3.5 x 10(-8), 3.9 x 10(-8) and 1.2 x 10(-7) M, respectively. The method was applied to the analysis of biogenic amines in lake water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Abstract
This review gives a short overview of the main approaches to the derivatization of inorganic ions in capillary electrophoresis (CE) with emphasis on the most recent works. Various derivatization procedures and detection methods are discussed. A brief account of their advantages and limitations is given. More specific areas such as microchip CE, simultaneous separation of anions and cations, and speciation analysis are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrius Padarauskas
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Abstract
The growing awareness of the strong development of the toxicity of heavy metals upon their chemical forms has led to an increasing interest in the qualitative and quantitative determination of specific metal species. Speciation has therefore become an important topic of present-day analytical research. The development in the elemental speciation analysis by capillary electrophoresis (CE) is reviewed. Various CE separation modes and detection techniques applied are discussed. A comprehensive description of reported methods to date in CE speciation analysis including metals, metalloids and nonmetallic elements is demonstrated. Some examples are presented to demonstrate CE's ability to solve real-world speciation analysis with emphasis on the applications in biological and environmental samples. Further, some issues concerning the limitations and the future of CE with regard to speciation studies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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Tsukagoshi K, Obata Y, Nakajima R. Miniaturization of batch- and flow-type chemiluminescence detectors in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 971:255-60. [PMID: 12350122 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glass and PTFE tubes as detection cells were put in small light-tight boxes to achieve miniaturization of batch-and flow-type chemiluminescence detectors for capillary electrophoresis. These light-tight boxes which included a detection cell and a photosensor module were successfully designed. In the batch-type detector using a glass tube as a detection cell, the influences of a repeated injection of sample and a reagent volume of the detection cell on chemiluminescence intensity were examined in detail. By using 3.8 mm I.D. glass tube including 400 microl chemiluminescence reagent solution, the chemiluminescence peaks were reproducibly observed for the repeated injection experiment up to the eight injection with each run time of 3.0 min. Dansyl-Trp was determined over the range 3 x 10(-8)-1 x 10(-5) M with the detection limit of 0.43 fmol (S/N=3). In the flow-type detector using a PTFE tube as a detection cell, both ends of the PTFE tube were connected to three-way joints; a chemiluminescence reagent solution was delivered into the cell and a capillary was inserted through one of the joints while an electrode was inserted through the other one. Dansyl-Trp was determined over the range 1 x 10(-7)-1 x 10(-5) M with the detection limit of 1.3 fmol (S/N=3). By using the compact flow-type detector, a mixture of dansyl-amino acids was separated and detected in micellar electrokinetic chromatography mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Tsukagoshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan.
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis techniques offer high plate numbers and are highly suited for the efficient separations of a wide variety of chemical components in diverse matrices. Because of the small capillary and detection cell dimensions, together with the minute volumes of samples to be injected, sensitive detection schemes based on different physicochemical principles are being developed. One logical approach to increased sensitivity in capillary electrophoresis detection has been the development of chemiluminescence-based detectors. The development of on-line ultrasensitive chemiluminescence detection (referred to the concentration detection limit of nM order of magnitude or mass detection limit of amol order of magnitude) in capillary electrophoresis system is reviewed. The applications and limitations of the current detection methodology are briefly considered and future prospects for the development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, China
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