1
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Asnin LD, Stepanova MV. On physical meaning of van't Hoff equation and its applicability in chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1733:465250. [PMID: 39146864 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The van't Hoff equation is a widely used tool to study adsorption thermodynamics in chromatography. Recent experimental data and some theoretical arguments questioned the accuracy of thermodynamic characteristics determined by using this equation. The present report addresses these concerns and shows that if certain requirements are satisfied, the van't Hoff analysis provide reliable results. These requirements include isothermality of the column not perturbed by the percolation of the mobile phase, mass transfer kinetics allowing sufficient proximity to equilibrium, pressure below 200 bar for low molecular weight compounds and below 50 bar for macromolecules, and knowledge of the phase ratio at all experimental temperatures to allow accurate conversion of the retention factor to the equilibrium constant. Physical meaning of adsorption enthalpy and entropy obtained by means of the van't Hoff analysis particularly in the case of heterogeneous adsorbents is discussed and recommendations on how to perform experiments to obtain reliable results are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Asnin
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Al., Perm 614990, Russia.
| | - M V Stepanova
- Department of General and Bioorganic Chemistry, Perm State Medical University, 26 Petropavlovskaya str., Perm 614990, Russia
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2
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Leśko M, Kaczmarski K, Samuelsson J, Fornstedt T. Prediction of overloaded concentration profiles under ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatographic conditions. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464704. [PMID: 38330725 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, overloaded elution profiles under ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) conditions and accounting for the severe pressure and temperature gradients generated, are compared with experimental data. The model system consisted of an C18 column packed with 1.7-µm particles (i.e., a UHPLC column) and the solute was 1,3,5-tri‑tert-butylbenzene eluted with a mobile phase composed of 85/15 (v/v) acetonitrile/water. Two thermal modes were considered, and the solute was eluted at the very high inlet pressures necessary to achieve a highly efficient and rapid chromatographic process, as provided by using columns packed with small particles. However, the high inlet pressure and high linear velocity of the mobile phase caused the production of a significant amount of heat, and consequently, the formation of axial and radial temperature gradients. Due to these gradients, the retention and the mobile phase velocity were no longer constant. Thus, simple mathematical models consisting only of the mass balance equations are unsuitable to properly model the elution profiles. Here, the elution concentration profiles were predicted using a combined two-dimensional heat and mass transfer model, also including the calculation of the mobile phase velocity distribution. The isotherm adsorption model was the bi-Langmuir isotherm model with Henry constants that depended on the local temperature and pressure in the column. These adjustments allowed us to precisely account for changes in the shape and retention of the overloaded concentration profiles in the mobile phase. The proposed model provided accurate predictions of the overloaded concentration profiles, demonstrating good agreement with experimental profiles eluted under severe pressure and temperature gradients in the column even in the most extreme cases where the pressure drops reached 846 bar and the temperature gradients equaled 0.15 K mm-1 and 0.95 K mm-1 in the axial and the radial directions, respectively. In such cases 36 % decrease of the retention factor was observed along the column and 2 % increase in radial direction. These changes, combined with the velocity distribution, shifted the overloaded elution profile's shock towards the center of the column, advancing approximately 3 mm from its initial position close to the column wall. Ultimately, this resulted in the broadening of the elution band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Leśko
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Kaczmarski
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Rzeszów University of Technology, PL-35 959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Jörgen Samuelsson
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Torgny Fornstedt
- Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
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3
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Miyagawa A, Yamada K, Nakatani K. Investigating hydrophobic environment in alkyl-group-functionalized silica particle with various chain lengths using absorption microspectroscopy. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:93-99. [PMID: 37814176 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A well-known solvatochromic dye, Reichardt's dye (R-dye), was used to evaluate the hydrophobicity of alkyl-group-functionalized silica particles (ASPs) with different chain lengths. The absorption spectra of R-dye were measured in a single ASP in a mixed solution of water and an organic solvent (methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), acetonitrile (ACN), tetrahydrofuran (THF), or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)) using absorption microspectroscopy. The polarity parameter in the ASPs (ET), determined by the absorption maximum, was observed to be smaller than those in bulk solutions, indicating that R-dye was present in a more hydrophobic environment. In EtOH, THF, and DMF, R-dye was distributed within the alkyl chain layer including the organic solvent. An increase in the organic solvent content of the bulk solution led to a higher organic solvent concentration in the alkyl chain layer, resulting in a decrease in ET. In MeOH and ACN, the R-dye was distributed within the alkyl chain layer and concentrated phase. Moreover, with the increase in the organic molecule content, the distribution of R-dye in the concentrated phase became dominant in MeOH and ACN system, leading to an increase in the ET value. The findings presented in this paper are expected to attract the attention of a wide range of researchers in chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Miyagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyoharu Nakatani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
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4
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Farsang E, Lukács D, József S, Horváth K. Effect of time-invariant pressure gradients on peak formation and efficiency in ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1704:464135. [PMID: 37302250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In chromatography, pressure can affect the retention factors of compounds significantly. In liquid chromatography, this effect is primarily related to the change in the molecular volume of solute during adsorption that is remarkably high for large biomolecules such as peptides and proteins. As a result, the migration velocities of chromatographic bands vary spatially through the column affecting the degree of band broadening. In this work, based on theoretical considerations, chromatographic efficiencies are studied under pressure-induced gradient conditions. The retention factor and migration velocity of different components are examined, and it is shown that components with the same retention time can have different migration patterns. The width of the initial band after injection is affected by the pressure gradient, providing significantly thinner initial bands for compounds with higher pressure sensitivity. In addition to classical band broadening phenomena, the influence of pressure gradients on band broadening is remarkable. The positive velocity gradient leads to extra band broadening. Our results clearly demonstrate that the zones are significantly wider at the end of the column if the change of molar volume of solute during adsorption is large. If the pressure drop is increasing, this effect becomes more significant. In the same time, the high release velocity of the bands somewhat counteracts the extra band broadening effect, however, it can not offset it perfectly. As a result, the separation efficiency of large biomolecules is decreased significantly due to the chromatographic pressure gradient. Under UHPLC conditions, the extent of apparent efficiency loss can reach up to 50% compared to the intrinsic efficiency of the column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Farsang
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Diána Lukács
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Simon József
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary; MS Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Centre for Structural Science, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Horváth
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary.
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5
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Koch J, Scheps D, Gunne M, Boscheinen O, Frech C. Effect of salt modulators on the elution behavior of insulin and the separation of product-related impurities in reversed-phase chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1224:123735. [PMID: 37182410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of the salt modulators potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, and potassium sulfate on the elution behavior of insulin in reversed-phase chromatography with ethanol as the organic modifier was investigated. Without the addition of salt modulators, insulin shows the formation of multiple peaks under non-linear loading conditions, presumably due to an aggregate formation equilibrium. Flow rate and temperature did not influence the appearance of multiple peaks. The addition of chloride and sulfate salt modulators changed the monomer-multimer equilibrium, and multi-peak formation no longer occurred. Chloride salts induce a Langmuirian elution behavior, whereas sulfate salts induce additional insulin-insulin interactions resulting in an anti-Langmuirian elution behavior. The elution behavior can be influenced by the combination of both chloride and sulfate salts and by varying the concentration ratio. The separation with respect to two product-related impurities also showed significant differences under Langmuirian and anti-Langmuirian elution conditions and the purification of insulin could be optimized. Induced anti-Langmuirian elution by lowering the chloride/sulfate ratio suppresses an observed tag-along effect of one variant resulting in a slightly smaller pool volume with increased insulin concentration and a significantly increased insulin recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Koch
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany; IA MSAT M&I DS, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, 65929 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Scheps
- CMC Microbial Platform, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, 65929 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunne
- IA MSAT M&I DS, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, 65929 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Boscheinen
- CMC Microbial Platform, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, 65929 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Frech
- Institute for Biochemistry, University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany.
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6
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Kristl A, Caf M, Pompe M, Podgornik A. Complex Protein Retention Shifts with a Pressure Increase: An Indication of a Standard Partial Molar Volume Increase during Adsorption? Anal Chem 2022; 94:13350-13358. [PMID: 36124423 PMCID: PMC9535627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Studies of protein adsorption on reversed-phase and ion
exchange
stationary phases demonstrated an increase in retention with increasing
pressure, which is interpreted as a standard partial molar volume
decrease during the transition of the protein from a mobile to a stationary
phase. Investigation of the pressure effect on the retention of lysozyme
and IgG on a cation exchange column surprisingly revealed a negative
retention trend with the increase of pressure. Further investigation
of this phenomenon was performed with β-lactoglobulin, which
enabled adsorption to be studied on both cation and anion exchange
columns using the same mobile phase with a pH of 5.2. The same surface
charge and standard partial molar volume in the mobile phase allowed
us to examine only the effect of adsorption. Interestingly, a negative
retention trend with a pressure increase occurred on an anion exchange
column while a positive trend was present on a cation exchange column.
This indicates that the interaction type governs the change in the
standard partial molar volume during adsorption, which is independent
of the applied pressure. Increasing the protein charge by decreasing
the pH of the mobile phase to 4 reversed the retention trend (into
a negative) with a pressure increase on the cation exchange column.
A further decrease of the pH value resulted in an even more pronounced
negative trend. This counterintuitive behavior indicates an increase
in the standard partial molar volume during adsorption with the protein
charge, possibly due to intermolecular repulsion of adsorbed protein
molecules. While a detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated, presented
results demonstrate the complexity of ion exchange interactions that
can be investigated simply by changing the column pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kristl
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova ulica 2, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.,Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Maja Caf
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pompe
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.,COBIK, Mirce 21, Ajdovščina 5270, Slovenia
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7
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Kristl A, Podgornik A, Pompe M. Simultaneous separation of insulin and six therapeutic analogues on a mixed mode column: HPLC-UV method development and application. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1171:122557. [PMID: 33721810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human insulin and six most used therapeutic analogues are very similar in terms of retention on a reversed-phase column. Thus, the LC methods prescribed in the European Pharmacopoeia monographs for insulin and insulin analogues include many similar separation methods, which tend to be time consuming when separating individual products of insulins or are inadequate when handling a mixture. In this study, we present a simple, robust, versatile and accessible HPLC-UV separation method for identification and quantification of human insulin and its analogues in one run. The simultaneous separation and detection is possible by fine-tuning the mobile phase properties that affect the separation mechanism on a mixed mode column combining anion exchange and reversed-phase characteristics. Also developed was a simple and effective SPE sample cleaning procedure with insulin recoveries ranging from 80 to 100% for all analogues. On the other hand, the concentration of major excipients such as phenol and m-cresol fall below 1%. The two developed and validated separation methods differ in their compatibility with the use of a quaternary or binary pump, thus enabling sample characterisation independent of the HPLC solvent delivery system. The methods are compatible with the use of a mass spectrometric detector for an indisputable identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kristl
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; COBIK, Tovarniška 26, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pompe
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Haidar Ahmad IA, Bennett R, Makey D, Shchurik V, Lhotka H, Mann BF, McClain R, Lu T, Hua X, Strulson CA, Loughney JW, Mangion I, Makarov AA, Regalado EL. In silico method development for the reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation of proteins using chaotropic mobile phase modifiers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122587. [PMID: 33845343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in biomedical and pharmaceutical processes has enabled a notable increase of protein- and peptide-based drug therapies and vaccines that often contain a higher-order structure critical to their efficacy. Hyphenation of chromatographic and spectrometric techniques is at the center of all facets of biopharmaceutical analysis, purification and chemical characterization. Although computer-assisted chromatographic modeling of small molecules has reached a mature stage across the pharmaceutical industry, software-based method optimization approaches for large molecules has yet to see the same revitalization. Conformational changes of biomolecules under chromatographic conditions have been identified as the major culprit in terms of sub-optimal modeling outcomes. In order to circumvent these challenges, we herein investigate the outcomes generated via computer-assisted modeling from using different chaotropic and denaturing mobile phases (trifluoroacetic acid, sodium perchlorate and guanidine hydrochloride in acetonitrile/water-based eluents). Linear and polynomial regression retention models using ACD/Labs software were built as a function of gradient slope, column temperature and mobile phase buffer for eight different model proteins ranging from 12 to 670 kDa (holo-transferrin, cytochrome C, apomyoglobin, ribonuclease A, ribonuclease A type I-A, albumin, y-globulin and thyroglobulin bovine). Correlation between experimental and modeled outputs was substantially improved by using strong chaotropic and denaturing modifiers in the mobile phase, even when using linear regression modeling as typically observed for small molecules. On the contrary, the use of conventional TFA buffer concentrations at low column temperatures required the used of polynomial regression modeling indicating potential conformational structure changes of proteins upon chromatographic conditions. In addition, we illustrate the power of modern computer-assisted chromatography modeling combined with chaotropic agents in the developing of new RPLC assays for protein-based therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Raffeal Bennett
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Devin Makey
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vladimir Shchurik
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Hayley Lhotka
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin F Mann
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ray McClain
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Tian Lu
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Hua
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | - John W Loughney
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Alexey A Makarov
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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9
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Basu S, Gorai B, Basu B, Maiti PK. Electric Field-Mediated Fibronectin-Hydroxyapatite Interaction: A Molecular Insight. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3-16. [PMID: 33395296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In experimental research-driven biomaterials science, the influence of different material properties (elastic stiffness, surface energy, etc.) and, to a relatively lesser extent, biophysical stimulation (electric/magnetic) on cell-material interactions has been extensively investigated. Despite the central importance of protein adsorption on cell-material interactions, the quantitative analysis to probe into the role of physicochemical factors in protein adsorption remains largely unexplored in biomaterials science. In recent studies, the critical role of electric field stimulation toward the modulation of cell functionality in implantable biomaterials has been experimentally demonstrated. Given this background, we investigated the influence of external electric field stimulation (upto 1.00 V/nm) on fibronectin (FN) adsorption on a hydroxyapatite (HA) (001) surface at 300 K using the all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method. FN adsorption was found to be governed by attractive electrostatic interactions, which changed with the electric field strength. Nonmonotonous changes in the structural integrity of FN were recorded with the change in the field strength and direction. This can be attributed to the spatial rearrangement of the positions of local charges and the global structural changes of proteins. The dipole moment vectors of FN, water, and HA quantitatively exhibited a similar pattern of orienting themselves parallel to the field direction, with field strength-dependent increase in their magnitudes. No significant change has been recorded for the radial distribution function of water surrounding FN. Field-dependent variation in the salt bridge nets and the number of hydrogen bonds between FN and HA were also examined. One of the important results in the context of cell-material interaction is that the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) sequence of FN was exposed to the solvent side when the field was applied along an outward direction perpendicular to the HA (001) surface. In summary, the present study provides molecular insights into the influence of electric field stimulation on phenomenological interactions involved in FN adsorption on the HA surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Basu
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Biswajit Gorai
- Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Bikramjit Basu
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.,Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Prabal K Maiti
- Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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10
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Broeckhoven K, Desmet G. Methods to determine the kinetic performance limit of contemporary chromatographic techniques. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:323-339. [PMID: 32902146 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
By combining separation efficiency data as a function of flow rate with the column permeability, the kinetic plot method allows to determine the limits of separation power (time vs. efficiency) of different chromatographic techniques and methods. The technique can be applied for all different types of chromatography (liquid, gas, or supercritical fluid), for different types of column morphologies (packed beds, monoliths, open tubular, micromachined columns), for pressure and electro-driven separations and in both isocratic and gradient elution mode. The present contribution gives an overview of the methods and calculations required to correctly determine these kinetic performance limits and their underlying limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Kristl A, Lukšič M, Pompe M, Podgornik A. Effect of Pressure Increase on Macromolecules' Adsorption in Ion Exchange Chromatography. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4527-4534. [PMID: 32075366 PMCID: PMC7307832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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In this study a new
method for evaluating the pressure effect on
separations of oligonucleotides and proteins on an anion exchange
column was developed. The pressure rise of up to 500 bar was attained
by coupling restriction capillaries to the column outlet to minimize
differences in pressure over the column. Using pH transient measurements
it was demonstrated that no shift in ion exchange equilibria occurs
due to a pressure increase. Results from isocratic and gradient separations
of oligonucleotides (model compounds) were evaluated by stoichiometric
displacement and linear gradient elution model, respectively. Both
elution modes demonstrated that for smaller oligonucleotides the number
of binding sites remained unchanged with pressure rise while an increase
for large oligonucleotides was observed, indicating their alignment
over the stationary phase. From the obtained model parameters and
their pressure dependencies, a thermodynamic description was made
and compared between the elution modes. A complementary pattern of
a linear increase of partial molar volume change with a pressure rise
was established. Furthermore, estimation of the pressure effect was
performed for bovine serum albumin and thyroglobulin that required
gradient separations. Again, a raise in binding site number was found
with pressure increase. The partial molar volume changes of BSA and
Tg at the maximal investigated pressure and minimal salt concentration
were −31.6 and −34.4 cm3/mol, respectively,
indicating a higher rigidity of Tg. The proposed approach provides
an insight into the molecule deformation over a surface at high pressures
under nondenaturing conditions. The information enables a more comprehensive
UHPLC method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kristl
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Lukšič
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pompe
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,COBIK, Tovarniška 26, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
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12
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Arkell K, Breil MP, Frederiksen SS, Nilsson B. Mechanistic Modeling of Reversed-Phase Chromatography of Insulins within the Temperature Range 10-40 °C. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1946-1954. [PMID: 30023818 PMCID: PMC6044953 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the many published theories on the retention in reversed-phase chromatography (RPC), the focus is generally on the effect of the concentration of the mobile phase modulator(s), although temperature is known to have a significant influence both on the retention and on the selectivity between the adsorbates. The aim of this study was to investigate and model the combined effects of the temperature and the modulator concentrations on RPC of three insulin variants. KCl and ethanol were used as mobile phase modulators, and the experiments were performed on two different adsorbents, with C18 and C4 ligands. The temperature dependence was investigated for the interval 10-40 °C and at two different concentrations of each modulator. The model is derived from the expression for the adsorption equilibrium, which assumes that ethanol is adsorbed to the ligands and displaced by the insulin molecules, similar to the displacement of counterions in the steric mass-action model for ion-exchange chromatography. A good model fit to the new linear-range retention data was achieved by only adding and calibrating three parameters for the temperature dependence of the equilibrium. We found that a lower temperature results in a longer retention time for all adsorbates, adsorbents, and modulator concentrations used in this study, indicating that the adsorption process is enthalpy-driven. A comparison of the different contributions to the temperature dependence revealed that the large contribution from the equilibrium constant is dampened by the significant contributions of the opposite sign from the changes in activity coefficients of insulins and ethanol. Neglect of these effects when comparing different adsorbents and modulators might yield incorrect conclusions because the equilibrium constant varies with both, whereas the activity coefficients should be independent of the adsorbent. As expected, the conditions that promote higher retention also give a higher selectivity between the adsorbates. Nonetheless, in relation to its effect on the retention, the influence of the KCl concentration on the selectivity was significantly stronger than that of the temperature or that of the ethanol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Arkell
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-211 00 Lund, Sweden
- E-mail: . Phone: +46 46 222
82 90. Fax: +46 46 222 45
26 (K.A.)
| | | | | | - Bernt Nilsson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-211 00 Lund, Sweden
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13
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Tian R, Luo M, Li J. Spontaneous protein desorption from self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-coated gold nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:68-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05515c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial water molecules and lateral diffusion of protein reduce the adsorption affinity of protein and promote protein desorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Tian
- Department of Physics
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Mengbo Luo
- Department of Physics
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Department of Physics
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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14
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Astefanei A, Dapic I, Camenzuli M. Different Stationary Phase Selectivities and Morphologies for Intact Protein Separations. Chromatographia 2016; 80:665-687. [PMID: 28529348 PMCID: PMC5413533 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The central dogma of biology proposed that one gene encodes for one protein. We now know that this does not reflect reality. The human body has approximately 20,000 protein-encoding genes; each of these genes can encode more than one protein. Proteins expressed from a single gene can vary in terms of their post-translational modifications, which often regulate their function within the body. Understanding the proteins within our bodies is a key step in understanding the cause, and perhaps the solution, to disease. This is one of the application areas of proteomics, which is defined as the study of all proteins expressed within an organism at a given point in time. The human proteome is incredibly complex. The complexity of biological samples requires a combination of technologies to achieve high resolution and high sensitivity analysis. Despite the significant advances in mass spectrometry, separation techniques are still essential in this field. Liquid chromatography is an indispensable tool by which low-abundant proteins in complex samples can be enriched and separated. However, advances in chromatography are not as readily adapted in proteomics compared to advances in mass spectrometry. Biologists in this field still favour reversed-phase chromatography with fully porous particles. The purpose of this review is to highlight alternative selectivities and stationary phase morphologies that show potential for application in top-down proteomics; the study of intact proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Astefanei
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I. Dapic
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Camenzuli
- Centre for Analytical Science in Amsterdam (CASA), Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Peter EK, Pivkin IV, Shea JE. A canonical replica exchange molecular dynamics implementation with normal pressure in each replica. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:044903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4958325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel K. Peter
- Institute of Computational Science, Faculty of Informatics, University of Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Igor V. Pivkin
- Institute of Computational Science, Faculty of Informatics, University of Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Joan-Emma Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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16
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Gao H, Cong J. Effects of Intraparticle Mass Transfer Parameters on Separation Region of Simulated Moving Bed. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1048872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gao
- Department of Physics, Anshan Normal University, Anshan, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jingxiang Cong
- Center of Separation Technologies, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning, P. R. China
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17
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Estimation of pressure-, temperature- and frictional heating-related effects on proteins’ retention under ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatographic conditions. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1393:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Estimation of the effects of longitudinal temperature gradients caused by frictional heating on the solute retention using fully porous and superficially porous sub-2μm materials. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Effect of the pressure on pre-column sample dispersion theory, experiments, and practical consequences. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1352:20-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Okusa K, Iwasaki Y, Kuroda I, Miwa S, Ohira M, Nagai T, Mizobe H, Gotoh N, Ikegami T, McCalley DV, Tanaka N. Effect of pressure on the selectivity of polymeric C18 and C30 stationary phases in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Increased separation of isomeric fatty acid methyl esters, triacylglycerols, and tocopherols at high pressure. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1339:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Abstract
There is increasing interest within the pharmaceutical industry in the development of proteins and peptides as drugs in addition to their use as biomarkers. Immunochemistry-based techniques have been traditionally used for the quantitation of proteins and peptides; however, LC-MS-based methodologies are being increasingly adopted as they offer several advantages. UHPLC is well established within the small-molecule community as a means to increase resolution and/or the speed of separations prior to MS detection; however, it is rarely applied to proteins or peptides separations. In this paper, current applications of UHPLC to such separations are reviewed, as well as considerations with regard to the effect of altering various chromatographic parameters.
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22
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Fekete S, Horváth K, Guillarme D. Influence of pressure and temperature on molar volume and retention properties of peptides in ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1311:65-71. [PMID: 24011508 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, pressure induced changes in retention were measured for model peptides possessing molecular weights between ∼1 and ∼4kDa. The goal of the present work was to evaluate if such changes were only attributed to the variation of molar volume and if they could be estimated prior to the experiments, using theoretical models. Restrictor tubing was employed to generate pressures up to 1000bar and experiments were conducted for mobile phase temperatures comprised between 30 and 80°C. As expected, the retention increases significantly with pressure, up to 200% for glucagon at around 1000bar compared to ∼100bar. The obtained data were fitted with a theoretical model and the determination coefficients were excellent (r(2)>0.9992) for the peptides at various temperatures. On the other hand, the pressure induced change in retention was found to be temperature dependent and was more pronounced at 30°C vs. 60 or 80°C. Finally, using the proposed model, it was possible to easily estimate the pressure induced increase in retention for any peptide and mobile phase temperature. This allows to easily estimating the expected change in retention, when increasing the column length under UHPLC conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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23
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Cavazzini A, Pasti L, Greco R, Costa V, Solera D, Dondi F, Marchetti N, Laganà A, Gasparrini F. Geometric characterization of straight-chain perfluorohexylpropyl adsorbents for high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1286:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Cavazzini A, Marchetti N, Pasti L, Greco R, Dondi F, Laganà A, Ciogli A, Gasparrini F. A New Method to Investigate the Intrusion of Water into Porous Hydrophobic Structures under Dynamic Conditions. Anal Chem 2012; 85:19-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303253b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara,
Italy
| | - Nicola Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara,
Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara,
Italy
| | - Roberto Greco
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara,
Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara,
Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale
A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro
5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro
5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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25
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Fekete S, Veuthey JL, McCalley DV, Guillarme D. The effect of pressure and mobile phase velocity on the retention properties of small analytes and large biomolecules in ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012. [PMID: 23182282 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A possible complication of ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) is related to the effect of pressure and mobile phase velocity on the retention properties of the analytes. In the present work, numerous model compounds have been selected including small molecules, peptides, and proteins (such as monoclonal antibodies). Two instrumental setups were considered to attain elevated pressure drops, firstly the use of a post-column restrictor capillary at low mobile phase flow rate (pure effect of pressure) and secondly the increase of mobile phase flow rate without restrictor (i.e. a combined effect of pressure and frictional heating). In both conditions, the goal was to assess differences in retention behaviour, depending on the type or character of the analyte. An important conclusion is that the effect of pressure and mobile phase velocity on retention varied in proportion with the size of the molecule and in some cases showed very different behaviour. In isocratic mode, the pure effect of pressure (experiments with a post-column restrictor capillary) induces an increase in retention by 25-100% on small molecules (MW<300 g/mol), 150% for peptides (~1.3 kDa), 800% for insulin (~6 kDa) and up to >3000% for myoglobin (~17 kDa) for an increase in pressure from 100 bar up to 1100 bar. The important effect observed for the isocratic elution of proteins is probably related to conformational changes of the protein in addition to the effect of molecular size. Working in gradient elution mode, the pressure related effects on retention were found to be less pronounced but still present (an increase of apparent retention factor between 0.2 and 2.5 was observed).
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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26
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How changing the particle structure can speed up protein mass transfer kinetics in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1263:84-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Optimization of the peak capacity per unit time. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1263:125-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Euerby MR, James M, Petersson P. Practical implications of the ?Tanaka? stationary phase characterization methodology using ultra high performance liquid chromatographic conditions. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:165-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Makarov A, LoBrutto R, Karpinski P, Kazakevich Y, Christodoulatos C, Ganguly AK. INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND LIOPHILIC MOBILE PHASE ADDITIVES ON RETENTION OF SMALL MOLECULES AND PROTEINS USING REVERSED-PHASE ULTRAHIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.601494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Makarov
- a Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation , East Hanover , New Jersey , USA
| | - Rosario LoBrutto
- a Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation , East Hanover , New Jersey , USA
| | - Paul Karpinski
- a Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation , East Hanover , New Jersey , USA
| | | | | | - A. K. Ganguly
- c Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson , Hoboken , New Jersey , USA
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30
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Verstraeten M, Pursch M, Eckerle P, Luong J, Desmet G. Modelling the thermal behaviour of the Low-Thermal Mass Liquid Chromatography system. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2252-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Guiochon G, Tarafder A. Fundamental challenges and opportunities for preparative supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1037-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Wang Q, Lacher NA, Muralidhara BK, Schlittler MR, Aykent S, Demarest CW. Rapid and refined separation of human IgG2 disulfide isomers using superficially porous particles. J Sep Sci 2011; 33:2671-80. [PMID: 20730829 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A rapid reversed-phase HPLC separation of recombinant human immunoglobulin gamma 2 (IgG2) disulfide isomers using columns packed with superficially porous particles is reported. Under optimal conditions, a separation of monoclonal IgG2 disulfide isomers was achieved in 10 min using a Poroshell™ 300SB-C8 column via a combination of high column temperature (85°C), mobile phases with high eluotropic strength (e.g. isopropanol) and high flow rate (1.5 mL/min). Thermodynamic stability analyses of chromatographically enriched IgG2 disulfide isomers revealed differences in their individual denaturation temperatures, which correlate with the observed temperature-dependent refinement of peak profiles by reversed-phase HPLC. This reversed-phase HPLC method in conjunction with other orthogonal analytical techniques (e.g. capillary gel electrophoresis, peptide mapping, ion exchange chromatography, etc.) is being used to characterize disulfide isomers in the development of therapeutic IgG2 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Analytical R&D, Global Biologics, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA.
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33
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Pous-Torres S, Torres-Lapasió JR, Ruiz-Angel MJ, García-Alvarez-Coque MC. Origin and correction of the deviations in retention times at increasing flow rate with Chromolith columns. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5440-3. [PMID: 20633885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromoliths can be used at flow rates beyond those feasible for conventional microparticulate packed columns. Ideally, the plots of the retention time versus the inverse of delivered flow rate should exhibit y-intercept of zero. However, significant positive deviations correlating with the solute polarity were observed for several compounds chromatographed with a Chromolith column, owing to the increased system pressure. Consequently, the dead time marker exhibits a smaller deviation, making the retention factors depend on the flow rate. Chromoliths are made of a silica-based monolith encapsulated within a PEEK tube, and should suffer larger stress with pressure than stainless steel columns, tending to inflate them and increase their volume. This decreases the linear velocity inside the column, and increases the retention at relatively low pressure (<200 bar). In contrast, frictional heating, which is an issue for microparticulate columns, seems to be less significant for the highly permeable Chromoliths. The usefulness of the retention time versus the inverse of the delivered flow rate plots to measure the deviations, whatever their origin, is shown. This allows the correction of the retention times to the ideal behaviour, where the retention factors are independent of the flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pous-Torres
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, c/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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34
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Boronic acid lectin affinity chromatography (BLAC). 3. Temperature dependence of glycoprotein isolation and enrichment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2401-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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High temperature liquid chromatography of intact proteins using organic polymer monoliths and alternative solvent systems. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3519-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Further investigations of the effect of pressure on retention in ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:276-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Neue UD, Hudalla CJ, Iraneta PC. Influence of pressure on the retention of sugars in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2009; 33:838-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Peak compression factor of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6124-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Mass transfer equation for proteins in very high-pressure liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2723-36. [PMID: 19256515 DOI: 10.1021/ac8026299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mass transfer kinetics of human insulin was investigated on a 50 mm x 2.1 mm column packed with 1.7 microm BEH-C(18) particles, eluted with a water/acetonitrile/trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (68/32/0.1, v/v/v) solution. The different contributions to the mass transfer kinetics, e.g., those of longitudinal diffusion, eddy dispersion, the film mass transfer resistance, cross-particle diffusivity, adsorption-desorption kinetics, and transcolumn differential sorption, were incorporated into a general mass transfer equation designed to account for the mass transfer kinetics of proteins under high pressure. More specifically, this equation includes the effects of pore size exclusion, pressure, and temperature on the band broadening of a protein. The flow rate was first increased from 0.001 to 0.250 mL/min, the pressure drop increasing from 2 to 298 bar, and the column being placed in stagnant air at 296.5 K, in order to determine the effective diffusivity of insulin through the porous particles, the mass transfer rate constants, and the adsorption equilibrium constant in the low-pressure range. Then, the column inlet pressure was increased by using capillary flow restrictors downstream the column, at the constant flow rate of 0.03 mL/min. The column temperature was kept uniform by immersing the column in a circulating water bath thermostatted at 298.7 and 323.15 K, successively. The results showed that the surface diffusion coefficient of insulin decreases faster than its bulk diffusion coefficient with increasing average column pressure. This is consistent with the adsorption energy of insulin onto the BEH-C(18) surface increasing strongly with increasing pressure. In contrast, given the precision of the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) measurement (+/-12%), the adsorption kinetics of insulin appears to be rather independent of the pressure. On average, the adsorption rate constant of insulin is doubled from about 40 to 80 s(-1) when the temperature increases from 298.7 to 323.15 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, USA
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40
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Investigation of the validity of the kinetic plot method to predict the performance of coupled column systems operated at very high pressures under different thermal conditions. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3895-903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Poole CF, Poole SK. Foundations of retention in partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1530-50. [PMID: 19013576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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42
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Heinisch S, Rocca JL. Sense and nonsense of high-temperature liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:642-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Cabooter D, Lestremau F, Lynen F, Sandra P, Desmet G. Kinetic plot method as a tool to design coupled column systems producing 100,000 theoretical plates in the shortest possible time. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1212:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Everley RA, Croley TR. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of intact proteins. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1192:239-47. [PMID: 18417140 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Given that numerous small molecule applications of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) have been published, efforts were made to examine the potential of UPLC to enhance the separation of intact proteins. Beginning with typically employed conditions, column temperature and organic solvent were optimized followed by an HPLC vs. UPLC comparison. When applied to a mixture of 10 protein standards, the optimized method yielded improved chromatographic resolution, enhanced sensitivity, and a threefold increase in throughput. Subsequent cell lysate analysis demonstrated no compromise in chromatographic or mass spectral data quality at 1/3 of the original run time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Everley
- Commonwealth of Virginia, Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services, 600 N. 5th Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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45
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Katti AM, Hopper C, Tarfulea NE. Experimental and Empirical Characterization of Reversed Phase Media. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802631428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Katti
- a Department of Chemistry , Purdue University Calumet , Hammond, Indiana, USA
| | - C. Hopper
- a Department of Chemistry , Purdue University Calumet , Hammond, Indiana, USA
| | - N. E. Tarfulea
- b Department of Mathematics , Purdue University Calumet , Hammond, Indiana, USA
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46
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Eschelbach JW, Jorgenson JW. Improved protein recovery in reversed-phase liquid chromatography by the use of ultrahigh pressures. Anal Chem 2007; 78:1697-706. [PMID: 16503625 DOI: 10.1021/ac0518304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect that elevated pressure used in ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) has on protein recovery was investigated. Specifically, protein carryover ("ghosting") and recovery were examined. Four model proteins (ribonuclease A, ovalbumin, myoglobin, BSA) were separated by gradient RPLC at both conventional (160 bar) and ultrahigh pressures (>1500 bar). A custom gradient UHPLC system was used to generate conventional pressures on 5-microm diameter reversed-phase supports and ultrahigh pressures on identical 1.4-microm supports. The results indicate that, by increasing the pressure, protein carryover from run to run is reduced and in some cases eliminated above a certain threshold pressure for the model proteins studied. Further work indicates that recovery was enhanced for each of the proteins studied, even approaching 100% for certain proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Eschelbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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47
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Dugo P, Buonasera K, Crupi ML, Cacciola F, Dugo G, Mondello L. Superheated water as chromatographic eluent for parabens separation on octadecyl coated zirconia stationary phase. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1125-30. [PMID: 17595947 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the use of pure water at superheated temperatures, between 100 and 200 degrees C, as a mobile phase for RP separation is explored. Instrumental parameters, such as temperature, flow rate, preheating and cooling, have shown significant effects on the quality of the chromatographic peaks. The properties of superheated water as an eluent were investigated by observing the chromatographic behaviour of four parabens on a carbon-clad zirconia (ZR) phase with covalently bonded octadecyl groups. Results were compared with those obtained at 30 degrees C on a silica-based phase with octadecyl groups, using water and ACN as mobile phase. The optimized method was finally applied to analyse parabens in a commercial body cream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università di Messina, Viale Annunziata, Messina, Italy
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48
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Marchetti N, Guiochon G. Separation of peptides from myoglobin enzymatic digests by RPLC. Influence of the mobile-phase composition and the pressure on the retention and separation. Anal Chem 2007; 77:3425-30. [PMID: 15924371 DOI: 10.1021/ac050541c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the mobile-phase composition and the pressure on the chromatographic separation of the peptides from the enzymatic digest of myoglobin was studied under linear conditions. The retention behavior of these tryptic peptides was measured under isocratic conditions with different mobile-phase compositions, ranging from 9 to 28% (v/v) acetonitrile in 0.1% (v/v) aqueous trifluoroacetic acid. The effect of the pressure was studied by analyzing the separation of the tryptic peptides under different average column pressures between 14 and 220 bar, at 13, 20, and 26% (v/v) acetonitrile. The differences between the partial molar volumes of these peptides in the stationary and mobile phases were derived from these results. All the measurements were performed on a 10-cm-long C18-bonded, end-capped monolithic column. The results obtained illustrate the highly complicated behavior of the complex peptide mixtures afforded by tryptic digestion. The capacity factors of the analyzed peptides do not depend linearly on the acetonitrile concentration but follow exactly a quadratic relationship. The adsorption changes of partial molar volumes are in good agreement with other literature data. The consequences of the influence of the average column pressure (hence of the flow rate) on the column phase ratio and on the retention factors of the peptides are discussed. The retention pattern of the complex mixture is affected by both the mobile-phase composition and the pressure, and the resolution of certain peptide pairs is so much affected by the pressure that inversions in the elution order of some pairs are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, USA
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49
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Sawicka K, Sahota T, Taylor MJ, Tanna S. Development of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of components from a closed-loop insulin delivery system. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1132:117-23. [PMID: 16901496 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase HPLC method has been developed which enables separation of the three components of a closed-loop insulin delivery system, namely concanavalin A methacrylamide (Con A-MA), dextran methacrylate (Dex-MA) and bovine insulin. The analysis of Con A-MA represents a significant challenge due to the formation of multiple conformations on contact with the chromatographic surface and the mobile phase. The extent of conformational change is shown to be dependent on a number of parameters: column temperature, mobile phase pH, contact time with the chromatographic surface, salt type and concentration and the organic modifier. By manipulation of these variables, protein denaturation can be minimised and recovery improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Sawicka
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
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50
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Wu N, Liu Y, Lee ML. Sub-2μm porous and nonporous particles for fast separation in reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1131:142-50. [PMID: 16919284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One approach to achieve fast and efficient separations in packed column liquid chromatography (LC) is to reduce eddy diffusion and mass transfer resistance in the mobile phase using short columns packed with small particles. In this study, efficiencies of columns packed with 1.5 and 3.0 microm nonporous and porous particles were compared in reversed-phase LC using nitromethane and a protein as analytes. Nonporous particles provided overall higher efficiency at high linear velocities when nitromethane was used as solute; however, the efficiency difference diminished significantly when the particle size was reduced from 3 to 1.5 microm. Efficiencies for 1.5 microm nonporous particles were considerably higher than those for 1.5 microm porous particles at high linear velocities when a protein, alpha-chymotrypsinogen A (MW 25,000), was used as solute. In addition, the average retention factor for amylbenzene in a column packed with ACQUITY C(18) porous particles was approximately 16 fold higher than for Micra C(18) nonporous particles for aqueous mobile phase compositions containing from 40 to 75% acetonitrile. Pressure drop, sample loading capacity, and separation power were also evaluated and compared for porous and nonporous particles under practical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naijun Wu
- Department of Analytical Science & Quality Testing, Merck & Co. Inc., RY818-B215, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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