Gas chromatography of flavonoids

Simple and Efficient Detection Approach of Quercetin from Biological Matrix by Novel Surface Imprinted Polymer Based Magnetic Halloysite Nanotubes Prepared by a Sol-Gel Method

Molecular imprinted polymers coated magnetic halloysite nanotubes (MHNTs-MIPs) were prepared through sol-gel method by using quercetin (Que), APTES and TEOS as template, monomer and cross-linker agent, respectively. The synthesized MHNTs-MIPs were characterized by fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, XRD and vibrating sample magnetometer. Various parameters influencing the binding capacity of the MHNTs-MIPs were investigated with the help of response surface methodology. Selectivity experiments showed that the MHNTs-MIPs exhibited the maximum selective rebinding to Que. Therefore, the MHNTs-MIPs was applied as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the extraction and preconcentration of quercetin and luteolin in serum and urine samples. The limits of detection for quercetin and luteolin range from 0.51 to 1.32 ng mL-1 in serum and from 0.23 to 1.05 ng mL-1 in urine, the recoveries are between 95.20 and 103.73% with the RSD less than 5.77%. While the recovery hardly decreased after several cycles. The designed MHNTs-MIP with high affinity, sensitivity and maximum selectivity toward Que in SPE might recommend a novel method for the extraction of flavonoids in other samples like natural products.

Chromatographic, capillary electrophoretic and capillary electrochromatographic techniques in the analysis of flavonoids

An overview is presented of chromatographic methods currently in use to determine flavonoids, including free aglycones, their corresponding glycosides, one by one, and, in the presence of each other. As a basis of selection, the following approaches can be distinguished: critical evaluation of the preliminary steps (extraction/isolation and hydrolysis) as well as the separation, identification and quantitation of constituents both on the basic research level and/or subsequently to various work up procedures. Chromatographic techniques were discussed after extraction/isolation of various flavonoids from several natural matrices. Papers were classified and compared from analytical point of view, primarily on the chromatographic, secondly on the detection techniques applied.

Analytical procedure for the in-vial derivatization—extraction of phenolic acids and flavonoids in methanolic and aqueous plant extracts followed by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection

An in-vial simple method for the combined derivatization and extraction of phenolic acids and flavonoids from plant extracts and their direct determination with GC-MS, is described. The method is taking advantage of the beneficial potentials of phase transfer catalysis (PTC). Catalysts in soluble and polymer-bound form were tested with the latter being the format of choice due to its high reaction yield and facile separation from the rest of the reaction system. Optimization of experimental conditions was established. Chromatographic separation of eight phenolic acids and four flavonoids methylated via the PTC derivatization step was achieved in 45 min. The detection limits for the described GC-MS(SIM) method of analysis ranged between 2 and 40 ng/ml whereas limits of quantitation fall in the range 5-118 ng/ml, with flavonoids accounting for the lowest sensitivity due to their multiple reaction behavior. Four methanolic extracts from Tilia europea, Urtica dioica, Mentha spicata and Hypericum perforatum grown wild in north-western Greece and four aquatic infusions from commercially available Mentha spicata, Origanum dictamnus, Rosemarinus officinalis and Sideritis cretica were analyzed. Good trueness of the method was demonstrated as no matrix effects were found for the analytes concerned.

Isolation and characterization of methoxylated flavones in the flowers of Primula veris by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

Characterization of six flavones, which were named substances G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 according to their R(F) values in normal-phase thin-layer chromatography, is reported. The pure flavones were purified after maceration with methanol by normal-phase solid-phase extraction, normal-phase medium-pressure liquid chromatography, normal-phase preparative thin-layer chromatography and preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The collected fractions of several isolation steps were analyzed by normal-phase (NP) and RP-HPLC. Detection and identification of the substances G was accomplished by UV detection at 213-216 nm, diode array UV detection, or fluorescence detection (lambda(ex)=330 nm; lambda(cm)=440 nm). The molecular mass, the elementary composition, and the structure of the six components was determined by electron-impact high-resolution mass spectrometry (EI-HRMS). Substance G4 was identified as 3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone. The substances G1-G6 were shown to be mono-, di- tri- and pentamethoxyflavones. HPLC-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS-MS) of the flavones was carried out employing a 150x2 mm I.D. column packed with a 3 microm/100 A octadecylsilica stationary phase and a mobile phase comprising 1.0% acetic acid in water-acetonitrile (50:50). Comparative RP-HPLC-ESI-MS of the raw methanol extract and the isolated substances G1-G6 proved that the isolated compounds were pure and were not artifacts. Finally, RP-HPLC-ESI-MS-MS was used to identify substances G1-G6 in phytopharmaceutical drugs.

[Polyphenols in brewing (author's transl)]

Analytical methods for the determination of polyphenols of malt, barley, hop, wort, and beer are described. Malt or barley tannins has hitherto not received as much study as hop tannin. Polyphenols or tannins are classified. Studies on non-biological hazes are discussed in relation to the haze problem in brewing. The leucoanthocyanins of malt differ from those of hops in ability to form hazes. Subfractionation of polyphenol concentrates on sephadex columns allows isolation of individual tannins.