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Stable-bond polymeric reversed-phase/weak anion-exchange mixed-mode stationary phases obtained by simultaneous functionalization and crosslinking of a poly(3-mercaptopropyl)methylsiloxane-film on vinyl silica via thiol-ene double click reaction. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1593:110-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulamit Levin
- a Analytical Department , Medtechnica Inc. , Efal St. 5 Kiriat Arye, Petach Tikva , Israel , 49002
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3
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Chemical stability of reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography silica under sodium hydroxide regeneration conditions. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1142:93-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Jandera P, Novotná K. Characterization of High‐Pressure Liquid Chromatography Columns using Chromatographic Methods. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600773424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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6
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Bottoli CBG, Vigna CRM, Fischer G, Albert K, Collins KE, Collins CH. Self-immobilization and/or thermal treatment for preparing silica-poly(methyloctylsiloxane) stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1030:217-23. [PMID: 15043272 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Batches of poly(methyloctylsiloxane) (PMOS)-loaded silica were prepared by the deposition of PMOS, into the pores of HPLC silica. Portions of PMOS-loaded silica were allowed to remain at ambient temperature, without further treatment for 2, 9, 20, 31, 51, 105 and 184 days after preparation to undergo self-immobilization (irreversible adsorption of a layer of polymer on silica at ambient temperature in the absence of initiators). Other portions were subjected to a thermal treatment (100 degrees C for 4h) after 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 15, 20, 25, 70, 111 and 184 days. Self-immobilized and thermally treated samples were characterized by % C, 29Si cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy and reversed-phase column performance. The results show that thermal immobilization accelerates the distribution and rearrangement of the polymer on the silica surface. However, from the time that a monolayer has been formed by self-immobilization (approximately 100 days for PMOS on Kromasil silica), the thermal treatment does not alter this configuration and, thus, does not change the resulting chromatographic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla B G Bottoli
- LABCROM-Laboratório de Pesquisas em Cromatografia Líquida, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13084-971 Campinas SP, Brazil
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7
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Fonseca DA, Collins KE, Collins CH. Titanized silica-based stationary phases prepared with thermally and microwave-immobilized poly(methyloctylsiloxane). J Chromatogr A 2004; 1030:209-15. [PMID: 15043271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Silica supports having their surface modified with titanium oxide were prepared and coated with poly(methyloctylsiloxane) (PMOS). Subsequently, immobilization of the polysiloxane was induced by thermal treatment or microwave radiation. The thermal treatment was carried out for different times (4, 8, 16 and 24 h) at temperatures ranging between 100 and 220 degrees C. For PMOS immobilization by microwave radiation, 452, 520 and 586 W power levels and exposure times of 5, 15 and 30 min were used. After extraction of non-immobilized polymer, the chromatographic properties of the phases were evaluated. The phase immobilized at 120 degrees C for 8 h presented the best chromatographic parameters, suggesting that the quantity of acidic hydroxyl groups on the support surface was reduced, resulting in fewer undesirable interactions of a basic solute with the silanols not removed or covered on the support surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania A Fonseca
- LabCrom-Laboratorio de Pesquisas em Cromatografia Liquida, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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8
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Fonseca DA, Gutiérrez HR, Collins KE, Collins CH. Rapid method for evaluating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography column stability. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1030:149-55. [PMID: 15043264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A procedure is presented for the rapid evaluation of HPLC stationary phase stability at pH 8.4 or 10.1 using a temperature of 60 degrees C. Mobile phase (MeOH-0.1 mol l(-1) aqueous NaHCO3, 50:50, v/v) is continuously passed through the column with periodic injections of a test solution until the several chromatographic parameters of the resulting chromatograms are degraded. The tests were applied to several commercial and laboratory-made stationary phases. After degradation two of these phases, one commercial and one laboratory-made, were examined by elemental analysis and scanning electron microscopy to elucidate the degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania A Fonseca
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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9
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Collins KE, Bottoli CBG, Vigna CRM, Bachmann S, Albert K, Collins CH. Self-immobilization of poly(methyloctylsiloxane) on high-performance liquid chromatographic silica. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1029:43-8. [PMID: 15032348 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly(methyloctylsiloxane) (PMOS) was deposited on HPLC silica by a solvent evaporation procedure and this material was then extracted, using a good solvent for the PMOS, after different time periods, to remove unretained liquid polymer. Solvent extraction data reveal changes which occur at ambient temperature as a function of the time interval between particle loading and extraction. The quantity of PMOS remaining on the silica after extraction, as determined by elemental analysis for carbon, is attributed to strongly adsorbed polymer. This phenomenon is termed self-immobilization. Solid-state 29Si NMR spectra indicate the formation of a silicon species with a different chemical shift than the original PMOS. These new signals are attributed to a combination of different adsorbed and chemically bonded groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Collins
- LABCROM-Laboratório de Pesquisas em Cromatografia Liquida, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Visky D, Heyden YV, Iványi T, Baten P, De Beer J, Kovács Z, Noszál B, Roets E, Massart DL, Hoogmartens J. Characterisation of reversed-phase liquid chromatographic columns by chromatographic tests. Evaluation of 36 test parameters: repeatability, reproducibility and correlation. J Chromatogr A 2002; 977:39-58. [PMID: 12456094 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) or other official compendia give only a general description of the stationary phase in the description of a liquid chromatographic method. Therefore the selection of a column giving suitable selectivity presents difficulties. Earlier, a test procedure was proposed that allows measurement of a number of parameters which are reported to be representative for stationary phase characteristics. This paper describes how the test procedure was applied on 69 RP-LC C18 columns. Chromatographic parameters obtained as test results were evaluated, and their repeatability, reproducibility and correlation were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Visky
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Van Evenstraat 4, B-3000 Leaven, Belgium
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11
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Tonhi E, Bachmann S, Albert K, Jardim ICSF, Collins KE, Collins CH. High-performance liquid chromatographic stationary phases based on poly(methyloctylsiloxane) immobilized on silica. I. Physical and chemical characterizations. J Chromatogr A 2002; 948:97-107. [PMID: 12831187 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Five different reversed-phase materials for high-performance liquid chromatography were obtained by deposition of poly(methyloctylsiloxane) in HPLC silica particles, followed by immobilization using different processes: thermal treatment (120 or 220 degrees C for 4 h), irradiation with microwaves (495 W for 15 min), gamma radiation (dose of 80 kGy) and self-immobilization. These phases were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, percent carbon, 13C and 29Si solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the different immobilization processes produce different physical characteristics in the prepared phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edivan Tonhi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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12
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Stella C, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Tchapla A. Silica and other materials as supports in liquid chromatography. Chromatographic tests and their importance for evaluating these supports. Part I. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Silva RB, Gushikem Y, Collins CH. Synthesis, characterization, and chromatographic evaluation of titanium tetrabutoxide-modified silica as a support for HPLC-RP separations in alkaline mobile phases. J Sep Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20010101)24:1<49::aid-jssc49>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Ibañez E, Señoráns FJ. Tuning of mobile and stationary phase polarity for the separation of polar compounds by SFC. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2000; 43:25-43. [PMID: 10869665 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(00)00078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The separation of polar compounds by supercritical-fluid chromatography (SFC) is reviewed. New developments in mobile and stationary phase tuning are reviewed for packed and packed capillary SFC. In terms of mobile phase polarity adjustment, new pure and multiple component fluids are presented. The approach of tuning the polarity of the stationary phase as a way of increasing the range of polar compounds analyzed by SFC using pure CO(2) is discussed using either silica-based or new materials as stationary phase. Chiral, liquid crystal and polymer-based stationary phases coated on particles are widely covered in this review as an interesting approach to separate polar compounds avoiding the major drawbacks associated to the use of modifiers in SFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ibañez
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, C.S.I.C., Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Kaliszan R. Chapter 11 Recent advances in quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRR). HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(00)80014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Jardim IC, Collins KE, Anazawa TA. Radiation immobilization of poly(methyloctylsiloxane) on silica for use in HPLC: a uniform layer model. J Chromatogr A 1999; 849:299-307. [PMID: 10457428 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly(methyloctylsiloxane) (PMOS) was sorbed into the pores of HPLC silica by a solvent evaporation procedure, then irradiated with gamma rays from a cobalt-60 source to absorbed doses in the range from 0 to 200 kGy (1Gy = 1J kg-1). Non-irradiated and irradiated samples were characterized by solvent extraction, specific surface area determination, infrared spectroscopy and reversed-phase column performance. Solvent extraction data reveal that about 40% of the PMOS is not extractable prior to irradiation and this increases to about 75% with radiation doses of 50 kGy or higher. Column performance was improved by the radiation treatment, reaching a maximum efficiency in the dose range of 80-140 kGy while the peak symmetry changed from As = 1.7 to 1.1. The improvement is attributed to the increased mass of polymer immobilized by the radiation treatment and to a more uniform distribution of the immobilized polymer in the silica pore system. A multi-layer stationary-phase model is presented in which the first layer consists of an adsorbed monolayer of PMOS and the second layer is immobilized by gamma radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Jardim
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, SP, Brazil.
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17
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YARITA T, IHARA T, HORIMOTO Y, NOMURA A. Endcapping of Octadecylsilyl-Silica Gels Using Supercritical Fluid as Reaction Medium. ANAL SCI 1999. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.15.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi YARITA
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research
| | - Toshihide IHARA
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research
| | - Yoshiyuki HORIMOTO
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research
| | - Akira NOMURA
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research
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18
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Kaliszan R. Effect of separation conditions on chromatographic determination of hydrophobicity of acidic xenobiotics. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 717:125-34. [PMID: 9832243 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Problems encountered in the chromatographic determination of hydrophobicity of acidic xenobiotics are discussed. First, the definition and meaning of hydrophobicity is briefly presented. Next, the methods of determination of the hydrophobicity parameter by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography are described. The methods of determination of the dead volume are analyzed with regard to calculation of the thermodynamically valid retention parameters. Relationships between retention factors and pH of mobile phase which have been reported in the literature are presented. The effects of ionic strength and buffer composition on the apparent retention parameters are discussed. The reversed-phase stationary phase materials presently employed for hydrophobicity determinations are reviewed. Application of micellar electrokinetic chromatography in the determination of hydrophobicity of ionizable analytes is presented. The ability of chromatography to provide the measures of hydrophobicity of xenobiotics best modelling their biological activity is underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kaliszan
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
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19
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Kirkland JJ, Adams JB, van Straten MA, Claessens HA. Bidentate Silane Stationary Phases for Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac971380i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Kirkland
- Little Falls Analytical Division, Hewlett-Packard Company, Newport Site, 538 First State Boulevard, Newport, Delaware 19804
| | - J. B. Adams
- Adams Research, 759 Morris Road, Hockessin, Delaware, 19707
| | - M. A. van Straten
- Department of Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - H. A. Claessens
- Department of Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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21
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Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of basic compounds at pH 11 with silica-based column packings. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00865-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Yarita T, Nomura A, Horimoto Y. In situ silylation of silica-based packings using supercritical fluid as reaction medium. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Chapter 6 Identification using retention indices in gradient HPLC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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24
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Göhlin K, Buskhe A, Larsson M. Kinetic performance of open-tubular and packed columns in LC using the same stationary phase: Immobilized polymethyloctadecylsiloxane. Chromatographia 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02274590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Göhlin K, Larsson M. Study of polyorganosiloxanes (native and solvent swollen) for the preparation of narrow (5–15 μm I.D.) and long (1–6 m) open tubular columns in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80616-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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McCalley DV. Evaluation of reversed-phase columns for the analysis of very basic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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A particle size distribution analysis of used HPLC column packing material. Chromatographia 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02277513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Hanson M, Unger KK. Polymer coatings as stationary phases in high-performance liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-9936(92)80026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Smith RM, Westlake JP, Gill R, Osselton MD. Retention reproducibility of basic drugs in high-performance liquid chromatography on a silica column with a methanol-high-pH buffer eluent. Changes in selectivity with the age of the stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 1992; 592:85-92. [PMID: 1316363 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The long-term reproducibility of the separation of basic drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography using a silica column with a methanol-high-pH eluent was examined. The relative capacity factors of specific tertiary amines changed systematically compared with the other drugs on storage of the columns for 1 year. The changes were enhanced on storing the column in mobile phase and were accelerated by prolonged washing with water. A comparison of freshly packed columns suggested that similar changes also occurred with the dry silica on storage. These effects may be a contributor to previously observed batch-to-batch differences in the silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University of Technology, Leicestershire, UK
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30
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Göhlin K, Larsson M. Narrow (5-50-μm i.d.) open tubular columns in liquid chromatography using immobilized polymethyloctadecylsiloxane as stationary phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/mcs.1220030610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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