1
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Unraveling Multiple Distributions in Chain Walking Polyethylene Using Advanced Liquid Chromatography. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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2
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Tarasova IA, Goloborodko AA, Perlova TY, Pridatchenko ML, Gorshkov AV, Evreinov VV, Ivanov AR, Gorshkov MV. Application of Statistical Thermodynamics To Predict the Adsorption Properties of Polypeptides in Reversed-Phase HPLC. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6562-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Tarasova
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton A. Goloborodko
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana Y. Perlova
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina L. Pridatchenko
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Gorshkov
- N.
N. Semenov’s Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V. Evreinov
- N.
N. Semenov’s Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander R. Ivanov
- Barnett
Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mikhail V. Gorshkov
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141707 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
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3
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Maksimova E, Vlakh E, Sinitsyna E, Tennikova T. HPLC analysis of synthetic polymers on short monolithic columns. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3741-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maksimova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Evgenia Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Ekaterina Sinitsyna
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Tatiana Tennikova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
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4
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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5
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Dolle V, Albrecht A, Brüll R, Macko T. Characterisation of the Chemical Composition Distribution of LLDPE Using Interactive Liquid Chromatography. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Raust JA, Houillot L, Save M, Charleux B, Moire C, Farcet C, Pasch H. Two Dimensional Chromatographic Characterization of Block Copolymers of 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate and Methyl Acrylate, P2EHA-b-PMA, produced via RAFT-Mediated Polymerization in Organic Dispersion. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101627d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Antoine Raust
- Deutsches Kunststoff-Institut (German Institute for Polymers), Schlossgartenstrasse 6, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lisa Houillot
- UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7610, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Maud Save
- UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7610, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
- IPREM Equipe Physique et Chimie des Polymères, UMR 5254, CNRS- Université de Pau et des Pays de l′Adour, Technopole Hélioparc, 2 Av Président Angot, 64053 PAU cedex 9, France
| | - Bernadette Charleux
- UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7610, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
- Université de Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Equipe LCPP Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claudine Moire
- L’Oréal Recherche, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Céline Farcet
- L’Oréal Recherche, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Harald Pasch
- SASOL Chair of Analytical Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
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7
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Pasch H, Albrecht A, Bruell R, Macko T, Hiller W. High Temperature Interaction Chromatography of Olefin Copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200950808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Two-dimensional chromatography of complex polymers. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1203:207-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of polyolefins continues to be one of the most important areas for academic and industrial polymer research. One consequence of the development of new "tailor-made" polyolefins is the need for new and improved analytical techniques for the analysis of polyolefins with respect to molar mass and chemical composition distribution. The present article briefly reviews different new and relevant techniques for polyolefin analysis. Crystallization analysis fractionation is a powerful new technique for the analysis of short-chain branching in linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and the analysis of polyolefin blends and copolymers regarding chemical composition. For the fast analysis of the chemical composition distribution, a new high-temperature gradient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system has been developed. The efficiency of this system for the separation of various olefin copolymers is demonstrated. The correlation between molar mass and chemical composition can be accessed by on-line coupling of high-temperature size exclusion chromatography (HT-SEC) and 1H NMR spectroscopy. It is shown that the on-line NMR analysis of chromatographic fractions yields information on microstructure and tacticity in addition to molar mass and copolymer composition.
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10
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Albrecht A, Heinz LC, Lilge D, Pasch H. Separation and Characterization of Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers by High-Temperature Gradient HPLC Coupled to FTIR Spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200751104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Brun Y. THE MECHANISM OF COPOLYMER RETENTION IN INTERACTIVE POLYMER CHROMATOGRAPHY. I. CRITICAL POINT OF ADSORPTION FOR STATISTICAL COPOLYMERS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Brun
- a Waters Corporation , 34 Maple Street, Milford , MA , 01757 , U.S.A
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12
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Brun Y. THE MECHANISM OF COPOLYMER RETENTION IN INTERACTIVE POLYMER CHROMATOGRAPHY. II. GRADIENT SEPARATION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Brun
- a Waters Corporation , 34 Maple Street, Milford , MA , 01757 , U.S.A
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13
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14
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Marchetti N, Dondi F, Felinger A, Guerrini R, Salvadori S, Cavazzini A. Modeling of overloaded gradient elution of nociceptin/orphanin FQ in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1079:162-72. [PMID: 16038302 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Reversed-phase (RP) gradient elution chromatography of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), a neuropeptide with many biological effects, has been modeled under linear and non-linear conditions. In order to do this, the chromatographic behavior has been studied under both linear and nonliner conditions under isocratic mode at different mobile phase compositions--ranging from 16 to 19% (v/v) acetonitrile (ACN) in aqueous trifluoracetic acid (TFA) 0.1% (v/v)-on a C-8 column. Although the range of mobile phase compositions investigated was quite narrow, the retention factor of this relatively small polypeptide (N/OFQ is a heptadecapeptide) has been found to change by more than 400%. In these conditions, gradient operation resulted thus to be the optimum approach for non-linear elution. As the available amount of N/OFQ was extremely reduced (only a few milligrams), the adsorption isotherms of the peptide, at the different mobile phase compositions examined, have been measured through the so-called inverse method (IM) on a 5 cm long column. The adsorption data at different mobile phase compositions have been fitted to several models of adsorption. The dependence of the isotherm parameters on the mobile phase composition was modeled by using the linear solvent strength (LSS) model and a generalized Langmuir isotherm that includes the mobile phase composition dependence. The overloaded gradient separation of N/OFQ has been modeled by numerically solving the equilibrium-dispersive (ED) model of chromatography under a selected gradient elution mode, on the basis of the previously determined generalized Langmuir isotherm. The agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental overloaded band profiles appeared reasonably accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ferrara via L. Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Fitzpatrick F, Staal B, Schoenmakers P. Molar mass distributions by gradient liquid chromatography: predicting and tailoring selectivity. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1065:219-29. [PMID: 15782968 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Interactive liquid chromatography (iLC) for polymer analysis is usually applied to the characterisation of distributions other than molar mass. In particular, its use for the determination of chemical-composition, functionality-type and tacticity distributions has been demonstrated. The application of iLC for the determination of molar mass distributions (MMDs), however, has not yet been fully explored. An expanded version of the reversed-phase liquid chromatography model has been developed to describe and predict how the retention behaviour of polydisperse polystyrene samples changes with molar mass. The relationship between molar mass and the parameters of the model has been investigated in some detail and non-linear correlations were found. From the model and the relationships between the model parameters and molar mass, calibration curves (retention time versus molar mass) were constructed to predict changes in chromatographic selectivity across a given molar mass range. These calibration curves were compared to experimentally obtained curves and, in most cases, excellent agreement was found. The dramatic enhancement in selectivity that can be obtained with iLC in comparison to size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was illustrated by measuring matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) MS spectra of fractions collected during a gradient-LC separation. In the low-molar mass range, essentially monodisperse fractions were obtained. Calibration curves, predicted by the model and validated experimentally using narrow-dispersity standards and MALDI-MS spectra of fractions, were used to determine the molar mass distribution of some narrowly distributed polystyrene samples. Molar mass distributions for such standards were found to be somewhat lower than the values reported by the manufacturers. The results also deviated from those obtained by MALDI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Fitzpatrick
- Polymer-Analysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Fitzpatrick F, Boelens H, Schoenmakers P. Accurate prediction of the retention behaviour of polydisperse macromolecules based on a minimum number of experiments. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1041:43-51. [PMID: 15281253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study illustrates how retention models can be used to accurately predict the retention behaviour of polydisperse macromolecules in LC separations. It highlights that the number of experiments required can be drastically reduced when the relationship between the model parameters and molecular structure parameters (e.g. molar mass) can be incorporated into one global model. A practical implication of this work is that an appropriate model can then be used for the determination of molar-mass distributions for polydisperse samples. The globalised model can predict retention time as a function of molar mass and gradient slope. Both the original and globalised versions of the model were rigorously validated in terms of the difference between the predicted and experimental retention times. The original model had very low residuals and there was no apparent dependence of the errors on the applied gradient, the molar mass or the retention times. Confidence intervals for the model parameters (S and ln k0) were determined using a bootstrapping analysis of the residual errors in the predicted retention times. Confidence intervals were seen to broaden significantly as the mass of the polymer increased. The parameters were also seen to be highly correlated. For the global model, retention-time residuals remained quite low, even when the number of experiments used to determine the model parameters was reduced from approximately 100 to 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Fitzpatrick
- Polymer-Analysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Siewing A, Lahn B, Braun D, Pasch H. Two-dimensional chromatography of complex polymers. IV. Analysis of the grafting reaction of methyl methacrylate onto polybutadiene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Fitzpatrick F, Edam R, Schoenmakers P. Application of the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic model to describe the retention behaviour of polydisperse macromolecules in gradient and isocratic liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2003; 988:53-67. [PMID: 12647821 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)02050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper illustrates how conventional models of chromatographic behaviour can be used to predict the separation behaviour of polydisperse macromolecules. Using polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate homo- and co-polymeric standards, the models were validated by comparing experimental retention behaviour with that predicted by the chromatographic model. The experimental retention time of each of the samples was entered into a spreadsheet application, which calculated the parameters that best described retention (for a given model). When a correlation between the relevant parameters and molecular mass was established, that correlation was used to predict the change in retention behaviour over the molecular-mass range. An expression introduced in a previous paper, to calculate the critical mobile-phase composition of a homopolymer was validated using polystyrene homopolymers. A second expression, which can predict the elution behaviour of copolymers, was also validated. This expression can predict the retention of a copolymer, based solely onthe retention of the homopolymeric units that make up the copolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Fitzpatrick
- Polymer-Analysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Janc?? M, Xie S, Peterson DS, Allington RW, Svec F, Fréchet JMJ. Effect of porosity and surface chemistry on the characterization of synthetic polymers by HPLC using porous polymer monolithic columns. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20021001)25:14<909::aid-jssc909>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Park S, Cho D, Ryu J, Kwon K, Lee W, Chang T. Fractionation of Block Copolymers Prepared by Anionic Polymerization into Fractions Exhibiting Three Different Morphologies. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0205313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Park
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Donghyun Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jinsook Ryu
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Kyoon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Wonmok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Research Institute, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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21
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Lee W, Park S, Chang T. Liquid chromatography at the critical condition for polyisoprene using a single solvent. Anal Chem 2001; 73:3884-9. [PMID: 11534711 DOI: 10.1021/ac010072o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography at the chromatographic critical condition has drawn much attention as an attractive characterization method of block copolymers since it has been proposed that a part of a polymer chain becomes "chromatographically invisible" at this condition, which would permit the characterization of individual blocks. A critical condition for a polymer species has been commonly established by use of mixed-solvent systems. It is not easy, however, to reproduce the critical condition since the retention of polymers depends very sensitively on the solvent composition and purity. Furthermore, the preferential sorption of a component in a mixed solvent may cause an additional problem. Therefore, the use of a single solvent is highly desirable to improve the reproducibility as well as the repeatability. In this study, a single-solvent critical condition for polyisoprene was established with 1,4-dioxane and C18 bonded silica as the mobile and stationary phases, respectively. At this condition, the "chromatographic invisibility" of polystyrene-polyisoprene diblock copolymers was critically examined and it was found that a rigorous chromatographic invisibility was not achieved and the retention of the block copolymers was affected by the length of the blocks under the critical condition. Some other chromatographic applications using the single-solvent system are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Molecular Systems, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Korea
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22
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Lee W, Cho D, Chun BO, Chang T, Ree M. Characterization of polystyrene and polyisoprene by normal-phase temperature gradient interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2001; 910:51-60. [PMID: 11263575 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Temperature gradient interaction chromatography (TGIC) is applied to the characterization of polyisoprene (PI) and polystyrene (PS) using normal-phase (NP) stationary phase--bare silica or diol bonded silica. Tetrahydrofuran-isooctane mixtures are used as a mobile phase. PI and linear and star shaped PS samples are successfully fractionated in terms of the molecular mass with a high resolution comparable to that of reversed-phase (RP) HPLC. Temperature dependence of the retention shows that the enthalpy of adsorption of PS to the stationary phase is exothermic. In addition, some characteristic features of the NP-TGIC system relative to those of RP-TGIC are presented, which include a high sensitivity on the polar end group and the simultaneous size-exclusion chromatographic and TGIC characterization of PS and PI mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Molecular Systems, Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea
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23
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Jandera P, Holčapek M, Kolářová L. Retention Behavior of Oligomers and Cooligomers in Reversed-phase and in Normal-phase Interactive Liquid Chromatographic Systems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/10236660108033948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Jan?o M, S�kora D, Svec F, Fr�chet JMJ, Schweer J, Holm R. Rapid determination of molecular parameters of synthetic polymers by precipitation/redissolution high-performance liquid chromatography using ?molded? monolithic column. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0518(20000801)38:15<2767::aid-pola170>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Dolan JW, Snyder LR, Djordjevic NM, Hill DW, Waeghe TJ. Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of complex samples by optimizing temperature and gradient time I. Peak capacity limitations. J Chromatogr A 1999; 857:1-20. [PMID: 10536823 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The separation of samples that contain more than 15 to 20 analytes (n > 15-20) is typically difficult and usually requires gradient elution. We have examined the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of 24 samples with 8 < or = n < or = 48 as a function of temperature T and gradient time tG. The required peak capacity was determined for each sample, after selecting T and tG for optimum selectivity and maximum sample resolution. Comparison of these results with estimates of the maximum possible peak capacity in reversed-phase gradient elution was used to quantify the maximum value of n for some required sample resolution (when T and tG have been optimized). These results were also compared with literature studies of similar isocratic separations as a function of ternary-solvent mobile phase composition, where the proportions of methanol (MeOH), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and water were varied simultaneously. This in turn provides information on the relative effectiveness of these two different method development procedures (optimization of T and tG vs. % MeOH and % THF) for changing selectivity and achieving maximum resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Dolan
- LC Resources Inc., Walnut Creek, CA 94596, USA
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26
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Dolan JW, Snyder LR. Maintaining fixed band spacing when changing column dimensions in gradient elution. J Chromatogr A 1998; 799:21-34. [PMID: 9550100 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In gradient elution separations, it may be required to change either column length (to increase resolution or shorten run time) or column diameter (for an increase in sensitivity or for preparative separations). In either of these changes of column dimensions, it is usually desired to maintain the same relative band spacing (selectivity), so as to increase resolution in proportion to (column plate number)1/2 when increasing column length, or to maintain constant resolution when changing column diameter. A general rule for avoiding changes in band spacing in these situations is to maintain the quantity [(gradient time) x (flow-rate)/(column volume)] constant, while holding the initial and final gradient mobile phase compositions (%B) fixed. This rule is only valid as long as the equipment hold-up volume (dwell volume) is negligible, or if all sample components are strongly retained at the start of the gradient. When neither of the latter conditions apply, then significant changes in band spacing may result when changing column size. Rules are presented for recognizing this potential problem for a given sample/HPLC-equipment combination, and adjustments in separation conditions that can avoid this problem are discussed. Changes in band spacing as a result of change in column size are of special concern when developing procedures for preparative chromatography under gradient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Dolan
- LC Resources Inc., Orinda, CA 94563, USA
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27
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Study on the retention behaviour of low-molar-mass polystyrenes and polyesters in reversed-phase liquid chromatography by evaluation of thermodynamic parameters. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Characterization of low-molar-mass polymers by gradient polymer elution chromatography II. Solubility effects in the analysis of polyester resins under reversed-phase conditions. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Petro M, Svec F, Fréchet JM. Molded continuous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) rod as a separation medium for the very fast separation of polymers. Comparison of the chromatographic properties of the monolithic rod with columns packed with porous and non-porous beads in high-performance liquid chromatography of polystyrenes. J Chromatogr A 1996; 752:59-66. [PMID: 8962497 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Gradient elution separations of polystyrene standards in a monolithic molded 50 x 8 mm I.D. poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) rod column and in 50 x 8 mm I.D. and 30 x 4.1 mm I.D. columns packed with porous and non-porous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) beads has been carried out. All of these separation media differ in shape and porosity. Excellent separations of eight polystyrene standards were achieved with both the molded monolithic rod and porous beads at moderate flow-rates. However, the monolithic medium proved to be superior for high-speed separations using very steep gradients at a flow-rate of 20 ml/min. Three polystyrene standards were separated in the rod column within 4 s. The separation in the column packed with non-porous beads was poor at flow-rates of 2-8 ml/min, while higher flow-rates led to an unacceptably high back pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Petro
- Cornell University, Department of Chemistry, Baker Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA
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30
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Eersels KLL, Groeninckx G, Mengerink Y, Van der Wal S. Transamidation in Melt-Mixed Aliphatic and Aromatic Polyamides. 3. Molecular Characterization Using Gradient Elution Chromatography (GEC). Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960549b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Philipsen H, Klumperman B, German A. Characterization of low-molar-mass polymers by gradient polymer elution chromatography I. Practical parameters and applications of the analysis of polyester resins under reversed phase conditions. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Lochmüller CH, Jiang C, Liu Q, Antonucci V, Elomaa M. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Polymers: Retention Mechanisms and Recent Advances. Crit Rev Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/10408349608050567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Nimura N, Itoh H. Reversed-phase HPLC separation of proteins on chemically bonded silica gel columns. Mol Biotechnol 1996; 5:11-6. [PMID: 8853012 DOI: 10.1007/bf02762408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) separation of proteins on chemically bonded silica gel columns is described. Efficiency of nonporous alkylsilyl bonded silica gel is compared with that of a macroporous gel that has been widely used for the purpose. A comparative study of the separation under conventional and fast separation conditions is also given. The fast separation technique on the nonporous reversed-phase column has the advantage of improving the recovery of late-eluting hydrophobic and large proteins, such as ovalbumin and apoferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nimura
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Petro M, Svec F, Gitsov I, Fréchet JM. Molded monolithic rod of macroporous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) as a separation medium for HPLC of synthetic polymers: on-column precipitation--redissolution chromatography as an alternative to size exclusion chromatography of styrene oligomers and polymers. Anal Chem 1996; 68:315-21. [PMID: 9027239 DOI: 10.1021/ac950726r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A process for the separation of styrene oligomers and polymers by size and composition using a novel separation medium has been demonstrated. The process involves precipitation of the macromolecules on the molded macroporous rod columns, followed by progressive elution utilizing a simple gradient of the mobile phase. Molded macroporous rod columns are ideally suited for this technique because convection through the large pores of the rod enhances the mass transport of large analyte molecules and accelerates the separation process. Styrene oligomers and polymers are separated in a 50-mm x 8-mm-i.d. column using a solvent gradient composed of a poor solvent such as water, methanol, or acetonitrile and increasing amounts of a good solvent, tetrahydrofuran. Excellent separations are obtained, demonstrating that precipitation-redissolution can be a suitable alternate to size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of some polymers. Compared to SEC, the gradient elution separation can be achieved at higher flow rates in a much shorter time. Precipitation-redissolution with gradient elution can also be used for the separation of copolymers, for which the process is controlled not only by molecular weight but also by the composition of the copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Petro
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Snyder
- LC Resources, Inc., Orinda, California 94563, USA
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36
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Nimura N, Itoh H, Kinoshita T. Diol-bonded silica gel as a restricted access packing forming a binary-layered phase for direct injection of serum for the determination of drugs. J Chromatogr A 1995; 689:203-10. [PMID: 7874300 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)00896-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Direct serum injection for drug determinations can be achieved on a diol-bonded silica gel as a restricted access packing. The diol-bonded phase, 3-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)propylsilylsilica, contains two different functions, a hydrophilic function at the tip of the single chemical bond and a hydrophobic function on the inside part of the bond to form a "binary-layered phase" on the support surface. Proteins, as large molecules, contact only the hydrophilic surface of the diol phase, and they are eluted at the solvent front based on size-exclusion chromatography. On the other hand, small molecules such as synthetic drugs are retained on the internal hydrophobic function and separate based on reversed-phase chromatography. Accordingly, the diol-bonded silica gel performs as a restricted access packing for direct serum injection for the determination of relatively hydrophobic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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37
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Boehm RE, Martire DE. Theory of Homopolymer Retention in the Weak Adsorption Limit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079408013196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Fréchet JM, Lochman L, Smigol V, Svec F. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of functionalized dendritic macromolecules. J Chromatogr A 1994; 667:284-9. [PMID: 8025631 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)89077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic macromolecules substituted with various numbers of trimethylsilyl and dodecyl groups have been separated by reversed-phase HPLC. While size-exclusion chromatography only provides a rough picture of the composition of the mixture, reversed-phase chromatography allows the separation of individual components and estimation of the distribution of each component.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fréchet
- Department of Chemistry, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301
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39
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40
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Schunk TC. Chemical composition separation of synthetic polymers by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80821-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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41
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Lundell N. Implementation and use of gradient predictions for optimization of reversed-phase liquid chromatography of peptides. Practical considerations. J Chromatogr A 1993; 639:97-115. [PMID: 8335722 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The options in the implementation of gradient theory for optimization work are critically reviewed and evaluated for the case of the reversed-phase liquid chromatography of peptides. Various models are covered together with methods for the determination of model parameters. Approaches for calculating retention times and band widths from experimental data are discussed. Different kinds of extrapolation are compared with interpolation. This study was aimed at finding the best compromise between number of experiments, accuracy of predictions and simplicity of calculations. Implementation and the use of gradient predictions can be simple, and practical recommendations are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lundell
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
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43
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Mori S. Identification Method of Synthetic Polymers by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079308020892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Koyama J, Nomura J, Shiojima Y, Ohtsu Y, Horii I. Effect of column length and elution mechanism on the separation of proteins by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)85205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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45
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Chapter 1 Theory of chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)61562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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46
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Itoh H, Nimura N, Kinoshita T, Nagae N, Nomura M. Fast protein separation by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on octadecylsilyl-bonded nonporous silica gel. II. Improvement in recovery of hydrophobic proteins. Anal Biochem 1991; 199:7-10. [PMID: 1666942 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90261-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recovery of hydrophobic proteins from an RP-HPLC column was improved using a fast-separation RP-HPLC system operated at room temperature. Hydrophobic proteins such as ovalbumin could be adequately eluted from a nonporous octadecylsilyl (C18) spherical silica gel with a particle diameter of 20 microns using steep gradient elution with a 0.1% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile system at a constant flow rate of 4 ml/min. Recoveries improved under fast separation since the protein sample suffered only a slight amount of irreversible denaturation on the hydrophobic surface of the stationary phase. The fast-separation system was also applied to the separation of larger proteins such as apo-ferritin (443 kDa) and thyroglobulin (669 kDa) as well as egg white proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Itoh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Fast protein separation by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on octadecylsilyl-bonded non-porous silica gel. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(91)85078-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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48
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Applicability of reversed-phase liquid chromatography for the speciation of vanadyl and nickel metalloporphyrins in oil extracts. Chromatographia 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02270446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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49
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Alhedai A, Boehm RE, Martire DE. Reversed phase liquid chromatographic retention behavior of polystyrene homopolymers. Chromatographia 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02261296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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50
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Abstract
A series of standard small globular proteins in different unfolded states was studied by gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The retention parameters Z [slope of log capacity factor (k') vs. log molar concentration of organic modifier, 1-propanol, in the mobile phase] and log I (the value of log k' at 1 M 1-propanol) were derived from gradient retention data. Each protein in four different conformational states, i.e., folded, chromatographic surface-unfolded, urea-unfolded and disulfide-bridge reduced-unfolded, showed a variation of 10-fold in Z and up to 10(12)-fold in I values. For the different states of all the proteins studied, the order of Z and I values was as follows: folded much less than surface-unfolded less than urea-unfolded less than reduced-unfolded. The differences in the values of the coefficients suggest, in agreement with literature reports, that proteins with their disulfide bridges cleaved have the largest degree of unfolding. In addition, the Z and I values and solution refolding kinetics all suggest that chromatographic surface-unfolded proteins have a lower degree of unfolding than their urea-unfolded forms. It was also found that an additional chemical cross-link in lysozyme caused a significant decrease in the first-order rate constant of the surface-induced unfolding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Lin
- Barnett Institute of Chemical Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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