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Bizzo HR, Brilhante NS, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. Use and abuse of retention indices in gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464376. [PMID: 37717451 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The value of the concept of retention indices (RI) to the practice of gas chromatography (GC) is highlighted, where the RI of a compound is one component of the strategy to identify the compound. The widespread reliance on GC and then on mass spectrometry for 'identification', may result in inadequate confirmation of molecular identity. However, RI do provide a useful tentative indication of the possible molecule(s). Thus, the RI value is a useful first measure of the molecule identity, and shown here to be valuable provided limitations are recognised. An author has a responsibility to correctly calculate the index and then use the values for (tentative) identification. Tables of reference RI values are useful in this respect, but finding an 'exact match' RI value does not confirm the identity. Hence, it is necessary to understand how the RI value may be incorrectly used in this respect. The reviewer of written research is charged with ensuring the index values are applied in a rigorous manner. Selected case studies from our own work, support the care that must be exercised when reporting RI values. In terms of advanced GC operations, mention is made of multidimensional gas chromatography and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography to acquire RI values on both the first and second columns in the two-column separation experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto R Bizzo
- Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos - Avenida das Américas, 29501, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 23020-470, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970, Brazil
| | - Nathália S Brilhante
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970, Brazil
| | - Yada Nolvachai
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Comparison of correlation equations for the prediction of gas chromatographic separation of alkylbenzenes. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02688022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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3
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Kubitza C, Schottler M, Homann KH. Scavenging of Radicals from the Gas Phase by Freezing with Dimethyl Disulfide. 2. Radicals from Discharges and a Flame of Acetylene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19870910703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Alberici RM, Simas RC, de Souza V, de Sá GF, Daroda RJ, Eberlin MN. Analysis of fuels via easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 659:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Vichi S, Pizzale L, Conte LS, Buxaderas S, López-Tamames E. Simultaneous determination of volatile and semi-volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in virgin olive oil by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1090:146-54. [PMID: 16196143 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A reliable, simple and relatively fast method for the simultaneous determination of volatile and semi-volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in virgin olive oil was developed, based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The investigation regarded eco-contaminants such as alkylated monoaromatic hydrocarbons from C1- to C4-benzenes and light polyaromatic hydrocarbons up to four aromatic rings. Sampling and chromatographic conditions were optimized by using standard solutions in deodorized olive oil and the analytical performances of the method were determined. The proposed method was then applied to real samples of virgin olive oil were the target hydrocarbons could be identified and quantified. Several of them had not been previously quantified in virgin olive oil. Moreover, by the analysis of olive oil samples an additional number of C4-benzenes could be tentatively identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Vichi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, Via Marangoni 97, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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Pérez-Parajón JM, Santiuste JM, Takács JM. Sensitivity of the methylbenzenes and chlorobenzenes retention index to column temperature, stationary phase polarity, and number and chemical nature of substituents. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1048:223-32. [PMID: 15481260 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Retention indices of methylbenzenes and chlorobenzenes on two fused silica capillary columns, HP-5 (diphenylsiloxane 5% diphenyldimethylsiloxane) and ZB-WAX (polyethylene glycol), have been calculated at various isothermal temperatures and compared with literature data. The retention index temperature effect was studied for each solute, finding greater retention index the higher the column temperature. A comparison between the straight line fit and the fit to the recently proposed equation I = A + B/T +C ln T was carried out. The effect of the stationary phase polarity on the retention index was checked. In general, a greater retention index was found for the more polar stationary phase. The retention indices of the chlorobenzenes are greater than the retention indices of the methylbenzenes, irrespective of the stationary phase and the column temperature. In addition, the influence of the methyl/chlorine substitution on the benzene molecule was investigated at each temperature. The retention indices increased as the number of substituents (methyl/chlorine) increased. The retention index increments of methyl and chloro derivatives are also discussed, which permits to compare the effect of both, methyl or chlorine, chemical functions, for a fixed substituent number in the benzene molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Pérez-Parajón
- Department of Structure and Molecular Dynamics, Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, C Serrano 119, 28006-Madrid, Spain
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Zhang X, Lu P. Unified equation between Kováts indices on different stationary phases for select types of compounds. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Comparison of correlation equations for the prediction of gas chromatographic separation of alkylbenzenes. Chromatographia 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02267952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Estel D, Mohnke M, Biermans F, Rotzsche H. The analysis of C4-C11 hydrocarbons in naphtha and reformate with a new apolar fused silica column. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240180703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Lu P, Zhang X. Intelligent optimization of multi-column system of chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00323038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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A comparison of different retention index systems with unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in capillary gas chromatography on PEG 20M. Chromatographia 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02272257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hartgers W, Sinninghe Damsté J, de Leeuw J. Identification of C2C4 alkylated benzenes in flash pyrolysates of kerogens, coals and asphaltenes. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)87027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Analysis of multicomponent mixtures by high-resolution capillary gas chromatography and combined gas chromatogarphy—mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)95946-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dimov N, Matisov'a E. Improved method for prediction of gas chromatographic retention indices of C9C12 alkylbenzenes. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)91443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Héberger K. Discrimination between linear and non-linear models describing retention data of alkylbenzenes in gas-chromatography. Chromatographia 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02261306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Identification of alkylbenzenes up to C12 by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)89667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tarján G, Nyiredy S, Györ M, Lombosi E, Lombosi T, Budahegyi M, Mészáros S, Takács J. Thirtieth anniversary of the retention index according to Kováts in gas-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Héberger K. Empirical correlation equations describing retention data of hydrocarbons on dinonylphatalate and polyethyleneglycol 4000. Chromatographia 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02290480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Identification of alkylbenzenes by capillary gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)90246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Matisová E, Rukríglová M, Krupc̆ík J, Kovac̆ic̆ová E, Holotík S. Identification of alkylbenzenes up to C12 by capillary gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)82129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Engewald W, Topalova I, Petsev N, Dimitrov C. Structure-retention correlations of hydrocarbons in GLC and GSC alkenylbenzenes. Chromatographia 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02324864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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