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Kwietniewski L, Rycyk M. The use of Ościk’s equation to describe the retention in reversed phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1496:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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2
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Simple models for the effect of aliphatic alcohol additives on the retention in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3616-23. [PMID: 21543073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four retention models for the effect of aliphatic alcohol additives on the retention of analytes in reversed-phase liquid chromatography have been developed following either a semi-thermodynamic treatment or an empirical approach. Their performance was tested using the experimental retention times of six non-polar analytes (alkylbenzenes) and ten o-phthalaldehyde derivatives of amino acids under different isocratic chromatographic runs when a small amount of ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol or 1-heptanol was added to methanol/water mixtures containing a constant amount of methanol. It was shown that for the structurally simple alkylbenzenes all the models can be adopted for retention prediction with good results. In contrast, just one out of four models, that with the fewest approximations, predicts satisfactorily the retention properties of amino acids derivatives. However, the most interesting feature is that this model can predict the effect of an alcohol-additive on the retention properties of solutes, even if this additive was not used in chromatographic runs done for the fitting procedure, provided that it belongs to the same homologous series of alkanols. This feature is also observed in all models described the retention of alkylbenzenes.
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Schneider C, Menyes U, Jira T. Characterization of calixarene-bonded stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2930-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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4
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Buszewski B, Bocian S, Nowaczyk A. Modeling solvation on the chemically modified silica surfaces. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2060-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Janicka M. Application of Ościk's Equation for Description of Solute Retention in RP HPLC and Calculation of Retention Factor in Water. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903288060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Janicka
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University , Lublin, Poland
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6
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Description of retention characteristics of calixarene-bonded stationary phases in dependence of the methanol content in the mobile phase. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6285-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Retention models for isocratic and gradient elution in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1737-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Bocian S, Vajda P, Felinger A, Buszewski B. Solvent excess adsorption on the stationary phases for reversed-phase liquid chromatography with polar functional groups. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1204:35-41. [PMID: 18703199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of acetonitrile and methanol adsorption was carried out on stationary phases with specific functionalities. The results were compared with the adsorption of those solvents on alkyl-modified adsorbents. This comparison allows us to describe the effect of polar groups on the adsorption of the organic modifiers. Our results clearly demonstrate how the functional groups modify the chromatographic properties of the homogeneous hydrophobic adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Bocian
- Department of Environmental Chemistry & Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarin 7, Torun, Poland
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Bocian S, Felinger A, Buszewski B. Comparison of Solvent Adsorption on Chemically Bonded Stationary Phases in RP-LC. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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Vailaya A. Fundamentals of Reversed Phase Chromatography: Thermodynamic and Exothermodynamic Treatment. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200052969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anant Vailaya
- a Merck Research Laboratories , Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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Ascah TL, Kallury KMR, Szafranski CA, Corman SD, Liu F. Characterization and High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Evaluation of a New Amide-Functionalized Reversed Phase Column. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079608015125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L. Ascah
- a Supelco, Inc. Supelco Park , Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823
| | | | | | - Scott D. Corman
- a Supelco, Inc. Supelco Park , Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823
| | - Francis Liu
- a Supelco, Inc. Supelco Park , Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823
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12
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Gilpin RK, Asif M, Jaroniec M, Lin S. Competitive Interactions of Phenol Derivatives and Aliphatic Alcohols for Alkenyl and Diol Silica Surfaces. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079608015112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. K. Gilpin
- a Separation and Surface Science Center Department of Chemistry , Kent State University , Kent, Ohio, 44242
| | - M. Asif
- a Separation and Surface Science Center Department of Chemistry , Kent State University , Kent, Ohio, 44242
| | - M. Jaroniec
- a Separation and Surface Science Center Department of Chemistry , Kent State University , Kent, Ohio, 44242
| | - S. Lin
- a Separation and Surface Science Center Department of Chemistry , Kent State University , Kent, Ohio, 44242
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Buszewski B, Gadzala-Kopiuch RM, Jaroniec M. Chromatographic Properties of Mixed Chemically Bonded Phases with Alkylamide and Aminopropyl Ligands. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079708002705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Buszewski
- b Department of Environmental Chemistry , N. Copernicus University , 87100, Torun, Poland
| | - R. M. Gadzala-Kopiuch
- b Department of Environmental Chemistry , N. Copernicus University , 87100, Torun, Poland
| | - M. Jaroniec
- a Department of Chemistry , Kent State University Kent , Ohio, 44242
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Vitha M, Carr PW. The chemical interpretation and practice of linear solvation energy relationships in chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1126:143-94. [PMID: 16889784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) to understand the types and relative strength of the chemical interactions that control retention and selectivity in the various modes of chromatography ranging from gas chromatography to reversed phase and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. The most recent, widely accepted symbolic representation of the LSER model, as proposed by Abraham, is given by the equation: SP=c + eE + sS + aA + bB + vV, in which, SP can be any free energy related property. In chromatography, SP is most often taken as logk' where k' is the retention factor. The letters E, S, A, B, and V denote solute dependent input parameters that come from scales related to a solute's polarizability, dipolarity (with some contribution from polarizability), hydrogen bond donating ability, hydrogen bond accepting ability, and molecular size, respectively. The e-, s-, a-, b-, and v-coefficients and the constant, c, are determined via multiparameter linear least squares regression analysis of a data set comprised of solutes with known E, S, A, B, and V values and which span a reasonably wide range in interaction abilities. Thus, LSERs are designed to probe the type and relative importance of the interactions that govern solute retention. In this review, we include a synopsis of the various solvent and solute scales in common use in chromatography. More importantly, we emphasize the development and physico-chemical basis of - and thus meaning of - the solute parameters. After establishing the meaning of the parameters, we discuss their use in LSERs as applied to understanding the intermolecular interactions governing various gas-liquid and liquid-liquid phase equilibria. The gas-liquid partition process is modeled as the sum of an endoergic cavity formation/solvent reorganization process and exoergic solute-solvent attractive forces, whereas the partitioning of a solute between two solvents is thermodynamically equivalent to the difference in two gas/liquid solution processes. We end with a set of recommendations and advisories for conducting LSER studies, stressing the proper chemical and statistical application of the methodology. We intend that these recommendations serve as a guide for future studies involving the execution, statistical evaluation, and chemical interpretation of LSERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Vitha
- Drake University, Department of Chemistry, 2507 University Avenue, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Adsorption Mechanism in RPLC. Effect of the Nature of the Organic Modifier. Anal Chem 2005; 77:4257-72. [PMID: 15987135 DOI: 10.1021/ac0580058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption isotherms of phenol and caffeine were acquired by frontal analysis on two different adsorbents, Kromasil-C18 and Discovery-C18, with two different mobile phases, aqueous solutions of methanol (MeOH/H2O = 40/60 and 30/70, v/v) and aqueous solutions of acetonitrile (MeCN/H2O = 30/70 and 20/80, v/v). The adsorption isotherms are always strictly convex upward in methanol/water solutions. The calculations of the adsorption energy distribution confirm that the adsorption data for phenol are best modeled with the bi-Langmuir and the tri-Langmuir isotherm models for Kromasil-C18 and Discovery-C18, respectively. Because its molecule is larger and excluded from the deepest sites buried in the bonded layer, the adsorption data of caffeine follow bi-Langmuir isotherm model behavior on both adsorbents. In contrast, with acetonitrile/water solutions, the adsorption data of both phenol and caffeine deviate far less from linear behavior. They were best modeled by the sum of a Langmuir and a BET isotherm models. The Langmuir term represents the adsorption of the analyte on the high-energy sites located within the C18 layers and the BET term its adsorption on the low-energy sites and its accumulation in an adsorbed multilayer system of acetonitrile on the bonded alkyl chains. The formation of a complex adsorbed phase containing up to four layers of acetonitrile (with a thickness of 3.4 A each) was confirmed by the excess adsorption isotherm data measured for acetonitrile on Discovery-C18. A simple interpretation of this change in the isotherm curvature at high concentrations when methanol is replaced with acetonitrile as the organic modifier is proposed, based on the structure of the interface between the C18 chains and the bulk mobile phase. This new model accounts for all the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, USA
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Ościk-Mendyk B. Comparison of adsorption in liquid-solid chromatography on the basis of different models of retention. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2005. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.18.2005.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Jandera P, Skavrada M, Andel L, Komers D, Guiochon G. Description of adsorption equilibria in liquid chromatography systems with binary mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 2001; 908:3-17. [PMID: 11218132 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption of some simple compounds from pure and mixed solvents and of some solvents from mixed binary solvent mixtures on columns used in normal-phase, aqueous-organic and non-aqueous liquid chromatography was investigated. The distribution of the compounds between the liquid and the stationary phase is affected by the composition of the solvent mixture. Although preferential sorption of stronger solvents can often be described by the Langmuir isotherm, significant deviations are observed in some systems. A model was suggested accounting for the deviations from Langmuir isotherm by association on already adsorbed molecules. In most systems studied in this work, a simple competitive Langmuir isotherm did not provide a good fit to the experimental distribution data from mixed solvents when competition between the solute and the strong solvent for the adsorption sites was considered. A competitive isotherm taking into account possible association of solute on its own already adsorbed molecules and on the adsorbed molecules of strong solvent improves the fit to the experimental distribution data and enables description of the distribution data in dependence on the concentration of the strong solvent in mixed solvents in normal-phase, aqueous-organic and non-aqueous reversed-phase systems. Even though we need more data to prove the validity of the present model, we observe a good qualitative agreement of the experimental isotherm coefficients with the relative strength of the interactions expected in various chromatographic systems employing mixed solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Li J, Robison T. Application of linear solvation energy relationships to guide selection of polar modifiers in normal-phase liquid chromatographic separations. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Felitsyn N, Cantwell FF. Effect of Stationary-Phase Sorption of Organic Modifier from a Water-Rich Mobile Phase on Solute Retention by an ODS Bonded Phase. Anal Chem 1999; 71:1862-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac981095e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Felitsyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
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Abstract
A unified framework within the hermeneutics of the solvophobic theory is employed for the treatment of experimental data with nonpolar and weakly polar substances in reversed-phase chromatography (RPC), oil-water partitioning and adsorption on activated charcoal from dilute aqueous solution. This approach sheds light on the energetic similarities between such processes driven by the hydrophobic effect. Among several stationary phase models that have been proposed in the literature for the physical representation of alkyl-silica bonded phases, the isolated solvated hydrocarbon chains model is adopted for the retention in RPC since it represents most closely the stationary phase configuration and is not based a priori on a partition or adsorption mechanism as some other models are for the retention in RPC. Using the fundamental framework of the solvophobic theory, the free energy change per unit nonpolar surface area for octanol-water and hexadecane-water partitioning, retention in RPC as well as adsorption on activated charcoal from dilute aqueous solution at 25 degrees C are evaluated and they are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data. Furthermore, such quantities are very similar for all the above mentioned processes involving aqueous solution, in contradistinction to the predictions by the lattice theory. From the results it follows that these apparently disparate processes are subject to the same physicochemical principle. The present study demonstrates the capability of the solvophobic theory in describing the energetics of processes involving hydrophobic interactions, and exposes the difficulties in distinguishing between partition and adsorption mechanisms in RPC by using partition models based on the lattice approach. It is concluded that a clear distinction between partition and adsorption in RPC of nonpolar elites is not apparent from thermodynamic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vailaya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8286, USA
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Vailaya A, Horváth C. Solvophobic Theory and Normalized Free Energies of Nonpolar Substances in Reversed Phase Chromatography. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9708658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anant Vailaya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286
| | - Csaba Horváth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286
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23
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Studies of the interfacial properties of chemically bonded phases by sorption and liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tijssen R, Schoenmakers PJ, Böhmer MR, Koopal LK, Billiet HA. Lattice models for the description of partitioning/ adsorption and retention in reversed-phase liquid chromatography, including surface and shape effects. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80801-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gilpin RK, Jaroniec M, Lin S. Dependence of the methylene selectivity on the composition of hydro-organic eluents for reversed-phase liquid chromatographic systems with alkyl bonded phases. Chromatographia 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02328504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Borówko M, Jaroniec M. Studies of adsorption and partition effects in liquid chromatography with mixed mobile phases. J Chromatogr A 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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