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Influence of different extraction methods on the compound profiles and functional properties of extracts from solid by-products of the wine industry. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Extraction Systems and Analytical Techniques for Food Phenolic Compounds: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223671. [PMID: 36429261 PMCID: PMC9689915 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are highly valuable food components due to their potential utilisation as natural bioactive and antioxidant molecules for the food, cosmetic, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. For this purpose, the development and optimisation of efficient extraction methods is crucial to obtain phenolic-rich extracts and, for some applications, free of interfering compounds. It should be accompanied with robust analytical tools that enable the standardisation of phenolic-rich extracts for industrial applications. New methodologies based on both novel extraction and/or analysis are also implemented to characterise and elucidate novel chemical structures and to face safety, pharmacology, and toxicity issues related to phenolic compounds at the molecular level. Moreover, in combination with multivariate analysis, the extraction and analysis of phenolic compounds offer tools for plant chemotyping, food traceability and marker selection in omics studies. Therefore, this study reviews extraction techniques applied to recover phenolic compounds from foods and agri-food by-products, including liquid-liquid extraction, solid-liquid extraction assisted by intensification technologies, solid-phase extraction, and combined methods. It also provides an overview of the characterisation techniques, including UV-Vis, infra-red, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and others used in minor applications such as Raman spectroscopy and ion mobility spectrometry, coupled or not to chromatography. Overall, a wide range of methodologies are now available, which can be applied individually and combined to provide complementary results in the roadmap around the study of phenolic compounds.
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3
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Temerdashev ZA, Vinitskaya EA, Milevskaya VV, Statkus MA. Preconcentration of Phenolic Compounds on Carbon Sorbents and Their Chromatographic Determination in Aqueous Extracts of Medicinal Plants. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193482103014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Karrar E, Sheth S, Wei W, Wang X. Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Gurum (Citrulluslanatus var. Colocynthoide) Seed Oil Obtained by Different Methods Using HPLC. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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da Silva LC, Souza MC, Sumere BR, Silva LGS, da Cunha DT, Barbero GF, Bezerra RMN, Rostagno MA. Simultaneous extraction and separation of bioactive compounds from apple pomace using pressurized liquids coupled on-line with solid-phase extraction. Food Chem 2020; 318:126450. [PMID: 32151921 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was the development of an on-line extraction/fractionation method based on the coupling of pressurized liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction for the separation of phenolic compounds from apple pomace. Several variables of the process were evaluated, including the amount of water of the first stage (0-120 mL), temperature (60-80 °C), solid-phase extraction adsorbent (Sepra, Isolute, Strata X and Oasis) and activation/elution solvent (methanol and ethanol). The best results were observed with the adsorbent Sepra. The temperature had a small effect on recovery, but significant differences were observed for phlorizin and a quercetin derivative. Results indicate that ethanol can be used to replace methanol as an activation, extraction/elution solvent. While using mostly green solvents (water, ethanol, and a small amount of methanol that could be reused), the developed method produced higher or similar yields of acids (2.85 ± 0.19 mg/g) and flavonoids (0.97 ± 0.11 mg/g) than conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laise C da Silva
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, n. 1300, 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Souza
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, n. 1300, 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz R Sumere
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, n. 1300, 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz G S Silva
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, n. 1300, 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Diogo T da Cunha
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, n. 1300, 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gerardo F Barbero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), IVAGRO, P.O. Box 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Rosangela M N Bezerra
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, n. 1300, 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mauricio A Rostagno
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health (LabMAS), School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccaria, n. 1300, 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil.
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Selective isolation of sesquiterpene coumarins from asafoetida using dummy molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1138:121943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Souza MC, Santos MP, Sumere BR, Silva LC, Cunha DT, Martínez J, Barbero GF, Rostagno MA. Isolation of gallic acid, caffeine and flavonols from black tea by on-line coupling of pressurized liquid extraction with an adsorbent for the production of functional bakery products. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Gómez-Brandón M, Lores M, Insam H, Domínguez J. Strategies for recycling and valorization of grape marc. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:437-450. [PMID: 30939940 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1555514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Grapes are one of the most cultivated fruit crops worldwide. Either for wine or juice production, grape processing generates a large amount of residues that must be treated, disposed of or reused properly to reduce their pollution load before being applied to the soil. In this review, a special focus is given to the treatment and valorization of the winemaking by-product like grape marc via anaerobic digestion, composting and vermicomposting at laboratory, pilot, and industrial scales. The impact of the final products (digestates, composts, and vermicomposts) on soil properties is briefly addressed. Moreover, the role of grape marc and seeds as a valuable source of natural phytochemicals that include polyphenols and other bioactive compounds of interest for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries is also discussed. This is of paramount importance given the fact that sustainability requires the use of management and valorization strategies that allow the recovery of valuable compounds (e.g. antioxidants) with minimum disposal of waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gómez-Brandón
- a Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal , Universidade de Vigo , Vigo , Spain
| | - Marta Lores
- b Departamento de Química Analítica, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA) , Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Quimica, Avda das Ciencias s/n , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Heribert Insam
- c Institute of Microbiology , University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Jorge Domínguez
- a Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal , Universidade de Vigo , Vigo , Spain
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9
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Kelly N, Kelly A, O'Mahony J. Strategies for enrichment and purification of polyphenols from fruit-based materials. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Machado APDF, Pereira ALD, Barbero GF, Martínez J. Recovery of anthocyanins from residues of Rubus fruticosus , Vaccinium myrtillus and Eugenia brasiliensis by ultrasound assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction and their combination. Food Chem 2017; 231:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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11
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Borisova DR, Statkus MA, Tsizin GI, Zolotov YA. Subcritical water: Use in chemical analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934817080044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Batista ÂG, da Silva JK, Betim Cazarin CB, Biasoto ACT, Sawaya ACHF, Prado MA, Maróstica Júnior MR. Red-jambo (Syzygium malaccense): Bioactive compounds in fruits and leaves. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Syahariza ZA, Torkamani AE, Norziah HM, Mahmood WAK, Juliano P. Optimisation of pressurised liquid extraction for antioxidative polyphenolic compound fromMomordica charantiausing response surface methodology. Int J Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zainul Abidin Syahariza
- Food Technology Division; School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; USM 11800 USM Penang Malaysia
| | - Amir Ehsan Torkamani
- Food Technology Division; School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; USM 11800 USM Penang Malaysia
| | - Hani M. Norziah
- Food Technology Division; School of Industrial Technology; Universiti Sains Malaysia; USM 11800 USM Penang Malaysia
| | | | - Pablo Juliano
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition; 671 Sneydes Road Werribee Vic. 3030 Australia
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14
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Chromatographic analysis of Polygalae Radix by online hyphenating pressurized liquid extraction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27303. [PMID: 27272557 PMCID: PMC4895155 DOI: 10.1038/srep27303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Practicing “green analytical chemistry” is of great importance when profiling the chemical composition of complex matrices. Herein, a novel hybrid analytical platform was developed for direct chemical analysis of complex matrices by online hyphenating pressurized warm water extraction followed by turbulent flow chromatography coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (PWWE-TFC-LC-MS/MS). Two parallel hollow guard columns acted as extraction vessels connected to a long narrow polyether ether ketone tube, while warm water served as extraction solvent and was delivered at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min to generate considerable back pressure at either vessel. A column oven heated both the solvent and crude materials. A TFC column, which is advantageous for the comprehensive trapping of small molecular substances from fluids under turbulent flow conditions, was employed to transfer analytes from the PWWE module to LC-MS/MS. Two electronic valves alternated each vessel between extraction and elution phases. As a proof-of-concept, a famous herbal medicine for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, namely Polygalae Radix, was selected for the qualitative and quantitative analyses. The results suggest that the hybrid platform is advantageous in terms of decreasing time, material, and solvent consumption and in its automation, versatility, and environmental friendliness.
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15
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Antiviral-guided fractionation and isolation of phenolic compounds from Limonium densiflorum hydroalcoholic extract. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Song Q, Li J, Liu X, Zhang Y, Guo L, Jiang Y, Song Y, Tu P. Home-made online hyphenation of pressurized liquid extraction, turbulent flow chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography, Cistanche deserticola as a case study. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1438:189-97. [PMID: 26896915 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Incompatibility between the conventional pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) devices and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) extensively hinders direct and green chemical analysis of herbal materials. Herein, a facile PLE module was configured, and then it was online hyphenated with HPLC via a turbulent flow chromatography (TFC) column. Regarding PLE module, a long PEEK tube (0.13 × 1000 mm) was employed to generate desired pressure (approximately 13.0 MPa) when warm acidic water (70 °C) was delivered as extraction solvent at a high flow rate (2.5 mL/min), and a hollow guard column (3.0 × 4.0 mm) was implemented to hold crude materials. Effluent was collected from the outlet of PEEK tube, concentrated, and subjected onto HPLC coupled with hybrid ion trap-time of flight mass spectrometer to assess the extraction efficiency and also to profile the chemical composition of Cistanche deserticola (CD) that is honored as "Ginseng of the desert". Afterwards, a TFC column was introduced to accomplish online transmission of low molecule weight components from PLE module to HPLC coupled with diode array detection, and two electronic 6-port/2-channel valves were in charge of alternating the whole system between extraction (0-3.0 min) and elution (3.0-35.0 min) phases. Quantitative method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of eight primary phenylethanoid glycosides in CD using online PLE-TFC-HPLC. All findings demonstrated that the home-made platform is advantageous at direct chemical analysis, as well as time-, solvent-, and material-savings, suggesting a robust tool for chemical fingerprinting of herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Thermo-Fisher Scientific Corporation, Shanghai 201205, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuelin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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17
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Álvarez-Casas M, García-Jares C, Llompart M, Lores M. Effect of experimental parameters in the pressurized solvent extraction of polyphenolic compounds from white grape marc. Food Chem 2014; 157:524-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Subcritical water extraction of phenolic compounds from flaxseed meal sticks using accelerated solvent extractor (ASE). Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-2088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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The effective parameters for subcritical water extraction of SDG lignan from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) using accelerated solvent extractor. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-1974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Galanakis C, Goulas V, Tsakona S, Manganaris G, Gekas V. A Knowledge Base for The Recovery of Natural Phenols with Different Solvents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2010.522750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Critical overview of selected contemporary sample preparation techniques. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1221:84-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Caşcaval D, Galaction AI. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF SOLUTE TYPE ON FACILITATED PERTRACTION OF CINNAMIC AND p-METHOXYCINNAMIC ACIDS IN PSEUDO-STEADY-STATE CONDITIONS. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2011.570392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Caşcaval
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Technical University “Gh. Asachi” of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - A.-I. Galaction
- Department of Biotechnologies, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr.T. Popa” of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
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Mustafa A, Turner C. Pressurized liquid extraction as a green approach in food and herbal plants extraction: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 703:8-18. [PMID: 21843670 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pressurized liquid extraction is a "green" technology for the extraction of nutraceuticals from foods and herbal plants. This review discusses the extraction principles and the optimization of the extraction parameters that improves the extraction efficiency. The use of different solvent mixtures and other extraction additives to enhance the efficiency of the extraction are discussed. Dynamic mode of extraction in Pressurized liquid extraction, and the use of combined and hyphenated sample preparation and analytical techniques are presented. This work discusses how different studies used Pressurized liquid extraction to enrich phenolic compounds, lignans, carotenoids, oils and lipids, essential oils and other nutraceuticals from foods and herbal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Mustafa
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden.
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Galano A, Francisco-Márquez M, Alvarez-Idaboy JR. Mechanism and kinetics studies on the antioxidant activity of sinapinic acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:11199-205. [PMID: 21566849 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20722a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The OOH radical scavenging activity of sinapinic acid (HSA) has been studied in aqueous and lipid solutions, using the Density Functional Theory. HSA is predicted to react about 32.6 times faster in aqueous solution than in lipid media. The overall rate coefficients are predicted to be 5.39 × 10(5) and 1.66 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. Branching ratios for the different channels of reaction are also reported for the first time, as well as the UV-Vis spectra of the main products of reaction. It was found that the reactivity of sinapinic acid towards OOH radicals takes place almost exclusively by H atom transfer from its phenolic moiety. However it was found to react via SET, at diffusion-limit controlled rate constants, with ˙OH, ˙OCCl(3) and ˙OOCCl(3) radicals. It was found that the polarity of the environment and the deprotonation of HSA in aqueous solution, both increase the reactivity of this compound towards peroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, México D F, Mexico.
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Garcia-Salas P, Morales-Soto A, Segura-Carretero A, Fernández-Gutiérrez A. Phenolic-compound-extraction systems for fruit and vegetable samples. Molecules 2010; 15:8813-26. [PMID: 21131901 PMCID: PMC6259353 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15128813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the phenolic-compound-extraction systems used to analyse fruit and vegetable samples over the last 10 years. Phenolic compounds are naturally occurring antioxidants, usually found in fruits and vegetables. Sample preparation for analytical studies is necessary to determine the polyphenolic composition in these matrices. The most widely used extraction system is liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), which is an inexpensive method since it involves the use of organic solvents, but it requires long extraction times, giving rise to possible extract degradation. Likewise, solid-phase extraction (SPE) can be used in liquid samples. Modern techniques, which have been replacing conventional ones, include: supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). These alternative techniques reduce considerably the use of solvents and accelerate the extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Garcia-Salas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Functional Food Research and Development Centre, Health Science Technological Park, E-18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Morales-Soto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Functional Food Research and Development Centre, Health Science Technological Park, E-18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Functional Food Research and Development Centre, Health Science Technological Park, E-18100 Granada, Spain
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-958-243-296; Fax: +34-958-249-510
| | - Alberto Fernández-Gutiérrez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Functional Food Research and Development Centre, Health Science Technological Park, E-18100 Granada, Spain
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Gaspar A, Martins M, Silva P, Garrido EM, Garrido J, Firuzi O, Miri R, Saso L, Borges F. Dietary phenolic acids and derivatives. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of sinapic acid and its alkyl esters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11273-11280. [PMID: 20949946 DOI: 10.1021/jf103075r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The action of sinapic acid and its alkyl esters as potential antioxidants has been investigated. For this purpose, a series of sinapic acid ester derivatives was synthesized and their antioxidant activities were evaluated using distinctive analytical methods, namely, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and FRAP UV-vis methods and differential scanning calorimetry. The electron-donating activity and lipophilicity of these phenolic compounds were also evaluated. From the overall results it was concluded that alkyl ester sinapates (linear alkyl esters) present almost the same antioxidant activity, albeit slightly lower, exhibited by the parent compound (sinapic acid). Furthermore, the addition of an alkyl ester side chain has a positive effect on the partition coefficient of sinapic acid, improving its utility as an antioxidant in a more lipophilic medium. The data on the antioxidant activity obtained by different analytical methods correlated well with each other and have revealed interesting antioxidant data of alkyl esters of sinapic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gaspar
- CIQ/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Liazid A, Barbero GF, Palma M, Brigui J, Barroso CG. Rapid Determination of Simple Polyphenols in Grapes by LC Using a Monolithic Column. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Seo IH, Choi SW. Preparation of High Quality Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Seed Extract by High-Pressure Extraction Process. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2009.14.4.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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29
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WIBOONSIRIKUL J, ADACHI S. Extraction of Functional Substances from Agricultural Products or By-products by Subcritical Water Treatment. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.14.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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30
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Galaction A, Cămăruţ M, Caşcaval D. Selective Separation of Cinnamic and p‐Methoxycinnamic Acids by Facilitated Pertraction. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390701626628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Abad-García B, Berrueta LA, López-Márquez DM, Crespo-Ferrer I, Gallo B, Vicente F. Optimization and validation of a methodology based on solvent extraction and liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of several polyphenolic families in fruit juices. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1154:87-96. [PMID: 17449048 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A solvent extraction procedure of freeze-dried aliquots followed by the analysis of phenolic compounds by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with photodiode array detection (DAD) has been developed for the analysis of polyphenolic compounds in fruit juices. This methodology is focussed on the characterization of fruit juices, mainly for quality control purposes. The effects of experimental variables, such as solvent composition and volume and time and temperature on extraction, have been studied. A unique gradient program for the separation of several phenolic classes (hydroquinones, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavan-3-oles, hydroxycinnamic acids, coumarins, flavanones, flavones, dihydrochalcones and flavonols) has been optimized, using standards of 55 commercially available phenolic compounds present in fruits, as well as representative real extracts from fruit juices. All phenolic compounds showed a high repeatability within-day (n=5) and between days (n=3) in peak area (RSD<8%) and excellent stability of their retention times. High precision was also observed in calibration slopes (RSD<8%). Detection limits ranged between 0.005 and 0.03 microg/mL for the different detected polyphenols. Complete recoveries (98-100%) were obtained for the majority of the phenolic structures of all representative phenolic families present in fruits. The method was successfully employed to measure diverse phenolic families in juices from 18 different fruits and consequently could be used for evaluate the quality of fruit juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Abad-García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
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32
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Mendiola JA, Herrero M, Cifuentes A, Ibañez E. Use of compressed fluids for sample preparation: Food applications. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:234-46. [PMID: 17353022 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review attempts to provide an updated overview (including works published till June 2006) on the latest applications of compressed fluids as sample preparation techniques for food analysis. After a general review of the principles of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE; also called accelerated solvent extraction, ASE or subcritical water extraction, SWE, when water is employed as extraction solvent), the principal applications of such techniques in the mentioned fields of food and natural products are described, discussing their main advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Mendiola
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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33
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Colour stability of anthocyanins from Isabel grapes (Vitis labrusca L.) in model systems. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2006.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Liu HL, Wan X, Huang XF, Kong LY. Biotransformation of sinapic acid catalyzed by Momordica charantia peroxidase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:1003-8. [PMID: 17263505 DOI: 10.1021/jf0628072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of sinapic acid (1) with H2O2/Momordica charantia peroxidase, which exists in the widely used food M. charantia, at pH 5.0, 43 degrees C, in the presence of acetone resulted in six compounds, including four new compounds. Compound 2 was the first isolation of a new unique sinapic acid tetrameric derivate, which is formed by peroxidase catalysis in vitro. Besides 2, three other new sinapic acid dimers, 3-5 have also been isolated. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic data. Compound 5 showed a stronger antioxidative activity than the parent sinapic acid (1). Compounds 4 and 5 significantly inhibited the growth of HL-60 cell at the concentration of 10-5 microl/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Li Liu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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35
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Dopico-García MS, Valentão P, Guerra L, Andrade PB, Seabra RM. Experimental design for extraction and quantification of phenolic compounds and organic acids in white “Vinho Verde” grapes. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 583:15-22. [PMID: 17386521 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An experimental design was applied for the optimization of extraction and clean-up processes of phenolic compounds and organic acids from white "Vinho Verde" grapes. The developed analytical method consisted in two steps: first a solid-liquid extraction of both phenolic compounds and organic acids and then a clean-up step using solid-phase extraction (SPE). Afterwards, phenolic compounds and organic acids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a diode array detector (DAD) and HPLC-UV, respectively. Plackett-Burman design was carried out to select the significant experimental parameters affecting both the extraction and the clean-up steps. The identified and quantified phenolic compounds were: quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, kaempferol and epicatechin. The determined organic acids were oxalic, citric, tartaric, malic, shikimic and fumaric acids. The obtained results showed that the most important variables were the temperature (40 degrees C) and the solvent (acid water at pH 2 with 5% methanol) for the extraction step and the type of sorbent (C18 non end-capped) for the clean-up step.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Dopico-García
- REQUIMTE-Serviço de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Aníbal Cunha 164, 4050-047 Porto, Portugal
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36
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37
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Barbero GF, Palma M, Barroso CG. Pressurized liquid extraction of capsaicinoids from peppers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:3231-6. [PMID: 16637678 DOI: 10.1021/jf060021y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the extraction of capsaicinoids from peppers by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE); these compounds are determined by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with detection by fluorescence spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry (MS). The stability of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin has been studied at different temperatures (50-200 degrees C), and several extraction variables have been assayed: solvent (methanol, ethanol, and water), different percentages of water in the methanol (0-20%) and in the ethanol (0-20%), and the number of extraction cycles. The study has evaluated the repeatability (RSD < 7%) and the reproducibility (RSD < 7%) of the method. Finally, the PLE method developed has been applied to quantify the capsaicinoids present in three varieties of hot peppers cultivated in Spain, quantifying five capsaicinoids: nordihydrocapsaicin, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, an isomer of dihydrocapsaicin, and homodihydrocapsaicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo F Barbero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cadiz, Apartado 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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38
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Ong ES, Cheong JSH, Goh D. Pressurized hot water extraction of bioactive or marker compounds in botanicals and medicinal plant materials. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1112:92-102. [PMID: 16388815 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 12/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To reduce the use of organic solvent, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) has been shown to be a feasible option for the extraction of bioactive and marker compounds in botanicals and medicinal plants. The parameters that may affect the extraction efficiencies in PHWE include temperature, extraction time and addition of small percentage of organic solvent or surfactants. Currently, applications of PHWE for the extraction of thermally labile compounds in botanicals are still rather limited. PHWE with and without the additional of a small percentage of organic solvent such as ethanol is highly suited for the chemical standardization and quality control of medicinal plants. At the same time, it can be applied at the pilot scale as a manufacturing process for medicinal plants. Surfactant assisted PHWE was found to enhance the extraction of thermally labile and more hydrophobic species in medicinal plants at a lower temperature. The addition of small amount of surfactants in PHWE is highly suited for the determination of bioactive or marker compounds in medicinal plants. With proper optimization, PHWE was observed to have good extraction efficiency and precision when compared to other reference methods of extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Shi Ong
- Applied Science School, Temasek Polytechnic, 21 Tampines Avenue 1, Singapore 59757, Singapore.
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39
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Piñeiro Z, Palma M, Barroso CG. Determination of trans-resveratrol in grapes by pressurised liquid extraction and fast high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1110:61-5. [PMID: 16464455 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A study has been made of the extraction of trans-resveratrol from grapes using pressurised liquids (PLE); for this, the first stage was to determine the stability of this compound during extractions at different temperatures (50, 100, 150 degrees C), with quantitative recoveries being obtained up to 150 degrees C. By employing solid-phase extraction (SPE) it was possible to retain this compound and separate it from other interfering substances present in the grape. The method developed comprises a sequential extraction of the sample adsorbed (0.5g) on a polystyrene-divinylbenzene based sorbent in the extraction chamber, first with water at 40 degrees C and 40atm of pressure (three cycles of 5min), and then with methanol at 150 degrees C and 40atm (three cycles of 5min). The trans-resveratrol content of the methanolic extract is determined by means of liquid chromatography. A rapid (5min) chromatographic method employing a monolithic column, with fluorescence detection, has been developed; for this, the conditions for detection of the compound were optimised (excitation at 310nm and emission at 403nm). The analytical parameters of the method of chromatographic analysis developed have been calculated: linear range (0.11-2.75mg/L), detection limit (0.003mg/L), quantification limit (0.004mg/L). Using this method, three varieties of grape have been analysed and the concentration of trans-resveratrol in these has been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Piñeiro
- Grupo de Investigación Químico Analítico del Vino y Productos Agroalimentarios, Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Apdo 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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40
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Herrera MC, de Castro MDL. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from strawberries prior to liquid chromatographic separation and photodiode array ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1100:1-7. [PMID: 16203008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-assisted extraction was used for the determination of phenolic compounds present in strawberries. The optimization study of the extraction was carried out using spiked samples (100 mg/kg). The sample immersed in an aqueous solution containing hydrochloric acid (0.4 M) was sonicated for 2 min (duty cycle 0.2 s, output amplitude 20% of the nominal amplitude of the converter, applied power 100 W with the probe placed 1cm from the bottom of the water bath and 5 cm from the walls of the precipitate glass). Subsequent separation was carried out by liquid chromatography (LC) with photodiode array UV detection. Calibration curves using the standard addition in green strawberries typically gave linear dynamic ranges of 2-300 mg/l for all analytes; R(2) values exceeded 0.996 in all cases. The method was applied to two types of strawberries to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, which is much faster and produces less analyte degradation than methods as solid-liquid, subcritical water and microwave-assisted extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Herrera
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Spain
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41
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Wan JB, Lai CM, Li SP, Lee MY, Kong LY, Wang YT. Simultaneous determination of nine saponins from Panax notoginseng using HPLC and pressurized liquid extraction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 41:274-9. [PMID: 16316736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A HPLC and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) method was developed for simultaneous determination of nine saponins, including notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3 and Rd in Panax notoginseng. The analysis was performed on C18 column with water-acetonitrile gradient elution and the investigated saponins were authenticated by comparing retention time and mass spectra with their reference compounds. Several methods including PLE, ultrasonication, soxhlet extraction and immersion were used for sample preparation and their extraction efficiency was compared. The results showed that PLE has the highest extraction efficiency and repeatability, which would be valuable on standardization of sample preparation for quality control of Chinese medicines. The developed HPLC and PLE is an effective approach for simultaneously quantitative determination of sapoinins in P. notoginseng, which could be used for quality control of P. notoginseng and its preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Wan
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Department of Phytochemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210038, China
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42
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Carabias-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Revilla-Ruiz P, Hernández-Méndez J. Pressurized liquid extraction in the analysis of food and biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1089:1-17. [PMID: 16130765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Originally, the use of the pressurized liquid extraction technique (PLE) was mainly focused on the extraction of environmental pollutants present in soil matrices, sediments, and sewage sludge. However, more recently the distinct advantages of this technique are being exploited in diverse areas, including biology, and the pharmaceutical and food industries. The aim of the present review is to explore recent analytical applications of this extraction technique (PLE) in the extraction of contaminant compounds and matrix components in food and biological samples, placing special emphasis on the strategies followed to obtain a rapid, selective, efficient and reliable extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Carabias-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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43
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Chafer A, Pascual-Martí MC, Salvador A, Berna A. Supercritical fluid extraction and HPLC determination of relevant polyphenolic compounds in grape skin. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2050-6. [PMID: 16318198 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The polyphenols determined are: (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, rutin, quercetin and trans-resveratrol. Suitable conditions of supercritical fluid extraction were established using ethanol as a modifier of the polarity solvent (supercritical carbon dioxide). Final extraction conditions were: 20% v/v ethanol, 60degreesC, 250 bars and flow rate 2 mL/min. Static step time and dynamic step time were established using a selected grape skin sample. The extract was collected in water; the more polar polyphenols ((+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin) remain in solution but rutin, quercetin and trans-resveratrol precipitate in this medium, thereby the solution of the extracted polyphenols was filtered. (+)-Catechin and (-)-epicatechin were determined in the liquid fraction, while the solid fraction, containing rutin, quercetin and trans-resveratrol, was solved with ethanol/H20 (40:60). HPLC determination was carried out at C18 stationary phase, with ethanol/water/acetic acid as mobile phases and UV-visible diode array detection. Due to the significant differences between the polarity of the polyphenols, two different mobile phases were used. An ethanol/water/acetic acid (5:93:2) mobile phase was used to determine (+)-catechin (280 nm) and (-)-epicatechin (280 nm). On the other hand, rutin (254 nm), quercetin (254 nm) and trans-resveratrol (306 nm) were resolved using ethanol/water/acetic acid (40:58:2) as mobile phase. Instrumental parameters were optimised and analytical parameters obtained. The analytical method was validated and applied to five different varieties of Vitis vinifera from the geographical area of Valencia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Chafer
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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44
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2003; 14:60-66. [PMID: 12597257 DOI: 10.1002/pca.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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