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Souza ID, Oliveira IGC, Queiroz MEC. Innovative extraction materials for fiber-in-tube solid phase microextraction: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1165:238110. [PMID: 33975700 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction (fiber-in-tube SPME) with short capillary longitudinally packed with fine fibers as extraction device allows direct coupling to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems to determine weakly volatile or thermally labile compounds. This technique associates the advantages of miniaturized and analytical on-line systems. Major achievements include the use of different capillaries (fused-silica, copper, stainless steel, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), or poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)) that are packed with neat fibers (Zylon®, silk, or Kevlar 29®) or fibers (stainless steel, basalt, or carbon) functionalized with selective coatings (aerogels, ionic liquids (ILs), polymeric ionic liquids (PILs), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), or conducting polymer). This review outlines the fundamental theory and the innovative extraction materials for fiber-in-tube SPME-HPLC systems and highlights their main applications in environmental and bioanalyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel D Souza
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor G C Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia C Queiroz
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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2
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NAKAGAMI K, AMIYA M, SHIMIZU K, SUMIYA O, KOIKE R, UETA I, SAITO Y. Retention Behavior of Various Aromatic Compounds on Poly(butylene terephthalate) Stationary Phase in Liquid Chromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2020. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2020.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki NAKAGAMI
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Misato AMIYA
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Keiichi SHIMIZU
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Ohjiro SUMIYA
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Ryota KOIKE
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Ikuo UETA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | - Yoshihiro SAITO
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology
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3
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Yuan Z, Zhou W, Chen Z. Flower‐like layered double hydroxide‐modified stainless‐steel fibers for online in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction of Sudan dyes. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1316-1322. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaicheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationHubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticalsand Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10080 P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationHubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticalsand Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug DiscoveryMinistry of EducationHubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticalsand Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wuhan 430071 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10080 P. R. China
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4
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Ueta I, Sekiguchi N, Suzuki A, Kobayashi Y, Kuwabara T, Saito Y. Polyethylene Terephthalate Nanofiber Sheet as the Novel Extraction Medium for the Determination of Phthalates in Water Samples. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:277-281. [PMID: 31611475 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel extraction medium was developed by packing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanofiber sheet having a diameter of 500 nm into a stainless-steel capillary of 0.8 mm inner diameter. The nanofiber was prepared by a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser supersonic multi-drawing method, which has a significantly higher surface area than the original PET fiber. A nanofiber sheet was prepared by winding the nanofibers. Extraction of phthalates in water samples by a PET nanofiber-packed extraction capillary was investigated using a conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Water samples were introduced into the extraction capillary with a low pressure. After extracting the water sample, the extraction capillary was directly connected to a six-port valve of HPLC with a PEEK nut, and the extracted analytes were desorbed, followed by injection to an HPLC system using a small amount of organic solvent. In this manuscript, the fundamental performance of the nanofiber sheet-packed extraction capillary for the extraction of organic compounds in water samples is quantitatively evaluated using a conventional HPLC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Ueta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, 400-8511, Japan.
| | - Naho Sekiguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, 400-8511, Japan
| | - Yuta Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, 400-8511, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kuwabara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, 400-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Saito
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan
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5
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Nakagami K, Monobe T, Sumiya O, Takashima K, Ueta I, Saito Y. Braid configuration designed for fiber-packed capillary in microscale sample preparation. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1613:460694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Sample preparation for the analysis of drugs in biological fluids. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64066-6.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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SUMIYA O, TAZAWA T, NAKAGAMI K, SHIRAI Y, MORIUCHI K, UETA I, SAITO Y. Spherical Polyimide Particles as a Novel Stationary Phase in Liquid Chromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2018. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2018.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ohjiro SUMIYA
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Toshiaki TAZAWA
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Koki NAKAGAMI
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | | | | | - Ikuo UETA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | - Yoshihiro SAITO
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
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8
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NAKAGAMI K, SUMIYA O, TAZAWA T, MONOBE T, WATANABE M, UETA I, SAITO Y. Polyimide Filaments as a Novel Stationary Phase in Packed-Capillary Gas Chromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2018. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2018.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki NAKAGAMI
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Ohjiro SUMIYA
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Toshiaki TAZAWA
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Tomoya MONOBE
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Mitsuru WATANABE
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Ikuo UETA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | - Yoshihiro SAITO
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
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9
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Razmi H, Khosrowshahi EM, Farrokhzadeh S. Introduction of coiled solid phase microextraction fiber coated by mesoporous silica/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide for ultra-trace environmental analysis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1506:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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SAITO Y, UETA I. Miniaturization for the Development of High Performance Separation Systems. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2017. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2017.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro SAITO
- Departmentof Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
| | - Ikuo UETA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
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11
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Tazawa T, Mori Y, Kobayashi A, Nakane K, Monobe T, Ueta I, Saito Y. Preconcentration of Aromatic Compounds in Aqueous Samples with a Polymer-coated Fiber-packed Capillary and Subsequent Temperature-programmed Elution with Water for Pseudo-2D LC Separations. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:1137-41. [PMID: 26561257 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A bundle of polymer-coated filaments was successfully introduced as an extraction medium for the preconcentration of an aqueous solution of aromatic compounds. The extraction was simply carried out with pumping the aqueous sample solution to the extraction capillary at ambient temperature. The extracted analytes were sequentially eluted with a flow of pure water using temperature-programmed heating of the extraction capillary in an oven. The results clearly suggest that the polymer-coated fiber-packed capillary could be employed in the sample preparation process for the analysis of various aqueous samples. Introducing the fractions eluted from the fiber-packed capillary to a conventional microcolumn liquid chromatography (micro-LC) system via a home-made valve-based modulator, an on-line coupled extraction/separation system was developed and a possibility to a pseudo-two-dimensional (pseudo-2D) LC separation of aromatic compounds in aqueous matrices has also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Tazawa
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
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12
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Pietrzyńska M, Voelkel A. Optimization of the in-needle extraction device for the direct flow of the liquid sample through the sorbent layer. Talanta 2014; 129:392-7. [PMID: 25127610 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In-needle extraction was applied for preparation of aqueous samples. This technique was used for direct isolation of analytes from liquid samples which was achieved by forcing the flow of the sample through the sorbent layer: silica or polymer (styrene/divinylbenzene). Specially designed needle was packed with three different sorbents on which the analytes (phenol, p-benzoquinone, 4-chlorophenol, thymol and caffeine) were retained. Acceptable sampling conditions for direct analysis of liquid sample were selected. Experimental data collected from the series of liquid samples analysis made with use of in-needle device showed that the effectiveness of the system depends on various parameters such as breakthrough volume and the sorption capacity, effect of sampling flow rate, solvent effect on elution step, required volume of solvent for elution step. The optimal sampling flow rate was in range of 0.5-2 mL/min, the minimum volume of solvent was at 400 µL level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pietrzyńska
- Poznań University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, pl. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Adam Voelkel
- Poznań University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, pl. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
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13
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UETA I, SAITO Y. Needle-type Extraction Device Designed for Rapid and Sensitive Analysis in Gas Chromatography. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:105-10. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo UETA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | - Yoshihiro SAITO
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
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14
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Chao YY, Lee CH, Chien TY, Shih YH, Lu YA, Kuo TH, Huang YL. Effects of push/pull perfusion and ultrasonication on the extraction efficiencies of phthalate esters in sports drink samples using on-line hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:8063-8071. [PMID: 23944740 DOI: 10.1021/jf401734u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies, we developed a process, on-line ultrasound-assisted push/pull perfusion hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (UA-PPP-HF-LPME), combining the techniques of push/pull perfusion (PPP) and ultrasonication with hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), to achieve rapid extraction of acidic phenols from water samples. In this present study, we further evaluated three more-advanced and novel effects of PPP and ultrasonication on the extraction efficiencies of neutral high-molecular-weight phthalate esters (HPAEs) in sports drinks. First, we found that inner-fiber fluid leakage occurs only in push-only perfusion-based and pull-only perfusion-based HF-LPME, but not in the PPP mode. Second, we identified a significant negative interaction between ultrasonication and temperature. Third, we found that the extraction time of the newly proposed system could be shortened by more than 93%. From an investigation of the factors affecting UA-PPP-HF-LPME, we established optimal extraction conditions and achieved acceptable on-line enrichment factors of 92-146 for HPAEs with a sampling time of just 2 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Chao
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 886-7, Taiwan
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15
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Hu Y, Song C, Li G. Fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction with molecularly imprinted coating for sensitive analysis of antibiotic drugs by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1263:21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Nakane K, Shirai S, Saito Y, Moriwake Y, Ueta I, Inoue M, Jinno K. High-temperature separations on a polymer-coated fibrous stationary phase in microcolumn liquid chromatography. ANAL SCI 2012; 27:811-6. [PMID: 21828918 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.27.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel polymer-coated fiber-packed microcolumns in liquid chromatography (LC) have been developed. Typical polymeric materials, such as polydimethylsiloxane and polyethyleneglycol, which are conventional stationary phases of capillary columns in gas chromatography (GC), have been employed as coating materials onto the surface of fine filaments. Packed longitudinally with a bundle of polymer-coated filaments into a stainless-steel capillary of 0.8 mm i.d., 150 mm length, several types of polymer-coated fiber-packed columns were prepared, and the retention behavior of aromatic compounds on these columns has been studied. A good linear relationship was obtained for van't Hoff plots over the temperature range between 0 and 200 °C, clearly indicating an excellent heat-resistant property of these polymer-coated fibrous stationary phases. Taking advantage of the heat-resistant feature of the fibrous stationary phases, the separation of several test mixtures with temperature-programmed elution was studied, where a solvent gradient program was additionally introduced if needed. Separation was also carried out with pure water as the mobile phase using an appropriate temperature program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nakane
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo UETA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Yamanashi
| | - Yoshihiro SAITO
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology
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18
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Inoue M, Saito Y, Ueta I, Miura T, Ohkita H, Fujimura K, Jinno K. Rapid temperature-programmed separation and retention prediction on a novel packed-capillary column in gas chromatography. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:687-91. [PMID: 20543501 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel packed-capillary columns for gas chromatography were developed with a thin-wall stainless-steel capillary of 1.0 mm i.d.; and rapid temperature-programmed separations have been carried out after a basic evaluation concerning the compatibility of these columns to the temperature program. With a numerical integration method, the retention of several test analytes during temperature-programmed elution was successfully estimated. In order to confirm the suitability of the packed-capillary columns to relatively fast temperature programming up to 40 degrees C/min, theoretically predicted retention data were compared with that actually measured. The results suggested a good separation performance of the newly developed packed-capillary columns as a particle-packed column conventionally used. Also, the compatibility to a rapid temperature-programmed operation was quite satisfactory for almost all of the separations currently done in typical analytical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Inoue
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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19
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Hii TM, Basheer C, Lee HK. Commercial polymeric fiber as sorbent for solid-phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7520-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Ueta I, Saito Y, Ghani NBA, Ogawa M, Yogo K, Abe A, Shirai S, Jinno K. Rapid determination of ethylene oxide with fiber-packed sample preparation needle. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2848-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Design of packed-fiber solid-phase extraction device for analysis of the drug and its metabolite in plasma. Biomed Microdevices 2009; 11:723-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-009-9285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Fiber-packed needle-type sample preparation device designed for gas chromatographic analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:861-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Lord HL. Strategies for interfacing solid-phase microextraction with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:2-13. [PMID: 17178415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques are equally applicable to both volatile and non-volatile analytes, but the progress in applications to gas-phase separations has outpaced that of liquid-phase separations. The interfacing of SPME to gas chromatographic equipment has been straight-forward, requiring little modification of existing equipment. The requirement of solvent desorption for non-volatile or thermally labile analytes has, however, proven challenging for interfacing SPME with liquid-phase separations. Numerous options to achieve this have been described in the literature over the past decade, with applications in several different areas of analysis. To date, no single strategy or interface device design has proven optimal. During method development analysts must select the most appropriate interfacing technique among the options available. Out of these options three general strategies have emerged: (1) use of a manual injection interface tee; (2) in-tube SPME; and (3) off-line desorption followed by conventional liquid injection. In addition, there has been interest in coupling SPME directly to electrospray ionisation and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) for mass spectrometry. Several examples of each of these strategies are reviewed here, and an overview of their use and application is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Lord
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, W. Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8N 3Z5.
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24
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Saito Y, Ueta I, Ogawa M, Hayashida M, Jinno K. Miniaturized sample preparation needle: A versatile design for the rapid analysis of smoking-related compounds in hair and air samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:1-7. [PMID: 17379468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturized needle extraction device has been developed as a versatile sample preparation device designed for the rapid and simple analysis of smoking-related compounds in smokers' hair samples and environmental tobacco smoke. Packed with polymeric particle, the resulting particle-packed needle was employed as a miniaturized sample preparation device for the analysis of typical volatile organic compounds in tobacco smoke. Introducing a bundle of polymer-coated filaments as the extraction medium, the needle was further applied as a novel sample preparation device containing simultaneous derivatization/extraction process of volatile aldehydes. Formaldehyde (FA) and acetaldehyde (AA) in smoker's breath during the smoking were successfully derivatized with two derivatization reagents in the polymer-coated fiber-packed needle device followed by the separation and determination in gas chromatography (GC). Smokers' hair samples were also packed into the needle, allowing the direct extraction of nicotine from the hair sample in a conventional GC injector. Optimizing the main experimental parameters for each technique, successful determination of several smoking-related compounds with these needle extraction methods has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Saito
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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25
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Ogawa M, Saito Y, Ueta I, Jinno K. Fiber-packed needle for dynamic extraction of aromatic compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:619-25. [PMID: 17393146 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A fiber-packed needle was developed as a novel extraction device for gas-chromatographic analysis of trace organic compounds in aqueous samples. In the extraction device, a bundle of the polymer-coated filaments as the sorbent material was longitudinally packed into a specially designed needle. The extraction was made by pumping the aqueous sample solution into the needle extraction device, and the subsequent desorption process was carried out with a flow of desorption solvent through the needle in a heated gas chromatograph injector. The needle device showed an excellent thermal stability for repeated use without any deterioration of extraction performance, and no carryover effect was observed after the optimization of the desorption conditions. Additionally, the extraction efficiency of the fiber-packed needle could be enhanced by optimizing the number of packed filaments. The selectivity for various compounds could be also tuned using an appropriate combination of the fibrous medium and the coating polymer. The relative standard deviation for run to run was from 3.88 to 4.55% (n = 5), and that for needle to needle was 7.21% (n = 3), clearly suggesting a good repeatability of the needle extraction technique developed. Upon successful optimization of the extraction conditions, a rapid extraction of trace organic compounds from an aqueous sample matrix was successfully demonstrated, where each extraction process was completed within 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Ogawa
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan
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Morishima Y, Hirata Y, Jinno K, Fujimoto C. Solid‐Phase Extraction Device Coupled to a Microcolumn Liquid Chromatograph with a UV Detector for Determining Estrogens in Water Samples. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500330901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoriko Morishima
- a School of Materials Science , Toyohashi University of Technology , Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Yukio Hirata
- a School of Materials Science , Toyohashi University of Technology , Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Kiyokatsu Jinno
- a School of Materials Science , Toyohashi University of Technology , Toyohashi, Japan
| | - Chuzo Fujimoto
- b Department of Chemistry , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu, Japan
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27
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Peeraprasompong P, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P. Capillary microextraction for simultaneous analysis of multi-residual semivolatile organic compounds in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:174-81. [PMID: 17285160 DOI: 10.1039/b615344e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Capillary microextractor (CME) in combination with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was employed for the determination of trace priority hazardous substances in water. Three groups of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), i.e., chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were simultaneously determined. SVOCs were extracted from 7 mL of water samples on a 100 cm commercial gas chromatographic column (0.32 mm id x film thickness 0.25 microm, HP-5 capillary column) and eluted with only 3 microL of acetonitrile. The extractant was analyzed by GC-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode. The method showed good linearity over the concentration range 10 ng L(-1) to 3.0 mg L(-1) with correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.99 and low limits of detection ranged from 10 ng L(-1) to 1.0 mg L(-1). High recovery (more than 80%) was obtained with relative standard deviation less than 10%. The method was successfully applied for trace level analyses of SVOCs in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pensiri Peeraprasompong
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry/Trace Analysis Research Unit, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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29
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Wang JX, Jiang DQ, Gu ZY, Yan XP. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated fibers for solid-phase microextraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water and milk samples before gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1137:8-14. [PMID: 17055524 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environmental samples has raised great concerns due to the widespread use of PBDEs and their potential risk to humans. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a fast, simple, cost-effective, and green sample preparation technique and is widely used for environmental analysis, but reports on the application of SPME for determination of PBDEs are very limited, and only a few publications dealing with commercial SPME fibers are available for extraction of PBDEs. Herein, we report a novel SPME method using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the SPME fiber coating for gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) of PBDEs in environmental samples. The MWCNTs coating gave much higher enhancement factors (616-1756) than poly (5% dibenzene-95% dimethylsiloxane) coating (139-384) and activated carbon coating (193-423). Thirty-minute extraction of 10 mL of sample solution using the MWCNTs coated fiber for GC-ECD determination yielded the limits of detection of 3.6-8.6 ng L(-1) and exhibited good linearity of the calibration functions (r(2)>0.995). The precision (RSD%, n=4) for peak area and retention time at the 500 ng L(-1) level was 6.9-8.8% and 0.6-0.9%, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for the analysis of real samples including local river water, wastewater, and milk samples. The recovery of the PBDEs at 500 ng L(-1) spiked in these samples ranged from 90 to 119%. No PBDEs were detected in the river water and skimmed milk samples, whereas in the wastewater sample, 134-215 ng L(-1) of PBDEs were found. The PBDEs were detected in all whole fat milk samples, ranging from 13 to 484 ng L(-1). In a semiskimmed milk sample, only BDE-47 was found at 21 ng L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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30
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Oliferova LA, Statkus MA, Tsisin GI, Wang J, Zolotov YA. On-line coupling of sorption preconcentration to liquid-chromatographic methods of analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934806050029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Saito Y, Ueta I, Ogawa M, Jinno K. Simultaneous derivatization/preconcentration of volatile aldehydes with a miniaturized fiber-packed sample preparation device designed for gas chromatographic analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:725-32. [PMID: 16823567 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel in-needle sample preparation device has been developed for the determination of volatile aldehydes in gaseous samples. The needle device is designed for the gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of aldehydes and ketones commonly found in typical in-house environments. In order to prepare the extraction device, a bundle of polymer-coated filaments was longitudinally packed into a specially designed needle. Derivatization reactions were prompted by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (NDPH) included in the needle, and so the aldehydes and ketones were derivatized to the corresponding hydrazones and extracted with the extraction needle. A reproducible extraction needle preparation process was established, along with a repeatable derivatization/extraction process that ensures the successful determination of aldehydes. The storage performance of the extraction needle was also evaluated at room temperature for three days. The results demonstrate the successful application of the fiber-packed extraction device to the preparation of a gaseous sample of aldehydes, and the future possibility of applying the extraction device to the analysis of in-house environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Saito
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Raynie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, USA.
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33
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Ogawa M, Saito Y, Imaizumi M, Wada H, Jinno K. Longitudinal Miniaturization of Fiber-Packed Capillary Column in High Temperature Gas Chromatography. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Saito Y, Ueta I, Kotera K, Ogawa M, Wada H, Jinno K. In-needle extraction device designed for gas chromatographic analysis of volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1106:190-5. [PMID: 16443461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel in-needle extraction device has been developed for the preconcentration of gaseous organic compounds prior to the determination in gas chromatography (GC). As the extraction medium, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was synthesized. Based on the results in the preliminary experiments, the desorption conditions such as desorption temperature and time have been optimized along with the evaluation of the extraction efficiency. The storage performance of the needle extraction device was also studied. The results clearly demonstrated the excellent extraction performance for typical organic solvents and also suggested the future possibility such as in the applications for the analysis of working environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Saito
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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35
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Lou DW, Saito Y, Jinno K. Simultaneous LC Determination of Ginsenosides Using a Modified Extraction Procedure and an Improved Step Gradient Program. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Abe A, Saito Y, Imaizumi M, Ogawa M, Takeichi T, Jinno K. Surface derivatization of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fiber designed for novel separation and extraction media. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2413-8. [PMID: 16342809 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The surface derivatization of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fiber was studied. The obtained surface-derivatized filaments were packed into a fused-silica capillary to evaluate its surface characteristics by using GC. As the stationary phase for GC the surface-derivatized fibers showed higher retention for alkanes and alkylbenzenes than that with the untreated Kevlar fiber. The improvements on the retention power and the peak shape were observed on the benzyl-modified fibrous stationary phase. The derivatized fibrous materials were also evaluated as the extraction medium in fiber-in-tube SPE, and the effect of the surface modification on the extraction power was compared to the parent fiber. The results indicated that the modified fiber possessed a higher extraction power than the untreated fiber. Based on the facts, the successful modification of the fiber surface was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Abe
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Japan
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37
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Lou DW, Saito Y, Jinno K. Solid-Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Simultaneous Determination of Important Bioactive Ginsenosides in Pharmaceutical Preparations. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Saito Y, Ogawa M, Imaizumi M, Ban K, Abe A, Takeichi T, Wada H, Jinno K. High-temperature separation with polymer-coated fiber in packed capillary gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:825-9. [PMID: 15933854 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-2967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Revised: 11/07/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature gas chromatographic separation of several synthetic polymer mixtures with Dexsil-coated fiber-packed columns was studied. A bundle of heat-resistant filaments, Zylon, was longitudinally packed into a short metal capillary, followed by the conventional coating process with Dexsil 300 material. Prior to the packing process the metal capillary was deactivated by the formation of a silica layer. The typical size of the resulting column was 0.3-mm i.d., 0.5-mm o.d., 1-m length, and packed with about 170 filaments of the Dexsil-coated Zylon. The column temperature could be elevated up to 450 degrees C owing to the good thermal stability of the fiber, Dexsil coating, and metal capillary; furthermore, this allowed the separation of low-volatile compounds to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Saito
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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39
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Ramos L, Ramos JJ, Brinkman UAT. Miniaturization in sample treatment for environmental analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2004; 381:119-40. [PMID: 15602622 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-2906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 10/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The increasing demand for faster, more cost-effective and environmentally friendly analytical methods is a major incentive to improve the classical procedures used for sample treatment in environmental analysis. In most classical procedures, the use of rapid and powerful instrumental techniques for the final separation and detection of the analytes contrasts with the time-consuming and usually manual methods used for sample preparation, which slows down the total analytical process. The efforts made in this field in the past ten years have led to the adaptation of existing methods and the development of new techniques to save time and chemicals, and improve overall performance. One route has been to develop at-line or on-line and, frequently, automated systems. In these approaches, miniaturization has been a key factor in designing integrated analytical systems to provide higher sample throughput and/or unattended operation. Selected examples of novel developments in the field of miniaturized sample preparation for environmental analysis are used to evaluate the merits of the various techniques on the basis of published data on real-life analyses of trace-level organic pollutants. Perspectives and trends are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ramos
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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40
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Imaizumi M, Saito Y, Ban K, Wada H, Hayashida M, Jinno K. In-Valve Sample Preparation Cartridge Designed for Microcolumn Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Saito Y, Imaizumi M, Ban K, Tahara A, Wada H, Jinno K. Development of miniaturized sample preparation with fibrous extraction media. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1025:27-32. [PMID: 14753667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Introducing fine polymeric filaments as the extraction medium, a miniaturized sample preparation technique for micro-column liquid chromatography (micro-LC) has been developed along with the investigation of a reproducible preparation scheme of the extraction capillary. The polymeric filaments were packed longitudinally into either a fused-silica capillary or a polyether ether ketone (PEEK) capillary of appropriate dimensions, and the extraction capillary was installed to the injection valve in micro-LC system. The number of packed filaments should be precisely counted before the packing process to make sure the reproducible preparation of the extraction capillary. With conventional stationary phase materials for open-tubular gas chromatography, polymeric coating to the surface of the filaments was also studied in order to further enhance the extraction performance and selectivity. Coated with the polymeric material suitable for the extraction of particular analyte, a dramatic improvement on the extraction power was obtained. The results suggest that the future possibility of novel tailored fibrous extraction medium with an appropriate coating on it, especially for the analysis of complex sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Saito
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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42
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Saito Y, Hayashida M, Jinno K. Sample preparation for the analysis of drugs in biological fluids. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(04)80002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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43
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Saito Y, Tahara A, Ogawa M, Imaizumi M, Ban K, Wada H, Jinno K. Polymer-Coated Fibrous Stationary Phases in Packed-Capillary Gas Chromatography. ANAL SCI 2004; 20:335-9. [PMID: 15055962 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fibrous synthetic polymers have been introduced as the support material for packed capillaries in gas chromatography. The filaments of the polymers were packed longitudinally into a fused-silica capillary, followed by the conventional coating process for open-tubular capillaries. With various polysiloxane-based polymeric materials coated onto these filaments, it was demonstrated that the retentivity was significantly improved over conventional wall-coated capillaries of the same length and that the selectivity can be tuned by selecting different coating materials chosen for the various purposes. The results clearly showed the contribution of the fibrous support and the polymer-coating to the retention of analytes. They also showed the bright possibility for a novel usage of fine fibrous polymers as the support material, which can be combined with a newly-synthesized coating materials designed for particular separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Saito
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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44
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Saito Y, Tahara A, Imaizumi M, Takeichi T, Wada H, Jinno K. Polymer-Coated Fibrous Materials as the Stationary Phase in Packed Capillary Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2003; 75:5525-31. [PMID: 14710834 DOI: 10.1021/ac030052h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymer filaments have been introduced as the support material in packed capillary gas chromatography (GC). The filaments of the heat-resistant polymers, Zylon, Kevlar, Nomex, and Technora, were longitudinally packed into a short fused-silica capillary, followed by the conventional coating process for open-tubular GC columns. The separation of several test mixtures such as n-alkylbenzenes and n-alkanes was carried out with these polymer-coated fiber-packed capillary columns. With the coating by various polymeric materials on the surface of these filaments, the retentivity was significantly improved over the parent fiber-packed column (without polymer coating) as well as a conventional open-tubular capillary of the same length. The results demonstrated a good combination of Zylon as the support and poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based materials as the coating liquid-phase for the successful GC separation of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), while successful applications for other separations such as poly(ethylene glycol) coating for the separation of alcohols were also obtained. From the results it has been suggested that the selectivity of the fiber-packed column could be tuned by selecting different coating materials, indicating the promising possibility for a novel usage of fine fibrous polymers as the support material that can be combined with newly synthesized coating materials specially designed for particular separations. Taking advantage of good thermal stability of the fibers, the column temperature could be elevated to higher than 350 degrees C with the combination of a short metallic capillary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Saito
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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Abstract
Miniaturized sample preparation methods designed as the sample pretreatment for liquid phase separations, such as liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography, have been reviewed especially for the on-line coupling of the sample preparation process and the separation process. The development of the desorption interfaces for the effective combining of the sample preparation and subsequent liquid phase separations is briefly described along with the applications of the combined analytical systems to the analysis of complex sample mixtures such as biological and environmental matrices. Novel use of fine polymeric filaments as the extraction medium for microscale liquid phase separation methods are investigated and a comparison is made with other sample preparation techniques. Polymer coating onto the fibrous material is also introduced to further develop microscale sample preparation methods with improved extraction performance. Several other microscale sample preparation methods having a potential compatibility to the liquid phase separations are also described for future applications of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Saito
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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46
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Saito Y, Ohta H, Jinno K. Design and characterization of novel stationary phases based on retention behavior studies with various aromatic compounds. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200390029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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