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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
This paper examines the scope of anorectics in counterfeit weight-reducing formulations and provides insight into the present state of research in determining such adulterants. Analytical techniques utilised in profiling adulterants found in slimming products, including limitations and mitigation steps of these conventional methods are also discussed. The current legal status of the anorectics and analogues routinely encountered in non-prescription slimming formulations is also explored.
Methods
All reviewed literature was extracted from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using relevant search terms, such as, ‘counterfeit drugs’, ‘weight loss drugs’, ‘weight-reducing drugs’, ‘slimming drugs’, ‘anorectic agents’, and ‘counterfeit anorexics’. Legislation related to anorectics was obtained from the portals of various government and international agencies.
Results
Anorectics frequently profiled in counterfeit slimming formulations are mostly amphetamine derivatives or its analogues. Five routinely reported pharmacological classes of adulterants, namely anxiolytics, diuretics, antidepressants, laxatives, and stimulants, are mainly utilised as coadjuvants in fake weigh-reducing formulations to increase bioavailability or to minimise anticipated side effects. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detectors are predominantly used techniques for anorectic analysis due to the possibility of obtaining detailed information of adulterants. However, interference from the complex sample matrices of these fake products limits the accuracy of these methods and requires robust sample preparation methods for enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. The most common anorectics found in counterfeit slimming medicines are either completely banned or available by prescription only, in many countries.
Conclusions
Slimming formulations doped with anorectic cocktails to boost their weight-reducing efficacy are not uncommon. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry remains the gold standard for counterfeit drug analysis, and requires improved preconcentration methods for rapid and quantitative identification of specific chemical constituents. Extensive method development and validation, targeted at refining existing techniques while developing new ones, is expected to improve the analytical profiling of counterfeit anorectics significantly.
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Aljohar HI, Abuhaimed SN, Maher HM, Nafisah BA, Alkhalaf AM. Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the screening of adulterants in seized captagon™ tablets. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1610433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haya I. Aljohar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hadir M. Maher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Bader A. Nafisah
- Riyadh Poison Control and Medical Forensic Chemistry Center, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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A solid colorimetric sensor for the analysis of amphetamine-like street samples. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 943:123-130. [PMID: 27769371 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A solid sensor obtained by embedding 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate (NQS) into polydimethylsiloxane/tetraethylortosilicate/silicon dioxide nanoparticles composite has been developed to identify and determine amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MAMP), 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). The analytes are derivatized inside the composite for 10 min to create a colored product which can be then quantified by measuring the diffuse reflectance or the color intensity after processing the digitalized image. Satisfactory limits of detection (0.002-0.005 g mL-1) and relative standard deviations (<10%) have been achieved. The proposed kit has been successfully validated and applied to the analysis of amphetamine-like drugs street samples. The kit allows the in-situ screening of the mentioned illicit drugs owing to its simplicity, rapidity and portability, with excellent sensor stability and at a very low-cost.
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Taghvimi A, Hamishehkar H, Ebrahimi M. The application of magnetic nano graphene oxide in determination of methamphetamine by high performance liquid chromatography of urine samples. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-016-0862-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Porto SKSS, Nogueira T, Blanes L, Doble P, Sabino BD, do Lago CL, Angnes L. Analysis ofEcstasyTablets Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59:1622-6. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suely K. S. S. Porto
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo SP Brazil
- Serviço de Perícias de Química; Instituto de Criminalística Carlos Éboli; R. Pedro I, 28 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences; University of São Paulo; Rua do Matão 1226 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Lucas Blanes
- Centre for Forensic Science; University of Technology; Sydney Broadway 2001 NSW Australia
| | - Philip Doble
- Centre for Forensic Science; University of Technology; Sydney Broadway 2001 NSW Australia
| | - Bruno D. Sabino
- Serviço de Perícias de Química; Instituto de Criminalística Carlos Éboli; R. Pedro I, 28 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Claudimir L. do Lago
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo SP Brazil
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Costa JL, Morrone AR, Resende RR, Chasin AADM, Tavares MFM. Development of a method for the analysis of drugs of abuse in vitreous humor by capillary electrophoresis with diode array detection (CE–DAD). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 945-946:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sun L, Wan S, Liang Q, Tan F, Li N. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A STABILITY INDICATING CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF RISEDRONATE IN TABLETS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.683919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Shuxin Wan
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Qinggang Liang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Fengping Tan
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , P.R. China
| | - Nan Li
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery and High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin , P.R. China
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Deconinck E, Sacre PY, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Chromatography in the Detection and Characterization of Illegal Pharmaceutical Preparations. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:791-806. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Carvalho LD, Cohen P, Silva C, Moreira A, Falcão T, Dal Molin T, Zemolin G, Martini M. A new approach to determining pharmacologic adulteration of herbal weight loss products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1661-7. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.706834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Kanoatov M, Retif C, Cherney LT, Krylov SN. Peak-shape correction to symmetry for pressure-driven sample injection in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2011; 84:149-54. [PMID: 22118024 DOI: 10.1021/ac203129h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pressure-driven sample injection in capillary electrophoresis results in asymmetric peaks due to difference in shapes between the front and the back boundaries of the sample plug. Uneven velocity profile of fluid flow across the capillary gives the front boundary a parabolic shape. The back side, on the other hand, has a flat interface with the electrophoresis run buffer. Here, we propose a simple means of correcting this asymmetry by pressure-driven "propagation" of the injected plug, with the parabolic sample-buffer interface established at the back. We prove experimentally that such a propagation procedure corrects peak asymmetry to the level comparable to injection through electroosmosis. Importantly, the propagation-based correction procedure also solves a problem of transferring the sample into the efficiently cooled zone of the capillary for capillary electrophoresis (CE) instruments with active cooling. The suggested peak correction procedure will find applications in all CE methods that rely on peak shape analysis, e.g., nonequilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirzo Kanoatov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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11
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Epple R, Blanes L, Beavis A, Roux C, Doble P. Analysis of amphetamine-type substances by capillary zone electrophoresis using capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2608-13. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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de Carvalho LM, Martini M, Moreira APL, de Lima APS, Correia D, Falcão T, Garcia SC, de Bairros AV, do Nascimento PC, Bohrer D. Presence of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants in slimming phytotherapeutic formulations and their analytical determination. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 204:6-12. [PMID: 20554134 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity that is associated with a high consumption of slimming substances is considered a public health problem around the world. In this context, the increasing consumption of phytotherapeutic formulations as alternative obesity treatments has revealed the presence of synthetic pharmaceuticals as adulterants. The illegally added adulterants are frequently anorexic, anxiolytic, and antidepressant pharmaceuticals. This review aims to describe the analytical methodologies utilized for the determination of adulterants in slimming phytotherapeutic formulations. Furthermore, this review describes some important adulteration cases, which occurred mainly in Europe, Asia, Brazil, and the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro M de Carvalho
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Caixa Postal 5051, CEP 97110-970, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Zhou L, Zhou X, Luo Z, Wang W, Yan N, Hu Z. In-capillary derivatization and analysis of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1190:383-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2008] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alizadeh N, Mohammadi A, Tabrizchi M. Rapid screening of methamphetamines in human serum by headspace solid-phase microextraction using a dodecylsulfate-doped polypyrrole film coupled to ion mobility spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1183:21-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 01/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Billault I, Courant F, Pasquereau L, Derrien S, Robins RJ, Naulet N. Correlation between the synthetic origin of methamphetamine samples and their 15N and 13C stable isotope ratios. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 593:20-9. [PMID: 17531820 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The active ingredient of ecstasy, N-methyl-3,4-methyldioxyphenylisopropylamine (MDMA) can be manufactured by a number of easy routes from simple precursors. We have synthesised 45 samples of MDMA following the five most common routes using N-precursors from 12 different origins and three different precursors for the aromatic moiety. The 13C and 15N contents of both the precursors and the MDMA samples derived therefrom were measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry coupled to an elemental analyser (EA-IRMS). We show that within-pathway correlation between the 15N content of the precursor and that of the derived MDMA can be strong but that no general pattern of correlation can be defined. Rather, it is evident that the delta15N values of MDMA are strongly influenced by a combination of the delta15N values of the source of nitrogen used, the route by which the MDMA is synthesised, and the experimental conditions employed. Multivariate analysis (PCA) based on the delta15N values of the synthetic MDMA and of the delta15N and delta13C values of the N-precursors leads to good discrimination between the majority of the reaction conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Billault
- Laboratoire d'Analyse Isotopique et Electrochimique de Métabolismes, CNRS UMR6006, University of Nantes, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes, France.
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Tzing SH, Ghule A, Liu JY, Ling YC. On-line derivatization gas chromatography with furan chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry for screening of amphetamines in urine. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1137:76-83. [PMID: 17034801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A simple alternative method with minimal sample pretreatment is investigated for screening of amphetamines in small volume (using only 20 microL) of urine sample. The method is sensitive and selective. The method uses gas chromatography (GC) direct sample introduction (DSI) for on-line derivatization (acylation) of amphetamines to improve sensitivity. Furan as chemical ionization (CI) reagent in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is used to improve selectivity. Low background with sharp protonated molecular ion peaks of analytes is the evidence of improvement in sensitivity and selectivity. Blank urine samples spiked with known amounts of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine is analyzed. Selected ion monitoring of the characteristic product ions (m/z 119+136+150+163) using furan CI-MS/MS in positive ion mode is used for quantification. Limits of detection (LOD) between 0.4 and 1.0 ng mL(-1) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) between 1.0 and 2.0 ng mL(-1) are established. Linear response over the range of 1-1000 ng mL(-1) (r(2)>0.997) is observed for all analytes, except for methamphetamine (2.0-1000 ng mL(-1)). Good accuracy between 86 and 113% and precision ranging from 4 to 18% is obtained. The method is also tested on real samples of urine from suspected drug abusers. This method could be used for screening and determination of amphetamines in urine samples, however needs additional work for full validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hwa Tzing
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Lua AC, Sutono Y, Chou TY. Enantiomeric quantification of (S)-(+)-methamphetamine in urine by an immunoaffinity column and liquid chromatography–electrospray-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 576:50-4. [PMID: 17723613 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A method using an immunoaffinity column (IAC) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for on-line detecting the presence of MA in the effluent was developed for the quantitative and enantiomeric determination of (S)-(+)-methamphetamine (d-MA) in urine. The IAC was made in our laboratory and utilized in the LC/MS to simultaneously extract and separate enantiomers of MA from urine samples. An aqueous ammonium acetate buffer was used as the mobile phase. Urine samples were spiked with racemic deuterated methamphetamine (MA-d14) as internal standard (IS), filtered through a membrane, and injected into the LC/MS without any further pre-treatment. Protonated molecular ion of MA and MA-d(14) (m/z 150 and 164) were isolated and further fragmented, the respective product ions, m/z 119 and 130, were collected for quantitative determination. This is an improvement of our previous method (A.C. Lua, Tsong-Yung Chou, J. Chromatogr. A 967 (2002) 191). In the previous method, MA was separated with HPLC, the efflux was fractionated and each fraction was either determined with an immunoassay or GC/MS. Monitoring of MA in the efflux is tedious and time consuming. Urine samples spiked with different concentrations of d-MA were measured by this method. A linear relationship exists in the 150-1050 ng/mL range, and the detection limit (defined as signal-to-noise ratio 3) of d-MA was determined to be 18 ng/mL. The linearity of the method for d-MA can be described by the equation (Y=1.415 x 10(-3)X+0.034, correlation coefficient: r2=0.999). Within run, accuracy and precision (n=6, relative error: -7.2 to +4.0% and relative standard deviation: 3.8-9.3%) of the method are fairly good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahai C Lua
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology & Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, 701, Chung Yang Road Section 3, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
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Dahlén J, von Eckardstein S. Development of a capillary zone electrophoresis method including a factorial design and simplex optimisation for analysis of amphetamine, amphetamine analogues, cocaine, and heroin. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 157:93-105. [PMID: 16487829 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method was developed for the analysis of amphetamine and 13 amphetamine analogues. A full factorial design was used to screen for important design variables (i.e. carrier electrolyte concentration, pH, and separation temperature), and a modified simplex was employed in a final optimisation step. The resolution values of the target compounds were used as responses in the screening and optimisation phases. This approach made it possible to control the effects of the design variables on the separation of the target compounds. The best results were obtained using a 100mM Tris/phosphate buffer (pH 3.1) at a separation temperature of 10 degrees C, and the analysis time was 23 min under these conditions. After slight modification, the method also enabled baseline resolution of the most commonly encountered amphetamine derivatives, as well as cocaine and heroin, within 7 min. There was a linear relationship between peak area and concentration for all substances, with correlation coefficients in the range of 0.9975-0.9999. Moreover, the technique was repeatable and exhibited relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) values in the ranges of 0.01-0.11% and 0.54-1.60% for relative migration time and corrected peak area, respectively. Lastly, the method was successfully applied to analyse street samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Dahlén
- Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science-SKL, SE-581 94 Linköping, Sweden.
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Tagliaro F, Bortolotti F. Recent advances in the applications of CE to forensic sciences (2001–2004). Electrophoresis 2006; 27:231-43. [PMID: 16421953 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the applications of CE in forensic science covering the period from 2001 until the first part of 2005. The overview includes the most relevant examples of analytical applications of capillary electrophoretic and electrokinetic techniques in the following fields: (i) Forensic drugs and poisons, (ii) explosive analysis and gunshot residues, (iii) small ions of forensic interest, (iv) forensic DNA and RNA analysis, (v) proteins of forensic interest, and (vi) ink analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Tagliaro
- Department of Public Medicine and Health, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Cháfer-Pericás C, Campíns-Falcó P, Herráez-Hernández R. Application of solid-phase microextraction combined with derivatization to the determination of amphetamines by liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem 2005; 333:328-35. [PMID: 15450809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluates the utility of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in the analysis of amphetamines by liquid chromatography (LC) after chemical derivatization of the analytes. Two approaches have been tested and compared, SPME followed by on-fiber derivatization of the extracted amphetamines, and solution derivatization followed by SPME of the derivatives formed. Both methods have been applied to measure amphetamine (AP), methamphetamine (MA), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), using the fluorogenic reagent 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) and carbowax-templated resin (CW-TR)-coated fibers. Data on the application of the proposed methods for the analysis of different kind of samples are presented. When analyzing aqueous solutions of the analytes, both approaches gave similar analytical performance, but the sensitivity attainable with the solution derivatization/SPME method was better. The efficiencies observed when processing spiked urine samples by the SPME/on-fiber derivatization approach were very low. This was because the extraction of matrix components into the fiber coating prevented the extraction of the reagent. In contrast, the efficiencies obtained for spiked urine samples by the solution derivatization/SPME approach were similar to those obtained for aqueous samples. Therefore, the later method would be the method of choice for the quantification of amphetamines in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cháfer-Pericás
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Office of Forensic Sciences, New Jersey State Police, New Jersey Forensic Science and Technology Complex, 1200 Negron Road, Horizon Center, Hamilton, New Jersey 08691, USA
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Altria KD, Elder D. Overview of the status and applications of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1023:1-14. [PMID: 14760844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The status of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the analysis of small molecules is reviewed and summarised with the illustrative use of recent literature references. Examples are cited in this review which demonstrate that CE is now a recognised and established technique in many industries, law courts and government regulatory agencies. Each of the principal areas of CE application in small molecule analysis are covered in sections which highlight the recent developments and possibilities within that area. Application areas include the analysis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, chiral separations, and forensics is covered. This is an update to a previous review article [J. Chromatogr. A 856 (1999) 443] and covers papers published between 1999 and 2002. Technical developments and improvements, such as the advent of capillary array instrumentation for increased sample throughput, and improved detection options are described. Overall it is concluded that CE has become a recognised and established technique in many areas and is still within a period of development of both instrumentation and application which will continue to expand usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Altria
- Product Line Extension Department, Pharmaceutical Development, GSK R&D, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex CM19 5AW, UK.
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