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Cong Y, Bottenus D, Liu B, Clark SB, Ivory CF. ITP of lanthanides in microfluidic PMMA chip. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:646-53. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Cong
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - Danny Bottenus
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - Bingwen Liu
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - Sue B. Clark
- Department of Chemistry; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
| | - Cornelius F. Ivory
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering; Washington State University; Pullman WA USA
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2
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Smejkal P, Bottenus D, Breadmore MC, Guijt RM, Ivory CF, Foret F, Macka M. Microfluidic isotachophoresis: A review. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1493-509. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Smejkal
- ACROSS and School of Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart; Australia
| | - Danny Bottenus
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering; Washington State University; Pullman; WA; USA
| | | | - Rosanne M. Guijt
- ACROSS and School of Pharmacy; University of Tasmania; Hobart; Australia
| | - Cornelius F. Ivory
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering; Washington State University; Pullman; WA; USA
| | - František Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i., Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Mirek Macka
- ACROSS and School of Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart; Australia
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3
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Lee S, An R, Hunt AJ. Liquid glass electrodes for nanofluidics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 5:412-416. [PMID: 20473300 PMCID: PMC2881176 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanofluidic devices make use of molecular-level forces and phenomena to increase their density, speed and accuracy. However, fabrication is challenging, because dissimilar materials need to be integrated in three dimensions with nanoscale precision. Here, we report a three-dimensional nanoscale liquid glass electrode made from monolithic substrates without conductive materials by femtosecond-laser nanomachining. The electrode consists of a nanochannel terminating at a nanoscale glass tip that becomes a conductor in the presence of high electric fields through dielectric breakdown, and returns to being an insulator when this field is removed. This reversibility relies on control of nanoampere breakdown currents and extremely fast heat dissipation at nanoscale volumes. We use the nanoscale liquid glass electrode to fabricate a nano-injector that includes an electrokinetic pump, 4 microm across with 0.6 microm channels, which is capable of producing well-controlled flow rates below 1 fl s(-1). The electrode can be integrated easily into other nanodevices and fluidic systems, including actuators and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ran An
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Alan J. Hunt
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Tel: 734-615-0331, Fax: 734-936-2116,
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4
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Prest JE, Baldock SJ, Fielden PR, Goddard NJ, Treves Brown BJ. A miniaturised isotachophoresis method for magnesium determination. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1299-305. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Hybrid Microfluidic Sensors Fabricated by Screen Printing and Injection Molding for Electrochemical and Electrochemiluminescence Detection. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Naseri N, Baldock S, Economou A, Goddard N, Fielden P. Disposable Injection-Moulded Cell-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Devices with Integrated Conducting Polymer Electrodes for On-Line Voltammetric and Electrochemiluminescence Detection. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Abstract
ITP has been attracting constant attention for many years due to its principal capability to concentrate trace analytes by several orders of magnitude. In the current capillary format, it is able to concentrate trace analytes diluted to several microliters of an original sample into concentrated zones having volumes in the range of picoliters. Due to this reason, ITP holds an important position in many current multistage and multidimensional separation schemes. This article links up previous reviews on the topic and summarizes the progress of analytical capillary ITP since 2002. Almost 100 papers are reviewed that include methodological novelties, instrumental aspects, and analytical applications. Papers using ITP and/or isotachophoretic principles as part of multistage and/or multidimensional separation schemes are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Gebauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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8
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Stone VN, Baldock SJ, Croasdell LA, Dillon LA, Fielden PR, Goddard NJ, Thomas CLP, Treves Brown BJ. Free flow isotachophoresis in an injection moulded miniaturised separation chamber with integrated electrodes. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1155:199-205. [PMID: 17229431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An injection moulded free flow isotachophoresis (FFITP) microdevice with integrated carbon fibre loaded electrodes with a separation chamber of 36.4mm wide, 28.7 mm long and 100 microm deep is presented. The microdevice was completely fabricated by injection moulding in carbon fibre loaded polystyrene for the electrodes and crystal polystyrene for the remainder of the chip and was bonded together using ultrasonic welding. Two injection moulded electrode designs were compared, one with the electrode surface level with the separation chamber and one with a recessed electrode. Separations of two anionic dyes, 0.2mM each of amaranth and acid green and separations of 0.2mM each of amaranth, bromophenol blue and glutamate were performed on the microdevice. Flow rates of 1.25 ml min(-1) for the leading and terminating electrolytes were used and a flow rate of 0.63 ml min(-1) for the sample. Electric fields of up to 370 V cm(-1) were applied across the separation chamber. Joule heating was not found to be significant although out-gassing was observed at drive currents greater than 3 mA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N Stone
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
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9
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Petr J, Maier V, Horáková J, Sevcík J, Stránský Z. Capillary isotachophoresis from the student point of view – images and the reality. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2705-15. [PMID: 17305231 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A review of some fundamental aspects of ITP from the student point of view, imaginations of some basic facts and laws, use of ITP, and the recent trends are presented. The results of theoretical computations of ITP separation processes are added for comparison of imaginations with the exact mathematical description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petr
- Department of Analytical Chemistrý, Palackỳ University, Trída Svobody 8, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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10
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Prest JE, Baldock SJ, Fielden PR, Goddard NJ, Mohr S, Treves Brown BJ. Rapid chloride analysis using miniaturised isotachophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1119:183-7. [PMID: 16325190 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new design of miniaturised separation device for performing isotachophoresis (ITP) has been produced. The device contains a simple arrangement of channels comprising a single separation channel with a 'double T' injection geometry. The device was produced in poly(methyl methacrylate) and incorporates an on-column conductivity detector. A new electrolyte system was developed to enable the rapid determination of chloride to be made. This electrolyte system uses a leading ion of 3.5 mM nitrate at pH 3.0 with 0.5 mM indium(III) added as a complexing agent. Use of this electrolyte system with the new separation device allowed chloride samples to be analysed in under 100 s, with a limit of detection (LOD) calculated to be 2.2 mg l(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff E Prest
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, UK.
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11
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Chen L, Prest JE, Fielden PR, Goddard NJ, Manz A, Day PJR. Miniaturised isotachophoresis analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2006; 6:474-87. [PMID: 16572209 DOI: 10.1039/b515551g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of miniaturized total analysis systems (microTAS) has seen rapid development over the past few years. Isotachophoresis (ITP) has been transferred into microchip format for both electrophoretic separation and pretreatment purposes, due to its advantageous features including separation parameters controlled by electrolyte composition and high sample load capacity. The primary focus of this concise review is to summarize the basic features of microchip based ITP and its applications to the analysis and pretreatment of ionic compounds and biomolecules that have arisen since 1998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff Str. 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
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12
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Faure K, Pravda M, Glennon JD. Microchip Electrophoresis: A New Platform for Metal Speciation. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710500536145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Abstract
During the last few years there has been a rapid increase in the use of electrochemical reactions in lab-on-a-chip devices. This development, which has so far mainly focussed on electrochemical detection in chip-based capillary electrophoresis, can be explained by the fact that electrochemical techniques and devices are particularly well-suited for inclusion in lab-on-a-chip systems. The most important reason for this is that the required electrodes can readily be manufactured and miniaturised without loss of analytical performance using conventional microfabrication methods. In this Research Highlight article, the developments during the last three years concerning electrochemical techniques for lab on-a-chip applications are discussed, with particular focus on emerging electrochemical methods for sample clean-up and preconcentration, electrochemical derivatisation and electrochemical detection in chip-based capillary electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Nyholm
- Department of Materials Chemistry, The Angström Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Guijt RM, Evenhuis CJ, Macka M, Haddad PR. Conductivity detection for conventional and miniaturised capillary electrophoresis systems. Electrophoresis 2004; 25:4032-57. [PMID: 15597418 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of capillary electrophoresis (CE), conductivity detection has been an attractive means of detection. No additional chemical properties are required for detection, and no loss in sensitivity is expected when miniaturising the detector to scale with narrow-bore capillaries or even to the microchip format. Integration of conductivity and CE, however, involves a challenging combination of engineering issues. In conductivity detection the resistance of the solution is most frequently measured in an alternating current (AC) circuit. The influence of capacitors both in series and in parallel with the solution resistance should be minimised during conductivity measurements. For contact conductivity measurements, the positioning and alignment of the detection electrodes is crucial. A contact conductivity detector for CE has been commercially available, but was withdrawn from the market. Microfabrication technology enables integration and precise alignment of electrodes, resulting in the popularity of conductivity detection in microfluidic devices. In contactless conductivity detection, the alignment of the electrodes with respect to the capillary is less crucial. Contactless conductivity detection (CCD) was introduced in capillary CE, and similar electronics have been applied for CCD using planar electrodes in microfluidic devices. A contactless conductivity detector for capillaries has been commercialised recently. In this review, different approaches towards conductivity detection in capillaries and chip-based CE are discussed. In contrast to previous reviews, the focus of the present review is on the technological developments and challenges in conductivity detection in CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne M Guijt
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, School of Chemistry, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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15
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Evenhuis CJ, Guijt RM, Macka M, Haddad PR. Determination of inorganic ions using microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2004; 25:3602-24. [PMID: 15565711 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The separation and detection of inorganic ions on microfluidic devices has received little attention since the 'lab-on-a-chip' concept has revolutionised the field of electrokinetically driven analysis. This review presents a summary and discussion of the published literature on inorganic analysis using microfluidic devices and includes sections on electromigration separation methods, namely isotachophoresis (ITP), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and hyphenated ITP-CE, together with a brief account of flow injection analysis. The review concludes with the authors' perspective on future directions for inorganic analysis on microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Evenhuis
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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16
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Vandaveer WR, Pasas-Farmer SA, Fischer DJ, Frankenfeld CN, Lunte SM. Recent developments in electrochemical detection for microchip capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2004; 25:3528-49. [PMID: 15565707 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress in the development of miniaturized microfluidic systems has occurred since their inception over a decade ago. This is primarily due to the numerous advantages of microchip analysis, including the ability to analyze minute samples, speed of analysis, reduced cost and waste, and portability. This review focuses on recent developments in integrating electrochemical (EC) detection with microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE). These detection modes include amperometry, conductimetry, and potentiometry. EC detection is ideal for use with microchip CE systems because it can be easily miniaturized with no diminution in analytical performance. Advances in microchip format, electrode material and design, decoupling of the detector from the separation field, and integration of sample preparation, separation, and detection on-chip are discussed. Microchip CEEC applications for enzyme/immunoassays, clinical and environmental assays, as well as the detection of neurotransmitters are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Vandaveer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Vilkner
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, UK
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18
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Baldock SJ, Fielden PR, Goddard NJ, Kretschmer HR, Prest JE, Treves Brown BJ. Novel variable volume injector for performing sample introduction in a miniaturised isotachophoresis device. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1042:181-8. [PMID: 15296404 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A microdevice design furnished with a novel sample injector, capable of delivering variable volume samples, for miniaturised isotachophoretic separations is presented. Micromachining by direct milling was used to realise two flow channel network designs on poly(methyl methacrylate) chips. Both designs comprised a wide bore sample channel interfaced, via a short connection channel, to a narrow bore separation channel. Superior injection performance was observed with a connection channel angled at 45 degrees to the separation channel compared to a device using a channel angled at 90 degrees. Automated delivery of electrolytes to the microdevice was demonstrated with both hydrostatic pumping and syringe pumps; both gave reproducible sample injection. A range of different sampling strategies were investigated. Isotachophoretic separations of model analytes (metal ions and an anionic dye) demonstrated the potential of the device. Separations of ten metal cations were achieved in under 475 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Baldock
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Science, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK.
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Janos P. Analytical separations of lanthanides and actinides by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2003; 24:1982-1992. [PMID: 12858369 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The separation of lanthanide and actinide elements belongs to one of the most challenging tasks of the separation science, due to a great similarity in their physical and chemical properties. The electrophoretic separation can be accomplished in the presence of suitable complex-forming agents, from which alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) has been used most often. In the most effective capillary electrophoretic mode--capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)--a complete separation of lanthanide ions can be accomplished within a few minutes. Various electrophoretic methods can be relatively easily adopted for the determinations of individual lanthanide elements in certain kinds of technical materials, concentrates, precursors, etc., where the high speed and low costs of analysis characteristics of capillary electrophoresis (CE) may be advantageously exploited. Electrophoretic techniques may also be employed for speciation studies, especially for examinations of the behavior of actinides in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Janos
- Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Jan Evangelista Purkyne, Ustí nad Labem, Czech Republic.
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20
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Prest JE, Baldock SJ, Fielden PR, Goddard NJ, Treves Brown BJ. Determination of inorganic selenium species by miniaturised isotachophoresis on a planar polymer chip. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 376:78-84. [PMID: 12734620 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-003-1857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2002] [Revised: 01/27/2003] [Accepted: 01/29/2003] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of miniaturised isotachophoresis to allow the simultaneous determination of two inorganic selenium species has been investigated using a poly(methyl methacrylate) chip with a 44-mm-long, 200-microm-wide, 300-microm-deep separation channel. The miniaturised device included an integrated on-column, dual-electrode conductivity detector and was used in conjunction with a hydrodynamic fluid transport system. A simple electrolyte system has been developed which allowed the separation of selenium(IV) and selenium(VI) species to be made in under 210 s. The limits of detection were calculated to be 0.52 mg L(-1) for selenium(IV) and 0.65 mg L(-1 )for selenium(VI). The method allowed the separation of the selenium species from a range of common anions including fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, sulfate and sulfite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff E Prest
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Science, UMIST, P.O. Box 88, Manchester, M60 1QD, UK.
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