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Abstract
Background::
Nano level chiral separation is necessary and demanding in the development
of the drug, genomic, proteomic, and other chemical and the environmental sciences. Few drugs exist
in human body cells for some days at nano level concentrations, that are out of the jurisdiction of the
detection by standard separation techniques. Likewise, the separation and identification of xenobiotics
and other environmental contaminants (at nano or low levels) are necessary for our healthiness.
Discussion:
Conclusion:
This article will be beneficial for chiral chromatographers, academicians, pharmaceutical
industries, environmental researchers and Government regulation authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Arsh Basheer
- State University of New York, Flint Entrance, Amherst, NY 14260, Buffalo, United States
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcus T. Scotti
- Cheminformatics Laboratory - Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraiba-Campus I, 58051-970, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Teaching and Research Management - University Hospital, Cheminformatics Laboratory - Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraiba-Campus I, 58051-970, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medina Al-Munawara - 41477, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Ma M, Wei Q, Meng M, Yin J, Shan Y, Du L, Zhu X, Soh SF, Min M, Zhou X, Yin X, Gong Y. Preparation and Application of Aza-15-crown-5-capped Methylcalix[4]resorcinarene-Bonded Silica Particles for Use as Chiral Stationary Phase in HPLC. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Fanali S. Nano-liquid chromatography applied to enantiomers separation. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1486:20-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Patel DC, Wahab MF, Armstrong DW, Breitbach ZS. Advances in high-throughput and high-efficiency chiral liquid chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:2-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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5
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Rocchi S, Fanali C, Fanali S. Use of a Novel Sub-2 µm Silica Hydride Vancomycin Stationary Phase in Nano-Liquid Chromatography. II. Separation of Derivatized Amino Acid Enantiomers. Chirality 2015; 27:767-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rocchi
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Italian National Research Council (C.N.R.); Rome Italy
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences; University of L'Aquila; L'Aquila Italy
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca; Campus Bio-Medico University; Monterotondo Italy
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Italian National Research Council (C.N.R.); Rome Italy
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Yangfang L, Hui W, Yun X, Xue G, Yan W, Chao Y. Preparation and evaluation of monodispersed, submicron, non-porous silica particles functionalized with β-CD derivatives for chiral-pressurized capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2120-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yangfang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Wang Hui
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Xue Yun
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Gu Xue
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Wang Yan
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yan Chao
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Shanghai P. R. China
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7
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Enantiomers separation by nano-liquid chromatography: Use of a novel sub-2μm vancomycin silica hydride stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1381:149-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Chelvi ST, Zhao J, Chen L, Yan S, Yin X, Sun J, Yong E, Wei Q, Gong Y. Preparation and characterization of 4-isopropylcalix[4]arene-capped (3-(2-O-β-cyclodextrin)-2-hydroxypropoxy)-propylsilyl-appended silica particles as chiral stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1324:104-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Xiang Y, Dunetz JR, Lovdahl M. Chiral separation of amides using supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1293:150-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Rocco A, Maruška A, Fanali S. Enantiomeric separations by means of nano-LC. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:421-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rocco
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies; Vytautas Magnus University; Kaunas Lithuania
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
| | - Audrius Maruška
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnologies; Vytautas Magnus University; Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Rome Italy
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11
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Chiral Supramolecular Selectors for Enantiomer Differentiation in Liquid Chromatography. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 340:73-105. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Mohammadzadeh Kakhki R. Application of crown ethers as stationary phase in the chromatographic methods. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-012-0158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Sub-2?m porous silica materials for enhanced separation performance in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:99-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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New oxo-bridged calix[2]arene[2]triazine stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1223:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Zhou C, HaoTang, Shao S, Jiang S. Calix[4]pyrrole‐Bonded HPLC Stationary Phase for the Separation of Phenols, Benzenecarboxylic Acids, and Medicines. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600758167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changzheng Zhou
- a Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou , P. R. China
| | - HaoTang
- a Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou , P. R. China
| | - Shijun Shao
- a Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou , P. R. China
| | - Shengxiang Jiang
- a Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou , P. R. China
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Zhao J, Tan D, Chelvi ST, Yong E, Lee HK, Gong Y. Preparation and application of rifamycin-capped (3-(2-O-β-cyclodextrin)-2-hydroxypropoxy)-propylsilyl-appended silica particles as chiral stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 2010; 83:286-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Zhao J, Thamarai Chelvi SK, Tan D, Yong EL, Lee HK, Gong Y. Development of Vancomycin-Capped β-CD-Bonded Silica Particles as Chiral Stationary Phase for LC. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1788-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Recognition mechanism of supramolecular systemsof β-cyclodextrin derivatives and applications in chiral separation. Se Pu 2010; 28:413-21. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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19
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Guillarme D, Bonvin G, Badoud F, Schappler J, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Fast chiral separation of drugs using columns packed with sub-2 microm particles and ultra-high pressure. Chirality 2010; 22:320-30. [PMID: 19544347 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The use of columns packed with sub-2 microm particles in liquid chromatography with very high pressure conditions (known as UHPLC) was investigated for the fast enantioseparation of drugs. Two different procedures were evaluated and compared using amphetamine derivatives and beta-blockers as model compounds. In one case, cyclodextrins (CD) were directly added to the mobile phase and chiral separations were carried out in less than 5 min. However, this strategy suffered from several drawbacks linked to column lifetime and low chromatographic efficiencies. In the other case, the analysis of enantiomers was carried out after a derivatization procedure using two different reagents, 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-arabinopyranosyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and N-alpha-(2,4-dinitro-5-fluorophenyl)-L-alaninamide (Marfey's reagent). Separation of several amphetamine derivatives contained within the same sample was achieved in 2-5 min with high efficiency and selectivity. The proposed approach was also successfully applied to the enantiomeric purity determination of (+)-(S)-amphetamine and (+)-(S)-methamphetamine. Similar results were obtained with beta-blockers, and the separation of 10 enantiomers was carried out in less than 3 min, whereas the individual separation of several beta-blocker enantiomers was performed in 1 min or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Jorgenson JW. Capillary liquid chromatography at ultrahigh pressures. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2010; 3:129-150. [PMID: 20636037 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.113014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) is a method of liquid chromatography utilizing sub-2-microm particles packed into capillary columns 25 to 100 cm long. Columns of this length packed with particles this fine require operation with pressures from 1,000 to 7,000 bar (15,000 to 100,000 psi). The advantages of this technique are high separation powers (theoretical plate counts from 100,000 to 300,000) and run times from a few minutes (isocratic) to a few hours (long gradients). This review discusses the background and theoretical basis of UHPLC, practical aspects of UHPLC hardware, examples of separations, future areas for research in UHPLC, and techniques that are both competitive with and complementary to UHPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Jorgenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-3290, USA.
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Thamarai Chelvi SK, Yong EL, Gong Y. Application of bromoacetate-substituted β-CD-bonded silica particles as chiral stationary phase for HPLC. J Sep Sci 2009; 33:74-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Thamarai Chelvi S, Yong E, Gong Y. Preparation and evaluation of calix[4]arene-capped β-cyclodextrin-bonded silica particles as chiral stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1203:54-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Dai R, Nie X, Li H, Saeed MK, Deng Y, Yao G. Investigation of β-CD-derivatized erythromycin as chiral selector in CE. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2566-72. [PMID: 17577196 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A novel water-soluble beta-CD-derivatized erythromycin (EM) was synthesized and used as an effective chiral selector for the resolution of chiral compounds in CZE. The purpose of substitution at the primary hydroxyl site of beta-CD with 1-oxygen-2,3-epoxypropane is to produce a compound having functions of both beta-CD and EM. beta-CD-derivatized EM exhibited excellent enantioselectivities compared with single beta-CD and EM for chiral separation in CE. We also investigated the influence of pH and concentration of BGE, concentration of chiral selector, applied potential, and organic modifier on chiral compounds' separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongji Dai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Wu N, Clausen AM. Fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography for fast separations. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1167-82. [PMID: 17595952 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing development of HPLC has been focused on increasing the speed and efficiency of separations over the past decade. The advances in separation speed have been primarily related to the development of column technology and instrumentation. Relatively short columns packed with sub-2 microm particles provide high-speed separations while maintaining or increasing resolution. Ultrahigh pressure pump systems have been developed to overcome the high-pressure drop generated by such sub-2 microm packings. In this review, fundamental and practical aspects of ultrahigh pressure or ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (U-HPLC) are discussed. Applications of fast U-HPLC separations are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naijun Wu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Building RY818-B215, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Piątek P, Gryko DT, Szumna A, Jurczak J. A new strategy for the synthesis of pendant benzodiazacoronands and their use as components of chromatographic stationary phases. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mangelings D, Maftouh M, Massart DL, Vander Heyden Y. Comparison of the miniaturised techniques capillary electrochromatography and capillary liquid chromatography for the chiral separation of chlorthalidone. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:789-99. [PMID: 15193723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the miniaturised techniques, capillary electrochromatography (CEC) and capillary liquid chromatography (CLC), for the chiral separation of chlorthalidone. In both cases, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin was used as a chiral selector in the mobile phase, while an achiral stationary phase was used. Earlier, this separation was already optimised in CEC. Now, the separation was optimised in CLC. The influence of the organic modifier content and the cyclodextrin concentration on the separation was studied by means of a central composite design. Optimal separation conditions were determined, after response modelling, from the response surface contour plots. When these conditions were compared with those of the CEC optimisation, we can see the potential of using CLC as a chiral separation technique since less chiral selector was used, faster separations were obtained and better repeatability was observed in comparison with its electrical-driven counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mangelings
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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