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van Zelst FHM, van Meerten SGJ, van Bentum PJM, Kentgens APM. Hyphenation of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and NMR with In-Line Sample Concentration. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10457-10464. [PMID: 30080387 PMCID: PMC6127797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
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By
coupling supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) in-line, a powerful analytical method arises
that enables chemically specific analysis of a broad range of complex
mixtures. However, during chromatography, the compounds are diluted
in the mobile phase, in this case supercritical CO2 (scCO2), often resulting in concentrations that are too low to be
detected by NMR spectroscopy or at least requiring excessive signal
averaging. We present a hyphenated SFC-NMR setup with an integrated
approach for concentrating samples in-line, which are diluted in scCO2 during chromatography. This in-line concentration is achieved
by controlled in-line expansion of the scCO2. As a proof
of concept four isomers of vitamin E (tocopherol) were isolated by
SFC, concentrated in-line by expanding CO2 from 120 to
50 bar, and finally shuttled to the NMR spectrometer fitted with a
dedicated probehead for spectroscopic characterization of microfluidic
samples. The abundant isomers were readily detected, supporting the
viability of SFC-NMR as a powerful analytical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H M van Zelst
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM) , Radboud University , Nijmegen 6525 AJ , The Netherlands.,TA-COAST , Science Park 904 , Amsterdam 1098 XH , The Netherlands
| | - S G J van Meerten
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM) , Radboud University , Nijmegen 6525 AJ , The Netherlands.,TA-COAST , Science Park 904 , Amsterdam 1098 XH , The Netherlands
| | - P J M van Bentum
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM) , Radboud University , Nijmegen 6525 AJ , The Netherlands
| | - A P M Kentgens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM) , Radboud University , Nijmegen 6525 AJ , The Netherlands
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2
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Tyśkiewicz K, Dębczak A, Gieysztor R, Szymczak T, Rój E. Determination of fat- and water-soluble vitamins by supercritical fluid chromatography: A review. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:336-350. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz
- Supercritical Extraction Department; New Chemical Syntheses Institute; Puławy Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dębczak
- Supercritical Extraction Department; New Chemical Syntheses Institute; Puławy Poland
| | - Roman Gieysztor
- Supercritical Extraction Department; New Chemical Syntheses Institute; Puławy Poland
| | - Tomasz Szymczak
- Supercritical Extraction Department; New Chemical Syntheses Institute; Puławy Poland
| | - Edward Rój
- Supercritical Extraction Department; New Chemical Syntheses Institute; Puławy Poland
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3
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Polyunsaturated lipids and vitamin A oxidation during cod liver oil in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Antioxidant effect of added BHT. Food Chem 2017; 232:733-743. [PMID: 28490135 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The extent of cod liver oil hydrolysis and oxidation during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was investigated by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). These techniques evidenced the degradation of polyunsaturated ω-3 and ω-6 lipids and, for the first time, that of vitamin A, naturally present in cod liver oil. Cis,trans-conjugated dienes associated with hydroperoxides, as well as monoepoxides, cis,trans-2,4-alkadienals, 4-hydroperoxy- and 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals, and several vitamin A derived metabolites were generated. Moreover, the effect of the addition of the synthetic antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 20 and 800ppm was tackled. Both techniques showed BHT to be efficient in limiting oxidation reactions during digestion, almost inhibiting them at 800ppm. Therefore, the simultaneous intake of antioxidants with cod liver oil should be considered, in order to increase polyunsaturated lipid and vitamin A bioaccessibility and avoid formation of toxic oxidation compounds like oxygenated alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes.
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Key Words
- (1)H NMR
- (2E,4E,7Z)-Deca-2,4,7-trienal (PubChem CID: 6442642)
- (E)-4-Oxohex-2-enal (PubChem CID: 6365145)
- 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienone (PubChem CID: 107736)
- 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (PubChem CID: 31404)
- 2,6-Di-tert-butylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (PubChem CID: 12867)
- 4,5-Epoxy-2-heptenal (PubChem CID: 6444055)
- 4-Hydroxy-hexenal (PubChem CID: 28536)
- 5,6-Epoxy-beta-ionone (PubChem CID: 5352481)
- Digestion
- Fish oil
- Oxidation
- Retinyl palmitate
- Retinyl palmitate (PubChem CID: 5280531)
- SPME-GC/MS
- beta-Ionone (PubChem CID: 638014)
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4
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Quantification of Retinoid Compounds by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Coupled to Ultraviolet Diode Array Detection. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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5
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Chromatographic Resolution of 7 of 8 Stereoisomers of Vitamin K1 on an Amylose Stationary Phase Using Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Samokhin AS, Revelsky IA, Chepelyansky DA, Parenago OO, Pokrovsky OI, Lepeshkin FD, Ustinovich KB, Revelsky AI. Supercritical fluid chromatography and its application to analysis and preparation of high-purity compounds. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793111080100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Hasdenteufel F. Twenty Years of Separation of Cis‐Trans (Z)‐(E) Isomers. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/15422110600822774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Baertschi SW. Analytical methodologies for discovering and profiling degradation-related impurities. Trends Analyt Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Fischer H, Gyllenhaal O, Vessman J, Albert K. Reaction monitoring of aliphatic amines in supercritical carbon dioxide by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and implications for supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal Chem 2003; 75:622-6. [PMID: 12585493 DOI: 10.1021/ac020527p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, it has repeatedly been stated that amines react with CO2 and can therefore not be chromatographed under supercritical conditions with CO2. The aim of the present work is to elucidate the structural requirements and conditions that can lead to the reaction of an amine analyte with CO2 and, if this occurs, the structure of the formed product. The use of on-line nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with a flow probe for supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) enables the investigation of these unstable analytes in supercritical mediums. Several alkyl-substituted secondary benzylamines and some primary aromatic amines were dissolved in supercritical CO2 and investigated by employing on-line SFC-1H NMR spectroscopy. It was found that the condition of carbamic acid formation depends on the steric properties of the substituents of the amine. A 2-isopropylamino alcohol compound, metoprolol, was also investigated with the setup. No carbamic acid could be detected with the present conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Fischer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tubringen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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10
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Turne C, King JW, Mathiasson L. Supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography for fat-soluble vitamin analysis. J Chromatogr A 2001; 936:215-37. [PMID: 11761002 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extraction and chromatographic separation of fat-soluble vitamins is a challenging task, due to the sensitivity of these compounds towards light, oxygen, heat and pH. In light of this, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) are attractive techniques as they function at considerably milder conditions than conventional solvent-based analytical techniques. Moreover, supercritical techniques consume much less amounts of organic solvents than conventional ones. This review gives a brief description of suitable supercritical media as well as basic theory on SFE and SFC processes. Furthermore, guidelines are provided for optimizing the important extraction and separation parameters to facilitate a successful method development. Finally, applications employing SFE and/or SFC for fat-soluble vitamin enrichment and final determination are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Turne
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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11
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Gundersen TE, Blomhoff R. Qualitative and quantitative liquid chromatographic determination of natural retinoids in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2001; 935:13-43. [PMID: 11762772 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography continues to be the preferred method for determining retinoids in biological samples. The highly unstable nature of retinoids and the real possibility of artifacts or erroneous results have led to the development of rapid and highly automated protocols for retinoid extraction, separation and detection. Due to strong light absorbance in the ultraviolet region, UV detectors still predominate although mass spectrometric detection is gaining increased popularity. This paper reviews recent advances and provides major guidelines for using liquid chromatography to identify and quantify retinoids in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Gundersen
- Institute for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway.
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12
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Lacey ME, Subramanian R, Olson DL, Webb AG, Sweedler JV. High-Resolution NMR Spectroscopy of Sample Volumes from 1 nL to 10 &mgr;L. Chem Rev 1999; 99:3133-3152. [PMID: 11749512 DOI: 10.1021/cr980140f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Lacey
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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13
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Abstract
A general overview of the experimental set-up for performing analytical-scale and nanoliter-scale liquid chromatography-1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (LC-1H-NMR) experiments is given. The high power of combining LC with 1H-NMR spectroscopy is demonstrated by two examples, where NMR acquisition was performed either in the continuous-flow mode on the analytical scale or in the stopped-flow mode on the nanoliter scale. Current developments employing the on-line coupling of capillary as well as supercritical fluid separation methods with 1H-NMR spectroscopy together with LC-13C-NMR spectroscopy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Albert
- Universität Tübingen, Institut für Organische Chemie, Germany.
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14
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Smith RM, Chienthavorn O, Wilson ID, Wright B, Taylor SD. Superheated Heavy Water as the Eluent for HPLC-NMR and HPLC-NMR-MS of Model Drugs. Anal Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9905470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Albert K, Dachtler M, Glaser T, Händel H, Lacker T, Schlotterbeck G, Strohschein S, Tseng LH, Braumann U. On-Line Coupling of Separation Techniques to NMR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19990301)22:3<135::aid-jhrc135>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Recent developments in NMR spectroscopy verify that NMR continues to be an exciting area of research. These advances can be placed into three general categories: new hardware; new techniques; and novel applications. The hardware developments include many advances in the area of flow NMR and some new probe designs. The new techniques include several ways to edit the NMR spectra of mixtures without using chromatographic separation. These new NMR tools are now allowing us to analyze complex mixtures, combinatorial-chemistry libraries, bound drugs, unstable compounds, very small samples, and heterogeneous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Keifer
- Varian NMR Instruments 3120 Hansen Way D-298 Palo Alto CA 94304-1030 USA.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- T. L. Chester
- Miami Valley Laboratories, The Procter & Gamble Company, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707
| | - J. D. Pinkston
- Miami Valley Laboratories, The Procter & Gamble Company, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707
| | - D. E. Raynie
- Miami Valley Laboratories, The Procter & Gamble Company, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707
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18
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Albert K. Supercritical fluid chromatography-proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy coupling. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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