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Pulitelli G, Mammone FR, Sadutto D, Tanini D, Cirilli R. Virtual chiral recognition of eugenol derivatives on amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase in unusual normal-phase mode. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341811. [PMID: 37827619 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Chromatographic enantioseparation on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases has undergone explosive development over the last three decades as a method for separating the enantiomers of chiral compounds on an analytical and preparative scale. In this context, understanding the nature of the intermolecular interactions involved in retention and recognition processes is an interesting scientific challenge. In the present study, three eugenol derivatives were used as chiral references to elucidate some unexplored aspects of the enantioselective and retention properties of the Chiralpak IG-U chiral stationary phase based on amylose-tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate). The performance of the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography chiral packing material Chiralpak IG-U was evaluated using a two-step approach. First, binary mixtures containing variable proportions of alcohol (ethanol or 2-propanol) in n-hexane were used as mobile phases and the retention factors were recorded at three different temperatures. A rational analysis of this set of chromatographic data shows the leading role played by hydrogen bond between the OH group linked to the stereogenic centre of the analytes and the active sites of the chiral chromatographic material in obtaining a high degree of enantioseparation. The retention factors were then plotted against the percentage of alcohol modifiers to obtain retention maps with a non-linear performance trend with correlation factors >0.9990. The proposed retention map model was used to extrapolate and describe virtual chiral recognition of chiral analytes on the Chiralpak IG-U chiral stationary phase under extreme elution conditions with expected run times of hundreds or thousands of years. The presented virtual chiral recognition approach is based on a generic concept and therefore opens new possibilities for understanding the performance of other polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pulitelli
- Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Mammone
- Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Sadutto
- Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Damiano Tanini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3-13, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Chemical Medicines Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Česla P, Hájek T, Urban J, Holčapek M. Liquid chromatography at the university of pardubice: a tribute to Professor Pavel Jandera. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3214-3231. [PMID: 35932491 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pavel Jandera was a world-leading analytical chemist who devoted his entire professional life to research in the field of high-performance liquid chromatography. During all his scientific career, he worked at the Department of Analytical Chemistry at the University of Pardubice, Czech Republic. His greatest contribution to the field of liquid chromatography was the introduction of a comprehensive theory of liquid chromatography with programmed elution conditions. He was also involved in the research of gradient elution techniques in preparative chromatography, modeling of retention and selectivity in various phase systems, preparation of organic monolithic microcolumns and, last but not least, in the development of theory and practical applications of two-dimensional liquid chromatography, mainly in the comprehensive form. In this review article, we have tried to capture the highlights of his scientific career and provide the readers with a detailed overview of Pavel Jandera's contribution to the evolution of separation sciences. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Česla
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, CZ-53210, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, CZ-53210, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Urban
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Holčapek
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, CZ-53210, Czech Republic
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Comparison of the Fitting Performance of Retention Models and Elution Strength Behaviour in Hydrophilic-Interaction and Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) is able to separate from polar to highly polar solutes, using similar eluents to those in the reversed-phase mode (RPLC) and a polar stationary phase, where water is adsorbed onto its surface. It is widely accepted that multiple modes of interaction take place in the HILIC environment, which can be far more complex than the interactions in an RPLC column. The behaviour in HILIC should be adequately modelled to predict the retention with optimisation purposes and improve the understanding on retention mechanisms, as is the case for RPLC. In this work, the prediction performance of several retention models is studied for seven HILIC columns (underivatised silica, and silica containing diol, amino and sulfobetaine functional groups, together with three columns recently manufactured with neutral, anionic, and cationic character), using uracil and six polar nucleosides (adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, thymidine, uridine, and xanthosine) as probe compounds. The results in HILIC are compared with those that were offered by the elution of several polar sulphonamides and diuretics analysed with two C18 columns (Chromolith Speed ROD and Zorbax Eclipse XDB). It is shown that eight retention models, which only consider partitioning or both partitioning and adsorption, give similar good accuracy in predictions for both HILIC and RPLC columns. However, the study on the elution strength behaviour, at varying mobile phase composition, reveals similarities (or differences) between RPLC and HILIC columns of diverse nature. The particular behaviour for the HILIC and RPLC columns was also revealed when the retention, in both modes, was fitted to a model that describes the change in the elution strength with the modifier concentration.
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den Uijl MJ, Schoenmakers PJ, Pirok BWJ, van Bommel MR. Recent applications of retention modelling in liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:88-114. [PMID: 33058527 PMCID: PMC7821232 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent applications of retention modelling in liquid chromatography (2015–2020) are comprehensively reviewed. The fundamentals of the field, which date back much longer, are summarized. Retention modeling is used in retention‐mechanism studies, for determining physical parameters, such as lipophilicity, and for various more‐practical purposes, including method development and optimization, method transfer, and stationary‐phase characterization and comparison. The review focusses on the effects of mobile‐phase composition on retention, but other variables and novel models to describe their effects are also considered. The five most‐common models are addressed in detail, i.e. the log‐linear (linear‐solvent‐strength) model, the quadratic model, the log–log (adsorption) model, the mixed‐mode model, and the Neue–Kuss model. Isocratic and gradient‐elution methods are considered for determining model parameters and the evaluation and validation of fitted models is discussed. Strategies in which retention models are applied for developing and optimizing one‐ and two‐dimensional liquid chromatographic separations are discussed. The review culminates in some overall conclusions and several concrete recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi J den Uijl
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R van Bommel
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Humanities, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Baeza-Baeza J, García-Alvarez-Coque M. Extension of the linear solvent strength retention model including a parameter that describes the elution strength changes in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1615:460757. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Wu D, Lucy CA. Linear solvation energy relationships in normal phase chromatography based on gradient separations. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1516:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zarei K, Fatemi L. PREDICTION OF RETENTION OF PESTICIDES IN REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY USING CLASSIFICATION AND REGRESSION TREE ANALYSIS AND ADAPTIVE NEURO-FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEMS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.613140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Zarei
- a School of Chemistry, Damghan University , Damghan , Iran
| | - Leila Fatemi
- a School of Chemistry, Damghan University , Damghan , Iran
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Jandera P. Can the theory of gradient liquid chromatography be useful in solving practical problems? J Chromatogr A 2006; 1126:195-218. [PMID: 16787650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the theory of gradient liquid chromatography and their practical impacts are reviewed. Theoretical models describing retention in reversed-phase, normal-phase and ion-exchange modes are compared. Main attention is focused on practically useful models described by two- or three-parameter equations fitting the experimental data in the range of mobile phase composition utilized for sample migration during gradient elution. The applications of theory for gradient method development, optimization and transfer are addressed. The origins and possibilities for overcoming possible pitfalls are discussed, including the effects of the instrumental dwell volume, uptake of mobile phase components on the column and size of the sample molecules. Special attention is focused on gradient separations of large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, CZ-53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Borówko M, Ościk-Mendyk B. Adsorption model for retention in normal-phase liquid chromatography with ternary mobile phases. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2005; 118:113-24. [PMID: 16125118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The review gives a link between the theory of adsorption from multicomponent solutions and liquid chromatography. The article surveys the methods developed to describe the retention in normal-phase chromatography with ternary mobile phases with emphasis on the results of the authors. In the model used the driving force for the separation is the difference in adsorption of a solute and all solvents onto the solid surface. The general equation generates a series of simple linear relationships to predict the retention factor in ternary mobile phase for which certain parameters remain fixed. Theoretical concepts are tested by comparison with experimental data. The correlations between parameters characterizing retention in ternary, binary and pure solvents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Borówko
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.Curie-Skłodowska University, M.Curie-Skłodowska Sq.3. 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
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New Stationary Phases for Normal-Phase HPLC Based on Silica Gel Modified with Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, and Barium Salts. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10809-005-0175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pirogov AV, Kuzavlev AP, Shpigun OA. New stationary phases for normal-phase HPLC based on silica gel modified with cobalt, nickel, zinc, and cadmium salts. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10809-005-0099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Soczewiński E. Mechanistic molecular model of liquid-solid chromatography retention-eluent composition relationships. J Chromatogr A 2002; 965:109-16. [PMID: 12236520 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of a simple molecular model of liquid-solid chromatography leading to linear logarithmic relationships between retention factor and eluent composition is discussed. Further evolution of the model and its practical applications in method development are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Soczewiński
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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Abstract
Gradient elution is widely used for separation of complex samples in reversed-phase HPLC systems, but is less frequently applied in normal-phase HPLC, where it has a notoriously bad reputation for poor reproducibility and unpredictable retention. This behaviour is caused by preferential adsorption of polar solvents used in mixed mobile phases, which may cause significant deviations of the actual gradient profile from the pre-set program. Another important source of irreproducible retention behaviour is gradual deactivation of the adsorbent by adsorption of even traces of water during normal-phase gradient elution. To avoid this phenomenon, carefully dried solvents should be used. Finally, column temperature should be carefully controlled during normal-phase gradient elution if reproducible results are to be obtained. Working with dry solvents at a controlled constant temperature and using a sophisticated gradient-elution chromatograph, reproducibility of the retention data in normal-phase gradient elution better than 2% may be achieved even over several months of column use. The retention data in gradient elution can be calculated accurately if appropriate corrections are adopted for the gradient dwell volume and for the preferential adsorption of the polar solvents using experimental adsorption isotherms. The average error of prediction for the corrected calculated gradient retention data was lower than 2% for a silica gel column and lower than 3% for a bonded nitrile column, which may be suitable for the optimization of separation. Further, a simple approach is suggested for rapid estimation of changes in the retention induced by a change in the gradient profile in normal-phase HPLC. For such a rough estimation, it is not necessary to know the parameters of the dependence of the solute retention factors on the composition of the mobile phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Ościk-Mendyk B, Borówko M. Application of Soczewiński-type equation to study molecular interactions in liquid adsorption chromatography. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jandera P. Chapter 1 Comparison of various modes and phase systems for analytical HPLC. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(00)80004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Giacomelli L, Boggetti H, Agnelli H, Cattana R, Silber JJ. Factor analysis applied to the study of retention mechanism of nitroanilines in normal phase high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abu-Lafi S, Turujman SA. Reproducibility of the separation of astaxanthin stereoisomers on Pirkle covalent L-leucine and D-phenylglycine columns. J Chromatogr A 1999; 855:157-70. [PMID: 10514981 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reproducibility of the separation of astaxanthin stereoisomers on columns packed with Pirkle covalent L-leucine chiral stationary phase (CSP) was examined by comparing six columns purchased from the same manufacturer. Differences were found even for columns packed with CSP from the same lot. The reproducibility of columns packed with Pirkle covalent D-phenylglycine CSP was also examined by comparing columns purchased from the same manufacturer as well as from different manufacturers. Significant differences were found for columns packed by different manufacturers. Chiral column-to-column reproducibility for complex stereoisomeric separations should therefore not be taken for granted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abu-Lafi
- Office of Cosmetics and Colors, US Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204, USA
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Simultaneous optimisation of gradient time, gradient shape and initial composition of the mobile phase in the high-performance liquid chromatography of homologous and oligomeric series. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Oumada F, Rosés M, Bosch E, Abraham M. Solute–solvent interactions in normal-phase liquid chromatography: a linear free-energy relationships study. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jandera P. Optimisation of gradient elution in normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jandera P, Petránek L, Kučerová M. Characterisation and prediction of retention in isocratic and gradient-elution normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on polar bonded stationary phases with binary and ternary solvent systems. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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