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Farina A, Delhaye M, Lescuyer P, Dumonceau JM. Bile proteome in health and disease. Compr Physiol 2014; 4:91-108. [PMID: 24692135 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of bile proteins could improve the understanding of physiological processes involved in the regulation of the hepato-biliary system. Researchers have tried for years to investigate the bile proteome but, until recently, only a few tens of proteins were known. The advent of proteomics, availing of large-scale analytical devices paired with potent bioinformatic resources, lately allowed the identification of thousands of proteins in bile. Nevertheless, the knowledge of their role in the hepato-biliary system still represents almost a "blank page in the book of physiology." In this review, we first guide the reader through the historical phases of the analysis of bile protein content, emphasizing the recent progresses achieved through the use of proteomic techniques. Thereafter, we deeply explore the involvement of bile proteins in health and disease, with a particular focus on the discovery of biomarkers for biliary tract malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Farina
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Human Protein Sciences, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Zhang D, Xiang J, Wang L, Xu Z, Sun L, Zhou F, Zha X, Cai D. Comparative proteomic analysis of gallbladder bile proteins related to cholesterol gallstones. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54489. [PMID: 23349907 PMCID: PMC3547929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nucleation of cholesterol monohydrate crystals following the aggregation and fusion of cholesterol-enriched vesicles is a critical procedure in the formation of cholesterol gallstone. Biliary proteins play important roles in the process. It is inefficient to screen pro-nucleating or anti-nucleating proteins with routine physiochemical techniques, by which we discovered several pro-nucleating proteins. Methodology/Principal Findings Based on comparative proteomic technologies, we investigated the differentially expressed proteins between the cholesterol gallstone and control groups, and between the vesicular phase and micellar phase. There are 401±75 spots detected on the cholesterol gallstone group and 389±94 spots on the control group gels, 120±24 spots detected on vesicular phase and 198±37 on micellar phase gels, and accordingly 22 and 8 differentially expressed proteins were identified successfully, respectively. Three of them, HSA, Profilin and Retinol Binding Protein, were validated by Western blot. Conclusion/Significance Some of the identified proteins are in good agreement with proteins reported to be involved in the gallstone formation before. The information from this study might provide some important clues to uncover the key proteins involved in the formation of cholesterol gallstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diancai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (DC); (JBX)
| | - Liying Wang
- Key Laboratory Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Xu
- Key Laboratory Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lidong Sun
- Key Laboratory Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Key Laboratory Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiliang Zha
- Key Laboratory Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Duan Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (DC); (JBX)
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Barbhuiya MA, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Pinto SM, Muthusamy B, Singh TD, Nanjappa V, Keerthikumar S, Delanghe B, Harsha HC, Chaerkady R, Jalaj V, Gupta S, Shrivastav BR, Tiwari PK, Pandey A. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human bile. Proteomics 2011; 11:4443-53. [PMID: 22114102 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bile serves diverse functions from metabolism to transport. In addition to acids and salts, bile is composed of proteins secreted or shed by the hepatobiliary system. Although there have been previous efforts to catalog biliary proteins, an in-depth analysis of the bile proteome has not yet been reported. We carried out fractionation of non-cancerous bile samples using a multipronged approach (SDS-PAGE, SCX and OFFGEL) followed by MS analysis on an LTQ-Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer using high resolution at both MS and MS/MS levels. We identified 2552 proteins - the largest number of proteins reported in human bile till date. To our knowledge, there are no previous studies employing high-resolution MS reporting a more detailed catalog of any body fluid proteome in a single study. We propose that extensive fractionation coupled to high-resolution MS can be used as a standard methodology for in-depth characterization of any body fluid. This catalog should serve as a baseline for the future studies aimed at discovering biomarkers from bile in gallbladder, hepatic, and biliary cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A Barbhuiya
- Centre for Genomics, Molecular and Human Genetics, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
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Lankisch TO, Metzger J, Negm AA, Vosskuhl K, Schiffer E, Siwy J, Weismüller TJ, Schneider AS, Thedieck K, Baumeister R, Zürbig P, Weissinger EM, Manns MP, Mischak H, Wedemeyer J. Bile proteomic profiles differentiate cholangiocarcinoma from primary sclerosing cholangitis and choledocholithiasis. Hepatology 2011; 53:875-84. [PMID: 21374660 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Early detection of malignant biliary tract diseases, especially cholangiocarcinoma (CC) in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), is very difficult and often comes too late to give the patient a therapeutic benefit. We hypothesize that bile proteomic analysis distinguishes CC from nonmalignant lesions. We used capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE-MS) to identify disease-specific peptide patterns in patients with choledocholithiasis (n = 16), PSC (n = 18), and CC (n = 16) in a training set. A model for differentiation of choledocholithiasis from PSC and CC (PSC/CC model) and another model distinguishing CC from PSC (CC model) were subsequently validated in independent cohorts (choledocholithiasis [n = 14], PSC [n = 18] and CC [n = 25]). Peptides were characterized by sequencing. Application of the PSC/CC model in the independent test cohort resulted in correct exclusion of 12/14 bile samples from patients with choledocholithiasis and identification of 40/43 patients with PSC or CC (86% specificity, 93% sensitivity). The corresponding receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82-0.98, P = 0.0001). The CC model succeeded in an accurate detection of 14/18 bile samples from patients with PSC and 21/25 samples with CC (78% specificity, 84% sensitivity) in the independent cohort, resulting in an AUC value of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.73-0.95, P = 0.0001) in ROC analysis. Eight out of 10 samples of patients with CC complicating PSC were identified. CONCLUSION Bile proteomic analysis discriminates benign conditions from CC accurately. This method may become a diagnostic tool in future as it offers a new possibility to diagnose malignant bile duct disease and thus enables efficient therapy particularly in patients with PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim O Lankisch
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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5
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Farina A, Dumonceau JM, Lescuyer P. Proteomic analysis of human bile and potential applications for cancer diagnosis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2009; 6:285-301. [PMID: 19489700 DOI: 10.1586/epr.09.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile is a body fluid produced by the liver and drained by biliary ducts into the duodenum. It has two major functions: first, it contains bile acids, which are critical for the digestion of fats, and second, it is an excretory pathway for many endogenous and exogenous compounds. Proteomic analysis of bile is particularly difficult since this fluid contains high concentrations of various substances that strongly interfere with protein separation and identification techniques. Furthermore, owing to its deep location in the body, bile must be collected by surgical or endoscopic procedures. However, as was speculated for other body fluids, bile appears to be a promising sample for the discovery of disease biomarkers leaking from proximal tissues: the liver, pancreas or biliary tree. The interest in clinical proteomics was demonstrated by two studies that identified in bile potential biomarkers for two deadly and difficult to diagnose neoplasms, pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Farina
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Switzerland.
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6
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Bonney GK, Craven RA, Prasad R, Melcher AF, Selby PJ, Banks RE. Circulating markers of biliary malignancy: opportunities in proteomics? Lancet Oncol 2008; 9:149-58. [PMID: 18237849 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(08)70027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma, a primary liver tumour that arises from biliary epithelial cells, is increasing in incidence and has poor prognosis. Diagnosis is difficult, particularly in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, who are at risk of developing the disease. Timely diagnosis is essential because surgical resection in early disease remains the only cure. The lack of a sensitive and specific early diagnostic marker and of alternative treatments are the main reasons why patients have limited survival. The use of proteomic-based approaches, which analyse the physiological or pathological complement of proteins (ie, the proteome) in cells, tissues, or biological fluids, has received substantial interest in biomarker discovery. Proteomics complements genomic studies and examines functional end-units quantitatively and qualitatively, including post-translational modifications which might vary with disease and might have key roles in protein function or localisation. Major advances in technology and bioinformatics have enhanced proteomic studies, resulting in increased understanding of the pathogenesis of many diseases and in biomarker discovery with effective use of tissues, cell lines, and biological fluids. We review the current status and promise of proteomic-based approaches in biomarker discovery for cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K Bonney
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Chen CY, Tsai WL, Wu HC, Syu MJ, Wu CC, Shiesh SC. Diagnostic role of biliary pancreatic elastase for cholangiocarcinoma in patients with cholestasis. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 390:82-9. [PMID: 18252202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A wide array of proteins is secreted into the bile and may be associated with biliary tract diseases. We attempted to discover novel biomarker in bile for cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS Bile was collected from patients with bile duct obstruction. Proteins were separated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis and identified by mass spectrometry. Levels of mRNA and protein expression of the candidate biomarker were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively, whereas enzyme activity was measured by a kinetic method. The diagnostic efficacy was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS Pancreatic elastase (PE) 3B was identified as a biomarker for cholangiocarcinoma. The mRNA of PE 3B was up-regulated in cancerous tissues, compared to non-cancerous tissues. The protein expression and enzyme activity of PE in bile were increased in patients with cholangiocarcinoma, compared to gallstone patients. Biliary amylase activity was used to correct the presence of pancreaticobiliary reflux. Significantly higher PE/amylase ratios in bile were found in patients with cholangiocarcinoma (0.214+/-0.045) than those with gallstone (0.023+/-0.005, p<0.001). The area under the ROC curve of the ratio was 0.877 (95% CI: 0.765 to 0.988). Using 0.065 as a cutoff value, the ratio distinguished malignant from benign causes of biliary obstruction with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 89%. CONCLUSION PE in bile is a biomarker for cholangiocarcinoma and the combination measurement of PE and amylase enhances diagnostic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Yu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Guerrier L, Claverol S, Finzi L, Paye F, Fortis F, Boschetti E, Housset C. Contribution of solid-phase hexapeptide ligand libraries to the repertoire of human bile proteins. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1176:192-205. [PMID: 18036598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteins in bile may have important physiological functions and serve as disease biomarkers. Here, the protein composition of human gallbladder bile was analyzed using a recently described chromatography-like technology capable to enhance the signal of low-abundance species. First, proteins present in bile fluid were treated with immobilized peptide ligand libraries to concentrate dilute and very dilute species while concomitantly diluting the high-abundance proteins. The analysis of resulting protein mixture was then performed using LC-MS/MS after having classically separated proteins by a mini preparative gel electrophoresis. Overall 222 gene products were found; 143 of them were not reported before in proteomics studies. Ligand libraries by themselves contributed to find 81 new gene products distributed throughout different categories. The described chromatographic approach provides a significant contribution to the bile protein repertoire and opens new perspectives for the discovery of markers for specific biliary tract diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guerrier
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, C/o CEA-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Tan S, Liang CRMY, Yeoh KG, So J, Hew CL, Chung MCM. Gastrointestinal fluids proteomics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:820-33. [PMID: 21136736 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Seventy million people suffer from diseases of the gastrointestinal tract annually in US, translating to US$85.5 billion in direct healthcare costs. The debilitating effects of these gastrointestinal (GI) diseases can be circumvented with good biomarkers for early detection of these disorders, which will greatly increase the success of curative treatments. GI fluids represent a potential reservoir of biomarkers for early diagnosis of various GI and systemic diseases since these fluids are the most proximal fluid bathing diseased cells. They are anticipated to have proteomes that closely reflect the ensemble of proteins secreted from the respective GI tissues. Most importantly, the disease markers present in GI fluids should be present in higher concentrations than in sera, thus offering greater sensitivity in their detection. However, proteome analysis of GI fluids can be complex mainly due to the dynamic range of protein content and the numerous PTMs of proteins in each specialized GI compartment. This review attempts to discuss the physiology of the various GI fluids, the special technical considerations required for proteome analysis of each fluid, as well as to summarize the current state of knowledge of biomarker discoveries and clinical utility of GI fluids such as salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and biliary secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
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Zhou H, Chen B, Li RX, Sheng QH, Li SJ, Zhang L, Li L, Xia QC, Wang HY, Zeng R. Large-scale identification of human biliary proteins from a cholesterol stone patient using a proteomic approach. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:3569-78. [PMID: 16276486 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gallbladder bile, one of the most important body fluids, is composed of water, inorganic ions, conjugated bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol, bilirubin, mucin and proteins. The separation and identification of bile proteins remain difficult due to the complexity of this matrix. In the present study, human gallbladder bile was obtained from a cholesterol stone patient, and the proteins were isolated and purified by dialysis, precipitation and delipidation procedures. The resulting proteins were divided into several aliquots. One aliquot was subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). The protein spots were then in-gel digested and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Another aliquot was directly digested and analyzed by a combination of strong cation-exchange (SCX) and reversed-phase (RP) chromatography prior to tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC/MS/MS). Eventually, 48 and 218 unique proteins were identified from 2DE/MS and 2D-LC/MS/MS, respectively, resulting in a total of 222 unique identified proteins. Of the 218 proteins identified by 2D-LC/MS/MS, 92 were identified based on more than one unique tryptic peptide, and, of the total 222 proteins, 98 were identified based on more than one unique tryptic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhou
- Research Centre for Proteome Analysis, Key Lab of Proteomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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Jüngst D, Gussmann E, Zündt B, Meyer G, Jüngst C, Del Pozo R, Fischer S. Solubility of cholesterol in the crystal-free gallbladder bile of gallstone patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 144:134-40. [PMID: 15454882 DOI: 10.1016/j.lab.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Supersaturation of bile with cholesterol is generally considered the driving force of cholesterol precipitation. However, in most investigations the amount of cholesterol crystals is included in the calculation of the cholesterol saturation index (CSI). We therefore studied the solubility of cholesterol in crystal-free gallbladder bile from gallstone patients. Our results demonstrate significantly ( P <.05) higher CSIs (1.4 +/- 0.5 and 1.4 +/- 0.4 vs 1.1 +/- 0.4, mean +/- SD) in crystal-free gallbladder bile from 66 patients with cholesterol stones and 21 patients with mixed stones compared with those in 30 patients with pigment stones and a significant difference ( P <.001) in the amount of cholesterol in vesicles (19.2% +/- 13.7% and 14.3% +/- 11.6 % vs 4.2% +/- 5.9%) and of the crystal-observation time (COT; 1-21 days, median 2 days and 1-21 days, median 3 days, vs 3-21 days, median 21 days). We detected a positive correlation ( r =.24, P <.01) between the percentage of cholesterol in vesicles and the CSI and a negative correlation between COT and CSI ( r = -.23, P <.02 ) and COT and the percentage of cholesterol in vesicles ( r = -.52, P <.001 ). However, in 14 of 30 gallbladder-bile specimens from patients with pigment stones but in just 5 of 21 specimens from patients with mixed stones patients and 12 of 66 specimens from patients with cholesterol stones, the distribution of cholesterol in different phases (mixed micelles, vesicles, and crystals) was within the limits of solubility determined in previous studies of model bile. Therefore, in addition to the relative composition of biliary lipids, nonlipid components exert considerable influence on the solubility of cholesterol in the gallbladder bile of gallstone patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Jüngst
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Grsshadern, Ludwig-Maximillians University, Munich, Germany.
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12
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Kristiansen TZ, Bunkenborg J, Gronborg M, Molina H, Thuluvath PJ, Argani P, Goggins MG, Maitra A, Pandey A. A proteomic analysis of human bile. Mol Cell Proteomics 2004; 3:715-28. [PMID: 15084671 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m400015-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have carried out a comprehensive characterization of human bile to define the bile proteome. Our approach involved fractionation of bile by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and lectin affinity chromatography followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Overall, we identified 87 unique proteins, including several novel proteins as well as known proteins whose functions are unknown. A large majority of the identified proteins have not been previously described in bile. Using lectin affinity chromatography and enzymatically labeling of asparagine residues carrying glycan moieties by (18)O, we have identified a total of 33 glycosylation sites. The strategy described in this study should be generally applicable for a detailed proteomic analysis of most body fluids. In combination with "tagging" approaches for differential proteomics, our method could be used for identification of cancer biomarkers from any body fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Zakarias Kristiansen
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Stark M, Jörnvall H, Johansson J. Isolation and characterization of hydrophobic polypeptides in human bile. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 266:209-14. [PMID: 10542066 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polypeptides were isolated from human bile by extraction with chloroform/methanol, followed by reversed-phase chromatography in methanol/ethylene chloride and gel filtration in chloroform/methanol. Peptides were characterized by SDS/PAGE, sequence analysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This identified haemoglobin alpha chain, ATP synthase lipid-binding protein subunit 9, an N-terminal fragment of mac25/insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 and an internal fragment of monocyte differentiation antigen CD14, all not described previously in bile. In addition, alpha1-antitrypsin, known in bile from previous work, was also identified. The hydrophobic character of haemoglobin alpha chain is not apparent from its amino acid sequence, but the other polypeptides all have major hydrophobic segments. These results show that several proteins are removed upon organic solvent extraction used for delipidation during the preparation of samples for proteome analysis. Several of the polypeptides found are unexpectedly present in bile, suggesting that specific excretion mechanisms may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Margareta,
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Jüngst D, Müller I, Kullak-Ublick GA, Meyer G, Frimberger E, Fischer S. Deoxycholic acid is not related to lithogenic factors in gallbladder bile. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1999; 133:370-7. [PMID: 10218768 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(99)90068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of deoxycholic acid (DCA) on the factors in gallbladder bile responsible for cholesterol gallstone disease has been a controversial subject of discussion. This might be partially due to patient selection or inappropriate methods. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the percentage of DCA and lithogenic factors in the gallbladder bile of patients with cholesterol gallstones and with normal or moderately impaired gallbladder contractility. Patients with pigment stones served as a control group. The percentage of DCA in the gallbladder bile of 20 patients with cholesterol stones (23.2%+/-6.5%; mean+/-SD) was comparable to the DCA percentage in the gallbladder bile of 11 patients with pigment stones (26.5%+/-8.5%). No correlation was seen between the DCA percentage of total bile acids and the crystal observation time, cholesterol saturation index (CSI), total protein value, mucin level, and amount of cholesterol in vesicles or crystals in the total group of patients or in the subgroups with cholesterol or pigment stones, respectively. The lack of correlation between DCA percentage and CSI was determined in native bile (r = 0.048) as well as in crystal-free bile after ultracentrifugation (r = 0.107). Our findings demonstrate that in patients with gallstones, the percentage of DCA in gallbladder bile is not related to any of the known biliary factors associated with cholesterol gallstone disease. We conclude that in patients with normal or moderately impaired gallbladder function, an elevated DCA level in the gallbladder bile is of minor pathophysiologic significance for the formation of cholesterol gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jüngst
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
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