Non-porous silica for ultrafast reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of aldehyde and ketone 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones

Analysis of formose sugar and formaldehyde by high-performance liquid chromatography

Formose sugar and formaldehyde (HCHO) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) utilizing a CarboPac PA1 column (Dionex) and pulsed amperometric detection. This HPLC system was unsuitable for the analysis of formose sugar and HCHO and thus reducing sugars and unconverted HCHO were determined by endowing them with charges through a derivatization method using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. The separation and detection of compounds were performed by three Chromolith RP-C18 columns (Merck) and diode array detection, at a wavelength of 360 nm ultraviolet light, respectively. Lower sugars (except HCHO) showed some instabilities when the derivatized samples were kept for the extended periods of time. For C(5) and consecutive higher sugars, a certain derivatization time was necessary. In the present case (formose reaction with partial HCHO conversion), approximately 18 h may be a reasonable compromise for the derivatization reaction. A derivatization agent to compound mole ratio of up to 100:1 was required to complete the derivatization of C(4) and higher sugars. However, the analysis of C(4) and consecutive higher sugars is problematic for example due to overlapping of peaks or branched-chain sugars.

Extraction and derivatization in single drop coupled to MALDI-FTICR-MS for selective determination of small molecule aldehydes in single puff smoke

Extraction and derivatization in single drop (EDSD) coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTICR-MS) was utilized to determine small molecular aldehydes (SMAs) in single puff smoke. A methanol solution of diphenylamine, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid was used for extraction/derivatization of SMAs and a microdrop of the extraction solution containing the ionic derivatization products of SMAs could be directly deposited in the MALDI target to perform the measurement of SMAs in the cigarette smoke on puff level by MALDI-FTICR-MS. As a result, a consecutive operation of sample pre-treating and MALDI sample plate preparation was achieved. SMAs were derivatized by the reaction with diphenylamine and transformed a stable Schiff base bearing a quaternary ammonium group, and the sensitivity of analysis for SMAs was significantly improved. Good sample homogeneity in in-dot was achieved by adding diphenylamine into the solvent for EDSD and a satisfying repeatability (R.S.D.=7.3% for formaldehyde, n=5) of MALDI-FTICR-MS signals was obtained. This solvent- and reagent-minimized approach with an automatic potential provided a simple, rapid, and accurate procedure for the determination of SMAs in smoke.

Polymer monolith microextraction with in situ derivatization and its application to high-performance liquid chromatography determination of hexanal and heptanal in plasma

A simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of hexanal and heptanal in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed, which is based on polymer monolith microextraction (PMME) with in situ derivatization. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) as a derivatizing reagent was first adsorbed on a poly (methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (MAA-EGDMA) monolith, and then microextraction was performed simultaneously with derivatization on the monolith. The several parameters affecting the in situ derivatization simultaneously with PMME were investigated, including the flow rate, pH, buffer concentration, and temperature. The whole pretreatment process can be accomplished within 8 min. The limits of detection for hexanal and heptanal were found to be 2.4 and 3.6 nmol/L, respectively. The recoveries in plasma sample were in the range of 83-87% with the inter- and intra-day precisions less than 6.8%. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of hexanal and heptanal in plasma samples from different cancer patients.

Comportamento voltamétrico da redução de 2-furfuraldeído em etanol utilizando eletrodo de carbono vítreo

Este estudo descreve o comportamento voltamétrico da redução de 2-furfuraldeído em etanol utilizando-se eletrodo de carbono vítreo, visando estabelecer condições experimentais adequadas para a determinação de 2-furfuraldeído em álcool combustível. Os voltamogramas obtidos para o 2-furfuraldeído em uma velocidade de varredura (v) de 100mV.s-1 apresentaram uma corrente de pico catódica (i pc) definida em um potencial de -1,45V (vs. ECS) para o meio aquoso e -1,71V (vs. ECS) para o meio alcoólico, não sendo observadas correntes de pico anódicas nestes meios reacionais. A relação entre i pc e v½ apresentou-se linear em ambos os meios, exibindo um transporte de massa controlado por difusão. A análise dos parâmetros eletroquímicos obtidos neste estudo revelou que o processo eletródico apresenta um comportamento irreversível. A dependência de i pc com a concentração da espécie reacional apresentou-se linear no intervalo de concentração estudado, de 9,5x10-4 a 5,8x10-3 mol L-1 para ambos os meios. A sensibilidade do método em meio aquoso e alcoólico foi de 13,4 e 13,0 (x 10-3) mA mol-1 L respectivamente. Os limites de detecção (L.D.) referentes à determinação de 2-furfuraldeído, em meio aquoso e alcoólico situam-se entre 0,70 e 0,80 (x 10-3) mol L-1 respectivamente.

Determination of carbonyl compounds in air by electrochromatography

A new analytical procedure based on electrochromatography was developed for the separation and quantitation of 14 aldehydes and ketones (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde, butanone, crotonaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde/butyraldehyde, 2-pentenaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, valeraldehyde, benzaldehyde and hexanaldehyde) in ambient air currently to be regulated by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department. A volatile mobile phase using ammonium acetate compatible with mass spectrometry detection was developed and optimized as follows. Methanol: acetonitrile: aqueous buffer (4 mM ammonium acetate) = 65:5:30% v/v. With electrokinetic injection at 5 kV for 2 s, aqueous buffer pH adjusted to 8, applied voltage controlled at 25 kV, and detection at 360 nm in a fused-silica column packed with 3 microm ODS, a satisfactory separation was obtained for the 14 carbonyl compounds investigated. The working ranges in acetonitrile solution were found to vary from 0.25 to 79 mg/L with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99, detection limits from 0.10 to 0.63 mg/L, and precision (relative standard deviation, n = 3) from 2.3 to 9.2%. Under an air flow rate of 0.3 L/min for a sampling time of 1 h, the working ranges varied from 0.030 to 11,000 microg/m3 and detection limits from 0.011 to 0.084 microg/ m3. The method has been successfully applied to monitor three carbonyl compounds in four urban and rural sites in Hong Kong and gave hourly readings of three carbonyl compounds for all the sites investigated with a separation time less than 25 min.

C30 stationary phases for the analysis of food by liquid chromatography

The introduction of a polymeric C30 liquid chromatographic column by Sander et al. [Anal. Chem., 66 (1994) 1667] designed for the separation of carotenoid isomers, has led to the development of improved analytical methods for these compounds. Subsequent commercial availability of polymerically bonded C30 columns has facilitated these advances, and applications to a wide variety of separation problems with biological samples have been described. This report provides a comprehensive review of applications of polymeric C30 columns, utilized in the determination of carotenoids, retinoids, and other nutrients and related compounds in complex, natural-matrix samples.

Separation of carbonyl 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones by capillary electrochromatography with diode array detection

The applicability of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) with photodiode array detection for the analysis of carbonyl hydrazones is presented. The CEC separation of thirteen hydrazones was optimized by a systematic variation of conditions using a commercially available CE system and a 3-micron porous C18-bonded silica capillary column. The separation profile obtained under optimal isocratic conditions (60% actonitrile-4% tetrahydrofuran-5 mM Tris, pH 8) is similar to those reported for gradient HPLC, with significant improvements in efficiency (to 150,000-250,000 theoretical plates/m) and analysis time (by a factor of 4). The retention time reproducibility is better than 0.2% (RSD) from run to run and 1% from day to day. The limits of detection for individual carbonyl hydrazones range between 0.1 and 0.5 microgram/ml. Applications to ambient air and automobile exhaust are shown.