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Nitrogen compounds as molecular markers: An overview of analytical methodologies for its determination in crude oils and source rock extracts. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Xu X, Wang D, Li C, Feng H, Wang Z. Characterization of the reactivity and chlorinated products of carbazole during aqueous chlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:412-418. [PMID: 28284551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbazole in source water is a potential precursor for toxic chlorocarbazoles in drinking water when chlorine is used as a disinfection agent in drinking water treatment plants. However, the reactivity of carbazole and the specific structures and predominant analogues of chlorocarbazoles produced during aqueous chlorination remain unknown. In this study, the aqueous chlorination of carbazole was performed to characterize its reactivity and the chlorinated products. Chlorocarbazoles generated from carbazole were identified by a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method, and their molecular structures were predicted by the Fukui index of electrophilic attack, f-1(r). As a result, the comprehensive chlorination pathway of carbazole was extrapolated with a total of nine chlorocarbazoles identified, including two monochlorocarbazoles (3-chlorocarbazole and 1-chlorocarbazole), four dichlorocarbazoles (3,6-dichlorocarbazole, 1,6-dichlorocarbazole, 1,3-dichlorocarbazole and 1,8-dichlorocarbazole), two trichlorocarbazoles (1,3,6-trichlorocarbazole and 1,3,8-trichlorocarbazole) and one tetrachlorocarbazole (1,3,6,8-tetrachlorocarbazole). The f-1(r) value indicates that the C1, C3, C6 and C8 atoms of carbazole were the favored positions for electrophilic attack, with the C3 and C6 atoms being the predominant sites for chlorine substitution. 3-Chlorocarbazole, 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, 1,3,6-trichlorocarbazole and 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorocarbazole were the major analogues of each chlorocarbazole group; however, the production of minor analogues such as 1-chlorocarbazole and 1,6-dichlorocarbazole should not be overlooked. The chlorination of carbazole was a pseudo first order reaction with a reaction rate of 0.1836 nmol/(L· h) and half-life of 3.77 h (pH = 6.4, Cl2 = 4.7 mg/L), and the chlorination rate of carbazole was approximately 5 times faster than that of an known chlorination precursor pyrene. These results showed that Fukui index was efficacious to predict the chlorination sites of aromatic compounds, and that carbazole is readily transformed into toxic chlorocarbazoles in drinking water treatment plants that use chlorine as a disinfection agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Donghong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hongru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Szterk A, Roszko M, Cybulski A. Determination of azaarenes in oils using the LC-APCI-MS/MS technique: New environmental toxicant in food oils. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2858-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Szterk
- Department of Functional Food and Commodities; Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw; Poland
| | - Marek Roszko
- Department of Food Analysis; Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology; Warsaw; Poland
| | - Adam Cybulski
- Department of Functional Food and Commodities; Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw; Poland
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Comparison of hypercrosslinked polystyrene columns for the separation of nitrogen group-types in petroleum using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6178-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lintelmann J, França MH, Hübner E, Matuschek G. A liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure photoionization tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of azaarenes in atmospheric particulate matter. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1636-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rocha da Luz E, Mota Gonsalves TF, Queiroz Aucélio R. Determination of basic azaarenes in aviation kerosene by solid-phase extraction and HPLC-fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2058-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xu Y, Wang H, Zhao J, Guan Y. Analysis of alkylbenzene samples by comprehensive capillary liquid chromatography×capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1181:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Negrón-Encarnación I, Arce R. Light-induced transformations of aza-aromatic pollutants adsorbed on models of atmospheric particulate matter: Acridine and 9(10-H) acridone. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2007; 41:6771-6783. [PMID: 18836521 PMCID: PMC2350221 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the characteristics of the surface on the phototransformation of acridine, one of the most abundant azapolycyclic compounds encountered in urban atmospheres, and of one of its principal photoproducts, acridone, was studied when adsorbed onto models of the atmospherice particulate matter. For this purpose, relative photodegradation rates were determined from absorption or emission intensities as a function of irradiation times, and some products were isolated and characterized. The relative photodegradation rates of adsorbed acridine show the tendency (NH(4))(2) SO(4) > MgO > Al(2)O(3) >SiO(2). In general, the rates decrease as the fraction of protonated acridine species on the surface increases in MgO, Al(2)O(3), and SiO(2), except for (NH(4))(2) SO(4) where a fast surface reaction occurs. Oxygen reduces the photodestruction rates by as much as 40 to 60% when compared to an inert atmosphere, implying the participation of an acrideine triplet state in the transformation processes on all surfaces except on (NH(4))(2)SO(4). Acridone, a major product, undergoes a photoinduced tautomerization to 9-hydroxy acridine. The formation of a dihydrodiol, another photoproduct of acridine, is suggested by comparison to reported spectral properties of these compounds. This is formed through a singlet oxygen reaction. Photoproducts showing the absence of the narrow absorption band of 250 nm, characteristic of the pi -->pi* transition in tricyclic aromatics, were detected in small yields but not identified. These results suggest possible photochemical transformation pathways that could lead to the ultimate fate of these pollutants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Arce
- University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus PO Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931
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Negrón-Encarnación I, Arce R, Jiménez M. Characterization of Acridine Species Adsorbed on (NH4)2SO4, SiO2, Al2O3, and MgO by Steady-State and Time-Resolved Fluorescence and Diffuse Reflectance Techniques. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:787-97. [PMID: 16838948 DOI: 10.1021/jp045758+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ground- and excited-state species of acridine adsorbed on (NH(4))(2)SO(4), SiO(2), Al(2)O(3), and MgO surfaces were investigated in order to determine the precursor species and electronic states responsible for acridine photodegradation on particles serving as models of atmospheric particulate matter. The species present on each solid surface were characterized by comparing the steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectra, time-resolved fluorescence, and absorption measurements on acridine in solution with those corresponding to adsorbed acridine. On silica, the ground-state species present were hydrogen-bonded, neutral, and protonated, while on alumina hydrogen-bonded and neutral species were identified. A comparison of the protonated acridine absorption and emission intensities on silica and alumina with those observed for acridine in acidic water demonstrated that the emission on the surfaces is higher than expected. This was interpreted as resulting from photoprotolytic reactions on silica and alumina. For acridine adsorbed on ammonium sulfate, protonated acridine was the only adsorbed species identified. Since, at a similar ground-state absorbance, the fluorescence intensity of acridine on ammonium sulfate was smaller than for acridine in acidic water, the quenching of the excited state or a rapid photochemical reaction with the surface was proposed. On magnesium oxide, the presence of neutral and hydrogen-bonded acridine species were characterized from the two-component analysis of the fluorescence, the triplet-triplet absorption decay curves, and the time-resolved emission spectra at different time delays. As demonstrated in these studies, acridine adsorbed species and their decay pathways depend on the acidic properties of these models of atmospheric particulate matter. In addition, a comparison of the photodegradation rates of acridine on the different solids tested is presented and discussed in terms of the nature of the species and their decay pathways.
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Negrón-Encarnación I, Arce R. ACRIDINE SPECIES ADSORBED ON MODELS OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE MATTER AND THEIR ROLE IN THE PHOTODEGRADATION MECHANISMS UNDER N2OR O2ATMOSPHERES. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630490472031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
On-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (LC-GC) is a powerful technique that combines the best features of LC and GC and is ideal for the analysis of complex samples. This review describes the unique features of on-line coupled LC-GC. The different interfaces and evaporation techniques are presented, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines are given for selecting a suitable LC-GC technique and representative applications are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Guerrero ROS, Icardo MC, Benito CG, Calatayud JM. FIA-Chemiluminescence Determination of Acridine Yellow. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120019261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Pons O, Gregorio D, Mateo J, Calatayud J. Flow-injection analysis study of the chemiluminescent behaviour of proflavine and acriflavine. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tollbäck P, Carlsson H, Östman C. Coupled LC-GC-NPD for Determination of Carbazole-Type PANH and Its Application to Personal Exposure Measurement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(20000201)23:2<131::aid-jhrc131>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mahmoud ME. Selective solid phase extraction of mercury(II) by silica gel-immobilized-dithiocarbamate derivatives. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hennion MC. Solid-phase extraction: method development, sorbents, and coupling with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:3-54. [PMID: 10526783 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to provide updated information about the most important features of the new solid-phase extraction (SPE) materials, their interaction mode and their potential for modern SPE. First, the recent developments are given in formats, phases, automation, high throughput purpose and set-up of new types of procedures. Emphasis is then placed on the large choice of sorbents for trapping analytes over a wide range of polarities, such as highly cross-linked copolymers, functionalized copolymers, graphitized carbons or some specific n-alkylsilicas. The method development is given which is based on prediction from liquid chromatographic retention data or solvation parameters in order to determine the main parameters of any sequence (type and amount of sorbent, sample volume which can be applied without loss of recovery, composition and volume of the clean-up solution, composition and volume of the desorption solution). Obtaining extracts free from matrix interferences in a few steps--one step when possible--is now included in the development of SPE procedure. New selective phases such as mixed-mode and restricted access matrix sorbents or emerging phases such as immunosorbents or molecularly imprinted polymers are reviewed. Selectivity obtained by combining two sorbents is described with the use of ion-exchange or ion-pair sorbents. Special attention is given to complete automation of the SPE sequence with its on-line coupling with liquid chromatography followed by various detection modes. This represents a fast, modern and reliable approach to trace analysis. Many examples illustrate the various features of modern SPE which are discussed in this review. They have been selected in both biological and environmental areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hennion
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie de Paris, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff T. Mansfield
- Westholow Technology Center, Equilon Enterprises LLC, P.O. Box 1380, Houston, Texas 77251-1380
| | - Bhajendra N. Barman
- Westholow Technology Center, Equilon Enterprises LLC, P.O. Box 1380, Houston, Texas 77251-1380
| | - Jane V. Thomas
- Wyoming Analytical Laboratories, 605 South Adams, Laramie, Wyoming 82070
| | - Anil K. Mehrotra
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Environmental pollutants and application of the adsorption phenomena for their analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(99)80355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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