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Lancioni C, Aspromonte J, Tascon M, Gagliardi LG. Development of a background electrolyte for the determination of inorganic cations in high ionic strength samples by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV-absorption detection. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1645:462091. [PMID: 33845250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a background electrolyte capable to separate and quantify inorganic cations in high ionic strength samples by UV-absorption indirect detection was designed. In this regard, the four most abundant monovalent and divalent cations in earth crust (K+, Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2) were selected as model compounds. A group of small carboxylic acids and, several toluidines and pyridines were evaluated as mild strength complexing agents and chromophoric probes, respectively. The optimized background electrolyte was composed of 200 mM 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine as the chromophoric probe, 250 mM lactic acid as the weak complexing agent and pH buffering reagent (adjusted to pH 4.5), and 5% v/v methanol as organic solvent modifier. Based on a minimum number of components, it provided outstanding separation performance in less than 4 min in a wide linear dynamic range (10 - 2500 µg·mL-1). Performances were contrasted against a reference method based on conductometric detection. Furthermore, studies of separation efficiency and peak shape were carried out at different analyte concentrations in high electric conductivity solutions. The herein developed method demonstrated exceptional features in terms of limits of detection (~10 µg·mL-1), resolution, speed of analysis, sensitivity and peak capacity in high electric conductivity samples. Moreover, the method was successfully applied to high ionic strength samples such as rock digest, sea water, soy sauce and isotonic drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlina Lancioni
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CIC-PBA, CONICET), Calle 47 esq. 115, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Juan Aspromonte
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CIC-PBA, CONICET), Calle 47 esq. 115, La Plata, 1900, Argentina; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 - PB923, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcos Tascon
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (IIIA-CONICET-UNSAM), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 25 de Mayo y Francia, B1650, San Martín, Argentina.
| | - Leonardo G Gagliardi
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CIC-PBA, CONICET), Calle 47 esq. 115, La Plata, 1900, Argentina.
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2
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Pont L, Barbosa J, Benavente F. A rapid and simple method for the determination of organic acids in proteolytic enzymes by capillary electrophoresis with indirect ultraviolet detection. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Aslam Mirza M, Khuhawar M, Arain R, Aziz Ch M. Micellar electrokinetic chromatographic analysis of thorium, uranium, copper, nickel, cobalt and iron in ore and fish samples. ARAB J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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4
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Determining lead, cadmium and mercury in cosmetics using sweeping via dynamic chelation by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2461-2469. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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5
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Separation and direct UV detection of complexed lanthanides, thorium and uranyl ions with 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone by using capillary zone electrophoresis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Turkia H, Holmström S, Paasikallio T, Sirén H, Penttilä M, Pitkänen JP. Online Capillary Electrophoresis for Monitoring Carboxylic Acid Production by Yeast during Bioreactor Cultivations. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9705-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402113x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Turkia
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FIN-53580 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Sami Holmström
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Toni Paasikallio
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Heli Sirén
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FIN-53580 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Pitkänen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland,
P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
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7
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Meng FY, Wei YQ, Lu H, Liu XX, Liu JX. Simultaneous analysis of Cu and Pb as ABEDTA complexes in Rhizoma coptidis by capillary electrophoresis coupled with solid phase extraction. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Mallah A, Memon SQ, Solangi AR, Memon N, Abbassi K, Khuhawar MY. A Novel Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatographic Method for Separation of Metal-DDTC Complexes. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:743407. [PMID: 22649320 PMCID: PMC3354655 DOI: 10.1100/2012/743407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) was examined for the separation and determination of Mo(VI), Cr(VI), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Co(III) as diethyl dithiocarbamate (DDTC) chelates. The separation was achieved from fused silica capillary (52 cm × 75 μm id) with effective length 40 cm, background electrolyte (BGE) borate buffer pH 9.1 (25 mM), CTAB 30% (100 mM), and 1% butanol in methanol (70 : 30 : 5 v/v/v) with applied voltage of −10 kV using reverse polarity. The photodiode array detection was achieved at 225 nm. The linear calibration for each of the element was obtained within 0.16–10 μg/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) 0.005–0.0167 μg/mL. The separation and determination was repeatable with relative standard deviation (RSD) within 2.4–3.3% (n = 4) in terms of migration time and peak height/peak area. The method was applied for the determination of Mo(VI) from potatoes and almond, Ni(II) from hydrogenated vegetable oil, and Co(III) from pharmaceutical preparations with RSD within 3.9%. The results obtained were checked by standard addition and rechecked by atomic absorption spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arfana Mallah
- M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Saima Q. Memon
- Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Amber R. Solangi
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Najma Memon
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Kulsoom Abbassi
- M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yar Khuhawar
- Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
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9
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de Carvalho LM, Raabe A, Martini M, Sant'anna CS, da Silveira GD, do Nascimento PC, Bohrer D. Contactless Conductivity Detection of 14 Inorganic Cations in Mineral and Phytotherapeutic Formulations after Capillary Electrophoretic Separation. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Široká J, Jáč P, Polášek M. Use of inorganic, complex-forming ions for selectivity enhancement in capillary electrophoretic separation of organic compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Determination of potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in total parenteral nutrition formulations by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:130-6. [PMID: 20172679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A simple method based on capillary electrophoresis with a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (CE-C(4)D) was developed for the determination of potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in parenteral nutrition formulations. A hydro-organic mixture, consisting of 100 mM Tris-acetate buffer at pH 4.5 and acetonitrile (80:20, v/v), was selected as the background electrolyte. The applied voltage was 30 kV, and sample injection was performed in hydrodynamic mode. All analyses were carried out in a fused silica capillary with an internal diameter of 50 microm and a total length of 64.5 cm. Under these conditions, complete separation between all cations was achieved in less than 4 min. The CE-C(4)D method was validated, and trueness values between 98.6% and 101.8% were obtained with repeatability and intermediate precision values of 0.4-1.3% and 0.8-1.8%, respectively. Therefore, this method was found to be appropriate for controlling potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium in parenteral nutrition formulations and successfully applied in daily quality control at the Geneva University Hospitals.
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12
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Capillary electrophoresis for the monitoring of carboxylic acid production by Gluconobacter oxydans. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1537-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Mirza MA, Kandhro AJ, Khuhawar MY, Arain R. MEKC determination of vanadium from mineral ore and crude petroleum oil samples using precapillary chelation with bis(salicylaldehyde)tetramethyl-ethylenediimine. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3169-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Wang GR, Huang KP, Huang BY, Liu CY. Preparation and characterization of monoliths covalently bonded chelating groups for capillary electrochromatographic separation of metal ions. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6245-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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15
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Nussbaumer S, Fleury-Souverain S, Rudaz S, Bonnabry P, Veuthey JL. Determination of suxamethonium in a pharmaceutical formulation by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:333-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Mirza MA, Khuhawar MY, Arain R. Determination of uranium, iron, copper, and nickel in rock and water samples by MEKC. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3037-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Jáč P, Polášek M, Batista AIV, Kaderová L. Tungstate as complex-forming reagent facilitating separation of selected polyphenols by capillary electrophoresis and its comparison with borate. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:843-51. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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Urbanek M, Delaunay N, Michel R, Varenne A, Gareil P. Analysis of sub-ppb levels of Fe(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) by electrokinetic supercharging preconcentration, CZE separation, and in-capillary derivatization. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3767-76. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Petr J, Gerstmann S, Frank H. Determination of some heavy metal cations in molten snow by transient isotachophoresis/capillary zone electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2256-60. [PMID: 17069258 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Online combination of transient ITP and CZE is employed for the determination of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II). Acetic acid is used for creating the transient isotachophoretic state. alpha-Hydroxyisobutyric acid and 4-aminopyridine are used as BGEs for the separation and indirect UV detection. At optimum conditions, the method allows to determine the metals at levels of 40-120 microg/L, about 50 times more sensitive than conventional CZE. In combination with a 20-fold evaporative concentration, the method is suitable for environmental monitoring of the heavy metals in snow samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petr
- Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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20
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Muse JO, Dabas PC, Carducci CN. CAPILLARY ION ELECTROPHORESIS OF INORGANIC CATIONS IN STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS FROM VEGETABLE SOURCE. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. O. Muse
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physicochemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires , Junin, Buenos Aires , 956 (1113) , Argentina
| | - P. C. Dabas
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physicochemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires , Junin, Buenos Aires , 956 (1113) , Argentina
| | - C. N. Carducci
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physicochemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires , Junin, Buenos Aires , 956 (1113) , Argentina
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21
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Belin G, Gülaçar F. Metal Analyses in Environmental and Pharmaceutical Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis with Methyl 3-Amino-3-(pyridin-3-yl)propanoate Dihydrochloride as a New Ion-Pairing Reagent. Helv Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200590167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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YOKOYAMA T, ZENKI M, MACKA M, HADDAD PR. Enhancement of Separation Capability of Inorganic Ions by Capillary Electrochromatography. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2005. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.54.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi YOKOYAMA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science
| | - Michio ZENKI
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science
| | - Miroslav MACKA
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania
| | - Paul R. HADDAD
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania
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23
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Isoo K, Terabe S. Metal Complex Separation with On-line Sample Preconcentration in Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:43-7. [PMID: 15675514 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) using a cationic surfactant as a pseudostationary phase was examined to separate anionic metal cyclohexane-1,2-diaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA) complexes. Cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) was employed as the cationic surfactant micelle, its addition leading to EOF reversal. Cu(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Mn(II) and Pb(II) were used as test analytes, and the complete separation was obtained by MEKC. On-line sample preconcentration by sweeping was also examined to improve the detection sensitivity. From 15- to 42-fold increases in the detection sensitivity in terms of the peak heights were obtained by sweeping with a cationic micelle in the presence of high EOF. The limits of detection were in the range (0.6 - 1.8) x 10(-6) M with UV detection without any off-line preconcentration step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Isoo
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
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24
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Chen Z, Naidu R. On-column complexation capillary electrophoretic separation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ using 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid coupled with large-volume sample stacking. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1023:151-7. [PMID: 14760859 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
On-column complexation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ with 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (2,6-PDCA) formed anionic complexes, which were then separated by capillary zone electrophoresis with direct UV detection at 214 nm. To achieve reasonable separation selectivity and on-column complexation, the conditions such as pH, the concentration of 2,6-PCDA and the EOF modifiers in the electrolyte were examined. The electrolyte contained 5.0 mM 2,6-PDCA, 0.25 mM tetradecyltrimethlammonium bromide (TTAB) and 5% (v/v) acetonitrile at pH 4.0 was optimised for on-column complexation and the separation of Fe[PCDA]2(2-) and Fe[PCDA]2(-). To enhance the detection sensitivity, large-volume sample stacking (LVSS) was used for the on-line preconcentration of Fe[PCDA]2(2-) and Fe[PCDA]2(-). Under the optimised conditions, satisfactory working ranges (0.5-50 microM), lower detection limits (less than 0.1 microM) and good repeatability of the peak areas (R.S.D.: 5.2-7.8%, n = 5) was achieved using LVSS (300 s). With LVSS, the detection sensitivity was enhanced more than 50-fold compared to conventional hydrodynamic injection. The proposed method was used successfully for the determination of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZuLiang Chen
- CSIRO Land and Water, Adelaide Laboratory, PMB2, University of South Australia, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia.
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25
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Boyce MC, Haddad PR. Tailoring the separation selectivity of metal complexes and organometallic compounds resolved by capillary electrophoresis using auxiliary separation processes. Electrophoresis 2003; 24:2013-2022. [PMID: 12858371 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The use of auxiliary separation mechanisms to manipulate the separation selectivity of metal complexes and organometallic species is reviewed. Auxiliary separation mechanisms included in the review are micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, ion-pairing and ion-exchange electrokinetic chromatography. This paper discusses how these secondary mechanisms can be effectively employed to tailor separation selectivity.
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Abstract
This review gives a short overview of the main approaches to the derivatization of inorganic ions in capillary electrophoresis (CE) with emphasis on the most recent works. Various derivatization procedures and detection methods are discussed. A brief account of their advantages and limitations is given. More specific areas such as microchip CE, simultaneous separation of anions and cations, and speciation analysis are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrius Padarauskas
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Wang M, Qu F, Shan XQ, Lin JM. Development and optimization of a method for the analysis of low-molecular-mass organic acids in plants by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 989:285-92. [PMID: 12650261 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis was developed to analyze low-molecular-mass organic acids including oxalic, tartaric, formic, malic, citric, succinic, glutaric, acetic and lactic acid. The influences of some crucial parameters such as buffer concentration, pH value, surfactant concentration and separation temperature, on electrophoretic separation were investigated. Under the conditions of 15 mM phthalate containing 0.6 mM tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide as the run buffer (pH 5.6); separation voltage -15 kV (-263.2 V/cm) and temperature 25 degrees C, a satisfactory separation of nine organic acids was accomplished within 7 min. The detection limits (S/N=3) ranged from 0.008 to 0.08 microg/ml and the quantification limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 microg/ml for electrokinetic injection. The method was successfully applied to analyze organic acids in different parts of Var splendens (an edible vegetable in China). The recoveries of organic acids in real samples ranged from 88 to 121%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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Naujalis E, Padarauskas A. Development of capillary electrophoresis for the determination of metal ions using mixed partial and complete complexation techniques. J Chromatogr A 2002; 977:135-42. [PMID: 12456103 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new capillary electrophoretic (CE) method was developed for the selective and sensitive determination of common metal ions. The proposed method is based on conventional CE separation of metal cations followed by complete complexation of separated analytes with 1,10-phenanthroline using the zone-passing technique. This approach combines both partial and complete complexation modes and, thus, enables rapid, selective, efficient separation together with sensitive direct UV detection of metal species. The optimal conditions for the separation and derivatization reaction were established by varying type of electrolyte, electrolyte pH, introduction time and concentration of 1,10-phenanthroline. The optimized separations were carried out in 50 mmol l(-1) glycolic acid electrolyte (pH 6.0 with imidazole) using direct UV detection at 254 nm. Five common metal cations (Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) were separated in less than 4 min. The proposed system was applied to the determination of Fe(II) and Zn(II) in snow samples. The recovery tests established for snow samples were within the range 100+/-12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaldas Naujalis
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, UNESCO Trace Element Institute Satellite Center, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-2006 Vilnius, Lithuania
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29
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Chen Z, Naidu R. On-column complexation of metal ions using 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and separation of their anionic complexes by capillary electrophoresis with direct UV detection. J Chromatogr A 2002; 966:245-51. [PMID: 12214701 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
On-column complexation of metal ions with 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate (2,6-PDC) to form anionic complexes enabled their separation by capillary zone electrophoresis with direct UV detection at 214 nm. Nine metal ions, Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cd2+ Mn2+, Pb2+, Fe3+, Al3+ and Ca2+, were determined in less than 7 min using 10 mM 2.6-PDC solution containing 0.75 mM tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide at pH 4.0. Satisfactory working ranges (20-300 microM), detection limits (3-10 microM) and good repeatability of the peak areas (RSD 2.1-4.2%, n=5) were obtained using hydrodynamic injection (30 s). The proposed method was used successfully for the determination of Mn2+, Fe3+, Al3+ and Ca2+ in groundwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuliang Chen
- CSIRO Land and Water, Adelaide Laboratory, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.
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Himeno S, Sano KI, Nakashima Y. Simultaneous capillary electrophoretic separation and detection of P(V) and As(V) As heteropoly-blue complexes. J Chromatogr A 2002; 966:213-9. [PMID: 12214696 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoretic (CE) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of P(V) and As(V). A Mo(VI)-ascorbic acid reagent reacted with a mixture of trace amounts of P(V) and As(V) to form the corresponding heteropoly-blue complexes in 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 3.5). When 0.05 M malonate buffer was used as a migration buffer, the peaks due to their migrations were well separated in the electropherogram, and the pre-column complex-formation reaction was applied to the simultaneous CE determination of P(V) and As(V) with direct UV detection at 220 nm. With the proposed method, the calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 5 x 10(-7) - 1 x 10(-4) M, with a detection limit of 1 x 10(-7) M (a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). Interference from foreign ions was also discussed.
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Chen Z, Naidu R, Subramanian A. Separation of chromium (III) and chromium (VI) by capillary electrophoresis using 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid as a pre-column complexation agent. J Chromatogr A 2001; 927:219-27. [PMID: 11572392 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A simple method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), where Cr(III) was chelated with ligands to form anionic complexes. Nitrilotriacetic acid, N-2-hydroxyethylenediaminetriacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PDCA) were investigated as Cr(III) complexing ligands. Of all the ligands studied, 2,6-PDCA with Cr(III) gave the largest UV response and high selectivity for Cr(III). In addition, the condition for pre-column derivatization, including pH, concentration ratio [Cr(III)/2,6-PDCA] and the stability of Cr(III) complexes were also examined. The separation of anionic forms of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) was achieved using co-CZE with UV detection at 185 nm. The electrolyte contained 30 mM phosphate, 0.5 mM tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, 0.1 mM 2,6-PDCA and 15% (v/v) acetonitrile at pH 6.4. The detection limits were 2 microM for Cr(III) and 3 microM for Cr(VI) and linear plots were obtained in a concentration range of 5-200 microM. The utility of the method was demonstrated for the determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- CSIRO Land and Water, Adelaide Laboratory, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.
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Abstract
Advances in the fundamental studies and methodology of capillary electrophoresis (CE) as applied to metal ion analysis over the last two years are reviewed, with the objective of providing the interested reader with a state-of-the-art picture of technique's potentialities in the area. In particular, novel strategies for separation selectivity control and CE system innovations designed to enhance the detection sensitivity are described. In addition, a brief overview of the primary metal analytes and samples for which the technique appears to be best suited is given. The current limitations of the technique regarding most of all the implementation for routine use are considered along with the approaches on how they could be addressed. Finally, some pointers as to the likely trends in the future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
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Xu J, Chen Z, Yu JC, Tang C. Separation and Detection of Metal Ions in Ecological Samples by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Indirect UV Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4168(20000801)23:7/8<511::aid-jhrc511>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Quantitative capillary electrophoretic analysis for calcium and magnesium in sodium–matrix waters. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yokoyama T, Tashiro K, Murao T, Yanase A, Nishimoto J, Zenki M. Determination of complex formation constants for Cu(II)–Alizarin complexone with amines by capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview on the current status of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The focus is largely on the current application areas of CE where routine methods are now in place. These application areas include the analysis of DNA, clinical and forensic samples, carbohydrates, inorganic anions and metal ions, pharmaceuticals, enantiomeric species and proteins and peptides. More specific areas such the determination of physical properties, microchip CE and instrumentation developments are also covered. The application, advantages and limitations of CEC are covered. Recent review articles and textbooks are frequently cited to provide readers with a source of information regarding pioneering work and theoretical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Altria
- GlaxoWellcome R&D, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Yokoyama T, Nakano K, Zenki M. Specific separation of nickel ion with bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid by capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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