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Ahmad N, Ahmad R, Alam MA, Ahmad FJ, Rub RA. Quantification and Evaluation of Glycyrrhizic Acid-loaded Surface Decorated Nanoparticles by UHPLC-MS/MS and used in the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia. CURR PHARM ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412914666180530073613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Glycyrrhizic Acid (GRA), a potent antioxidant triterpene saponin glycoside
and neuroprotective properties exhibits an important role in the treatment of neurological disorders i.e.
cerebral ischemia. GRA is water soluble, therefore it’s have low bioavailability in the brain.
Objective:
To enhance brain bioavailability for intranasally administered Glycyrrhizic Acidencapsulated-
chitosan-coated-PCL-Nanoparticles (CS-GRA-PCL-NPs).
Methods:
Chitosan-coated-PCL-Nanoparticles (CS-PCL-NPs) were developed through double emulsification-
solvent evaporation technique and further characterized for particle size, zeta potential, size
distribution, encapsulation efficiency as well as in vitro drug release. UPLC triple quadrupole Qtrap
MS/MS method was developed to evaluate brain-drug uptake for optimized CS-GRA-PCL-NPs and to
determine its pharmacokinetic in rat’s brain as well as plasma.
Results:
Mean particles size (231.47±7.82), polydispersity index (PDI) i.e. (0.216±0.030) and entrapment
efficiency (65.69±5.68) was determined for developed NPs. UPLC triple quadrupole Qtrap MS/MS
method study showed a significantly high mucoadhesive potential of CS-GRA-PCL-NPs and least for
conventional and homogenized nanoformulation; elution time for GRA and internal standard (IS) Hydrocortisone
as 0.37 and 1.94 min at m/z 821.49/113.41 and 363.45/121.40 were observed, respectively. Furthermore,
intra and inter-assay (%CV) of 0.49-5.48, %accuracy (90.00-99.09%) as well as a linear dynamic
range (10.00 ng/mL -2000.0 ng/mL), was observed. Pharmacokinetic studies in Wistar rat brain
exhibited a high AUC0-24 alongwith an amplified Cmax (p** < 0.01) as compared to i.v. treated group.
Conclusion:
Intranasal administration of developed CS-coated-GRA-loaded-PCL-NPs enhanced the
drug bioavailability in rat brain along with successfully UPLC-MS/MS method and thus preparation of
GRA-NPs may help treat cerebral ischemia effectively. The toxicity studies performed at the end
revealed safe nature of optimized nanoformulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Greater Noida-201310, India
| | - Farhan Jalees Ahmad
- Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Rehan Abdur Rub
- Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Takeshita K, Susuki C, Itoh S, Tsuji T. Preventive Effect of α-Tocopherol and Glycyrrhizin against Platelet-Neutrophil Complex Formation Induced by Hemodialysis Membranes. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 32:282-90. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880903200505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The intradialytic activation of leukocytes is a major cause of hemodialysis (HD)-associated complications. Contact between blood and HD membranes frequently induces the formation of microaggregates composed of activated platelets and leukocytes, causing leukocyte activation that includes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This complex formation is mediated primarily by the interaction between P-selectin on activated platelets and its counter-ligands on leukocytes. Objective We examined the preventive effects of α-tocopherol and glycyrrhizin in vitro against platelet-neutrophil microaggregate formation and neutrophil ROS production induced by HD membranes. Methods and Results Microaggregate formation induced by the incubation of heparinized whole blood with polysulfone (PS) HD membranes was effectively inhibited by α-tocopherol and glycyrrhizin. α-Tocopherol, but not glycyrrhizin, was found to inhibit PS membrane-induced P-selectin expression on the platelet surface; however, glycyrrhizin did inhibit both the formation of neutrophil-platelet microaggregates induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and the adhesion of HL60 leukemic cells to P-selectin-expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, suggesting that glycyrrhizin acts as a competitive inhibitor of P-selectin-mediated cell adhesion. Finally, these compounds almost completely abrogated PS membrane-induced and platelet-dependent ROS production by neutrophils. Conclusions These results suggest that α-tocopherol and glycyrrhizin may function as preventive agents of HD-associated leukocyte activation though the modulation of platelet-leukocyte interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Takeshita
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo - Japan
| | - Chie Susuki
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo - Japan
| | - Saotomo Itoh
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo - Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tsuji
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo - Japan
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You J, Wu H, Li G, Xia L, Zhao M, Lu S, Kong W. Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method combined with HPLC-fluorescence detection for the determination of glycyrrhetinic acid in liquorice and liquorice-derived food products. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-015-0744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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De AK, Datta S, Mukherjee A. Quantitative analysis of Glycyrrhizic acid from a polyherbal preparation using liquid chromatographic technique. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2012; 3:210-5. [PMID: 23378941 PMCID: PMC3560126 DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid has been used in Indian traditional medicine for ages. It is obtained from the root extract of Glycyrrhizaglabra. There is seasonal variation of Glycyrrhizic acid content in the roots of the plant. So a proper method for quantification of the same is necessary from the polyherbal preparation available in the market. A simple, rapid, sensitive and specific reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method have been developed for the quantitative estimation of glycyrrhizic acid from polyherbal preparation containing aqueous root extract of Glycyrrhizaglabra using a photodiode array detector. The identity confirmation was carried out using mass spectrometry. Baseline resolution of the glycyrrhizic acid peak was achieved on a reverse phase C18 column (125 mm × 4.0 mm, 5 μ) using an isocratic mobile phase consisting of 5.3 mM phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio 65:35 v/v. Chromatograms were monitored at 252 nm.5.3 mM phosphate buffer was replaced with 0.5mM ammonium acetate buffer in the mobile phase when MS detector was used. The method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 12.4 to124 μg/ml with a correlation co-efficient of 0.999. The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation were 3.08 μg/ml and 10.27 μg/ml respectively. The average recovery from three spike levels was 99.93 ± 0.26%. Identity confirmation of the chromatographic peak was achieved by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and similar molecular ion peak was obtained for both sample and standard. The developed method is suitable for the routine analysis, stability testing and assay of glycyrrhizic acid from polyherbal preparations containing aqueous extracts of Glycyrrhizaglabra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. De
- Department of Chemical Technology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sriparna Datta
- Department of Chemical Technology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arup Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Technology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Montoro P, Maldini M, Russo M, Postorino S, Piacente S, Pizza C. Metabolic profiling of roots of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) from different geographical areas by ESI/MS/MS and determination of major metabolites by LC-ESI/MS and LC-ESI/MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:535-44. [PMID: 21041055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) has been applied to the full characterization of saponins and phenolics in hydroalcoholic extracts of roots of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Relative quantitative analyses of the samples with respect to the phenolic constituents and to a group of saponins related to glycyrrhizic acid were performed using LC-ESI/MS. For the saponin constituents, full scan LC-MS/MS fragmentation of the protonated (positive ion mode) or deprotonated (negative ion mode) molecular species generated diagnostic fragment ions that provided information concerning the triterpene skeleton and the number and nature of the substituents. On the basis of the specific fragmentation of glycyrrhizic acid, an LC-MS/MS method was developed in order to quantify the analyte in the liquorice root samples. Chinese G. glabra roots contained the highest levels of glycyrrhizic acid, followed by those from Italy (Calabria).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Montoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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Wu Y, Dai L, Cheng J, Guo F, Li J. Application of DLLME Based on the Solidification of Floating Organic Droplets for the Determination of Dinitrobenzenes in Aqueous Samples. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Glavač NK, Injac R, Kreft S. Determination of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid in Human Urine After Ingestion of Glycyrrhizin. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zou Q, Wei P, Li J, Ge ZX, Ouyang P. Simultaneous determination of 18α- and 18β-glycyrrhetic acid in human plasma by LC-ESI-MS and its application to pharmacokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:54-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cai J, Li P. Chemical Separation of Bioactive Licorice Compounds Using Capillary Electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701588489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cai
- a Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Li
- a Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Zhao Su-Ping He J, Liu W, Deng AX, Nan TG, Wang BM, Zhai ZX, Li ZH. Development of a lateral flow dipstick immunoassay for the rapid detection of glycyrrhizic acid. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100601072875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Zhao J, Li G, Wang BM, Liu W, Nan TG, Zhai ZX, Li ZH, Li QX. Development of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the analysis of glycyrrhizic acid. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1735-40. [PMID: 17006677 PMCID: PMC7079850 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GL) is a major active compound of licorice. The specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) (designated as 8F8A8H42H7) against GL was produced with the immunogen GL–BSA conjugate. The dissociation constant (Kd) value of the MAb was approximately 9.96×10−10 M. The cross reactivity of the MAb with glycyrrhetic acid was approximately 2.6%. The conventional indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) and simplified icELISA adapted with a modified procedure were established using the MAb. The IC50 value and the detect range by the conventional icELISA were 1.1 ng mL−1 and 0.2–5.1 ng mL−1, respectively. The IC50 value and the detect range by the simplified icELISA were 5.3 ng mL−1 and 1.2–23.8 ng mL−1, respectively. The two icELISA formats were used to analyze GL contents in the roots of wild licorice and different parts of cultivated licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch). The results obtained with the two icELISAs agreed well with those of the HPLC analysis. The correlation coefficient was more than 0.98 between HPLC and the two icELISAs. The two icELISAs were shown to be appropriate, simple, and effective for the quality control of raw licorice root materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bao-min Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tie-gui Nan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-xi Zhai
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao-hu Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing X. Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822 USA
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Sung MW, Li PCH. Chemical analysis of raw, dry-roasted, and honey-roasted licorice by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2004; 25:3434-40. [PMID: 15490450 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In herbal medicine, licorice is usually processed using a roasting procedure which might modify the chemical compositions in licorice. To test this hypothesis, licorice root samples were roasted under various conditions (with or without honey) and subsequently extracted by refluxing with 95% ethanol. The analysis of chemical compositions of licorice root extracts was achieved by capillary electrophoresis. The running buffer has been optimized to be 50 mM sodium tetraborate (pH 9.01) containing 5 mM beta-cyclodextrin. Thermal decomposition of glycyrrhizin, which was a major ingredient in licorice, was first studied in detail, indicating the conversion of glycyrrhizin to glycyrrhetinic acid. The licorice extracts were then analyzed to indicate the above thermal conversion did occur in the licorice samples. This finding may shed some light on understanding the differences in the therapeutic values of raw versus roasted licorice in herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Sung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Thorsén G, Bergquist J. Chiral separation of amino acids in biological fluids by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 745:389-97. [PMID: 11043757 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A method is presented for the chiral analysis of amino acids in biological fluids using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The amino acids are derivatized with the chiral reagent (+/-)-1-(9-anthryl)-2-propyl chloroformate (APOC) and separated using a mixed micellar separation system. No tedious pre-purification of samples is required. The excellent separation efficiency and good detection capabilities of the MEKC-LIF system are exemplified in the analysis of urine and cerebrospinal fluid. This is the first time MEKC has been reported for chiral analysis of amino acids in biological fluids. The amino acids D-alanine, D-glutamine, and D-aspartic acid have been observed in cerebrospinal fluid, and D-alanine and D-glutamic acid in urine. To the best of our knowledge no measurements of either D-alanine in cerebrospinal fluid or D-glutamic acid in urine have been presented in the literature before.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thorsén
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden.
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Kerstens MN, Guillaume CP, Wolthers BG, Dullaart RP. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of urinary glycyrrhetinic acid: an aid in diagnosing liquorice abuse. J Intern Med 1999; 246:539-47. [PMID: 10620097 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Liquorice abuse can lead to severe clinical complications, caused by its active compound 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (18betaGA). 18betaGA inhibits dehydrogenase activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11betaHSD). This enzyme catalyses the interconversion between cortisol and cortisone and normally protects the mineralocorticoid receptor from being activated by cortisol. Diagnosing liquorice abuse can be notoriously difficult. The aim of our study was to develop an accurate and clinically applicable 18betaGA urinary assay. DESIGN We developed a urinary 18betaGA assay based on gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS) with sufficient sensitivity to detect 18betaGA at low concentrations. The assay was validated in four volunteers consuming different amounts of liquorice. We applied its use in two patients with hypokalaemic hypertension and suppressed plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone, who were suspected of liquorice abuse. RESULTS The detection limit for 18betaGA of the GC assay was 10 microg L-1, which was lowered to 3 microg L-1 by subsequent application of MS. In all volunteers, urinary 18betaGA was detected during liquorice intake. Urinary 18betaGA remained detectable until 5 days after stopping continued liquorice intake and until at least 51 h after ingestion of a single large amount. Urinary 18betaGA was demonstrated in both patients, establishing a diagnosis of liquorice abuse. One patient showed changes in urinary cortisol metabolites, consistent with 11betaHSD inhibition. Changes in cortisol metabolites were less pronounced in the other patient. CONCLUSION Liquorice abuse can result in hypokalaemic hypertension with prolonged suppression of plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration. This is caused by 18betaGA-mediated inhibition of 11betaHSD, resulting in activation of the renal mineralocorticoid receptor by cortisol. Urinary 18betaGA measurement by GCMS is a useful aid in establishing liquorice abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Kerstens
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Guillaume CP, van der Molen JC, Kerstens MN, Dullaart RP, Wolthers BG. Determination of urinary 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid by gas chromatography and its clinical application in man. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 731:323-34. [PMID: 10510787 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and quantitative gas chromatographic assay for the determination of 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (18 beta-GA), the main metabolite of glycyrrhizin after oral licorice consumption in human urine, has been developed and validated. For the extraction of 18 beta-GA from urine two Sep-Pak C18 extractions, hydrolysis with Helix pomatia and three liquid-liquid extractions were performed, using 18 alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid (18 alpha-GA) as internal standard. Both 18 beta-GA and internal standard were converted into their pentafluorobenzyl-ester/trimethylsilyl-ether derivatives and detected by flame ionization detection using a WCOT-fused-silica capillary column. Good quality control data were obtained in precision and accuracy tests. The detection limit of the gas chromatographic method was 10 micrograms/l with a urine volume of 10 ml. A detection limit of 3 micrograms/l was obtained by performing GC-MS. The GC method was used to monitor the urinary excretion of 18 beta-GA after licorice consumption by two healthy volunteers and a patient suspected of licorice abuse. Furthermore, it was shown that this GC assay enables to detect other metabolites related to licorice consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Guillaume
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Groningen, The Netherlands
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