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Yoshii T, Sakama A, Kanamori K, Nakanishi K, Imai H, Citterio D, Hiruta Y. Fabrication process development and basic evaluation of eggshell-based column packing material for reversed-phase preparative separation. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463722. [PMID: 36571981 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purification of basic drugs in reversed-phase mode is often difficult, mainly due to adsorption of positively charged compounds to the silica gel-based stationary phase. Since this adsorption can be suppressed under alkaline condition, columns with alkali-resistance are required. In addition, compounds with acid-sensitive structures are sometimes degraded during separation on silica gel-based columns which exhibit acidity due to their surface structure. We prepared an alkali-resistant reversed-phase packing material, Eggshell-PMAcO based on eggshells modified with an amphiphilic copolymer, poly(maleic acid-alt-1-octadecene) (PMAcO). The height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) of the Eggshell-PMAcO column was improved by surface treatment with ammonium acetate buffer (900 mM, pH = 3.7), which is an inexpensive reagent, and the retention behavior for hydrophobic compounds was compared to a typical ODS column based on silica gel, resulting in sufficient selectivity of the eggshell-based column for hydrophobic compounds, as indicated by the ratio of retention factors of pentylbenzene and butylbenzene (Eggshell-PMAcO column: 1.55, ODS column: 1.65). Column temperature-dependent retention behavior of naphthalene was investigated in the temperature range from 25 °C to 45 °C, followed by the calculation of thermodynamic parameters. There was little difference in the standard molar enthalpy (Eggshell-PMAcO: -19.6 kJ/mol, ODS: -21.7 kJ/mol). The absolute value of the standard free Gibbs energy for the Eggshell-PMAcO column was much smaller than that of the ODS column (Eggshell-PMAcO: -0.284 kJ/mol, ODS: -13.0 kJ/mol), indicating that the Eggshell-PMAcO column had a weaker retention strength for naphthalene than the ODS column mainly due to the large difference in the standard molar entropy (Eggshell-PMAcO: -64.9 J/mol K, ODS column: -29.2 J/mol K). The retention capacities for imipramine under neutral (water/methanol) and alkaline (0.1% triethylamine water/methanol) conditions were 0.2 mg and 5 mg, respectively, based on injection mass-dependent HETP, retention factor and symmetry factor. Finally, the prepared column was applied to the purification of a building block for nucleic acid drugs. This study demonstrated that reversed-phase columns, which can be fabricated from eggshells and an amphiphilic copolymer in an inexpensive and eco-friendly way, have the ability to purify basic compounds and acid-sensitive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Yoshii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sakama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kanamori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-0814, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yuki Hiruta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
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Astete CE, Songe Meador D, Spivak D, Sabliov C. Synthesis of Vitamin E-Carnosine (VECAR): New Antioxidant Molecule with Potential Application in Atherosclerosis. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2011.632829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ashu-Arrah BA, Glennon JD, Albert K. Synthesis and characterisation of bonded mercaptopropyl silica intermediate stationary phases prepared using multifunctional alkoxysilanes in supercritical carbon dioxide as a reaction solvent. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1222:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Plumeré N, Speiser B, Dietrich B, Albert K, Pesek JJ, Matyska MT. Thermally induced radical hydrosilylation for synthesis of C18 HPLC phases from highly condensed SiH terminated silica surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13481-13487. [PMID: 19928943 DOI: 10.1021/la901986w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Silicon hydride terminated silica surfaces were prepared at high temperatures by a chlorination-reduction sequence. SiH groups are desired for further surface modification as an alternative to the native silanol groups which are unfavorable for RPLC applications. Only few silanol groups remain in these materials and mostly SiH moieties with the highest degree of cross-linking are obtained. The retention properties of basic analytes on the SiH terminated material confirm that the surfaces is mostly free of silanols and that therefore the remaining SiOH groups are bulk species. A reagentless, radical initiated hydrosilylation reaction is introduced for the functionalization of the hydride terminated surface with 1-octadecene. (13)C CP/MAS NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy demonstrate the reaction of the carbon-carbon double bond and the SiH group as well as the linkage of C18 groups to the silica surface. These novel C18 materials show promising performance in RPLC separation, especially for the separation of organic bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Plumeré
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Germany
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Sakaki K, Sudo Y, Kudo S. Influence of Carbon Content and End‐Capping of ODS Stationary Phases on the Separation Behavior of Triacylglycerols in LC and SFC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120027612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Sakaki
- a National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , AIST Tsukuba Central 5, Tsukuba , 305‐8565 , Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Sudo
- b Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Saitama , Japan
- c Kurume Laboratory , Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , 19‐14 Chuo‐machi, Kurume, Fukuoka , 830‐0023 , Japan
| | - Shin‐ichi Kudo
- b Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute , Saitama , Japan
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Wilson NS, Gilroy J, Dolan JW, Snyder LR. Column selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. VI. Columns with embedded or end-capping polar groups. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1026:91-100. [PMID: 14763736 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A previous model of column selectivity for reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) has been applied to an additional 21 columns with embedded or end-capping polar groups (EPGs). Embedded-polar-group columns exhibit a significantly different selectivity vs. non-EPG, type-B columns, generally showing preferential retention of hydrogen-bond donors, as well as decreased retention for hydrogen-bond acceptors or ionized bases. EPG-columns are also generally less hydrophobic (more polar) than are non-EPG-columns. Interestingly, columns with polar end-capping tend to more closely resemble non-EPG columns, suggesting that the polar group has less effect on column selectivity when used to end-cap the column versus the case of an embedded polar group. Column selectivity data reported here for EPG-columns can be combined with previously reported values for non-EPG columns to provide a database of 154 different columns. This enables a comparison of any two of these columns in terms of selectivity. However, comparisons that involve EPG columns are more approximate.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Wilson
- BASi Northwest Laboratory, 3138 NE Rivergate, Bldg. 301C, McMinnville, OR 97128, USA
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Visky D, Heyden YV, Iványi T, Baten P, De Beer J, Kovács Z, Noszál B, Roets E, Massart DL, Hoogmartens J. Characterisation of reversed-phase liquid chromatographic columns by chromatographic tests. Evaluation of 36 test parameters: repeatability, reproducibility and correlation. J Chromatogr A 2002; 977:39-58. [PMID: 12456094 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) or other official compendia give only a general description of the stationary phase in the description of a liquid chromatographic method. Therefore the selection of a column giving suitable selectivity presents difficulties. Earlier, a test procedure was proposed that allows measurement of a number of parameters which are reported to be representative for stationary phase characteristics. This paper describes how the test procedure was applied on 69 RP-LC C18 columns. Chromatographic parameters obtained as test results were evaluated, and their repeatability, reproducibility and correlation were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Visky
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Van Evenstraat 4, B-3000 Leaven, Belgium
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Buchmeiser MR. New synthetic ways for the preparation of high-performance liquid chromatography supports. J Chromatogr A 2001; 918:233-66. [PMID: 11407572 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The latest developments and in particular important synthetic aspects for the preparation of modern HPLC supports are reviewed. In this context, the chemistry of inorganic supports based on silica, zirconia, titania or aluminum oxide as well as of organic supports based on poly(styrene-divinylbenzene), acrylates, methacrylates and other, more specialized polymers is covered. Special consideration is given to modern approaches such as sol-gel technology, molecular imprinting, perfusion chromatography, the preparation of monolithic separation media as well as to organic HPLC supports prepared by new polymer technologies such as ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Synthetic particularities relevant for the corresponding applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Buchmeiser
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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Stella C, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Tchapla A. Silica and other materials as supports in liquid chromatography. Chromatographic tests and their importance for evaluating these supports. Part I. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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McKeown AP, Euerby MR, Johnson CM, Koeberle M, Lomax H, Ritchie H, Ross P. An evaluation of unbonded silica stationary phases for the separation of basic analytes using capillary electrochromatography. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hennion MC. Solid-phase extraction: method development, sorbents, and coupling with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:3-54. [PMID: 10526783 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to provide updated information about the most important features of the new solid-phase extraction (SPE) materials, their interaction mode and their potential for modern SPE. First, the recent developments are given in formats, phases, automation, high throughput purpose and set-up of new types of procedures. Emphasis is then placed on the large choice of sorbents for trapping analytes over a wide range of polarities, such as highly cross-linked copolymers, functionalized copolymers, graphitized carbons or some specific n-alkylsilicas. The method development is given which is based on prediction from liquid chromatographic retention data or solvation parameters in order to determine the main parameters of any sequence (type and amount of sorbent, sample volume which can be applied without loss of recovery, composition and volume of the clean-up solution, composition and volume of the desorption solution). Obtaining extracts free from matrix interferences in a few steps--one step when possible--is now included in the development of SPE procedure. New selective phases such as mixed-mode and restricted access matrix sorbents or emerging phases such as immunosorbents or molecularly imprinted polymers are reviewed. Selectivity obtained by combining two sorbents is described with the use of ion-exchange or ion-pair sorbents. Special attention is given to complete automation of the SPE sequence with its on-line coupling with liquid chromatography followed by various detection modes. This represents a fast, modern and reliable approach to trace analysis. Many examples illustrate the various features of modern SPE which are discussed in this review. They have been selected in both biological and environmental areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hennion
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie de Paris, France.
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YARITA T, IHARA T, HORIMOTO Y, NOMURA A. Endcapping of Octadecylsilyl-Silica Gels Using Supercritical Fluid as Reaction Medium. ANAL SCI 1999. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.15.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi YARITA
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research
| | - Toshihide IHARA
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research
| | - Yoshiyuki HORIMOTO
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research
| | - Akira NOMURA
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research
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