1
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Spin-column micro-solid phase extraction of chlorophenols using MFU-4l metal-organic framework. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 187:39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-4023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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2
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Saraji M, Ghani M. Hollow fiber liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction followed by solid-phase microextraction and in situ derivatization for the determination of chlorophenols by gas chromatography-electron capture detection. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1418:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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3
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Fang Q, Shi X, Zhang L, Wang Q, Wang X, Guo Y, Zhou B. Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the bioavailability, metabolism, and toxicity of pentachlorophenol in zebrafish larvae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 283:897-904. [PMID: 25464334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (n-TiO2) on the bioavailability, metabolism, and toxicity of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in fish. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos or larvae (2-h post-fertilization) were exposed to PCP (0, 3, 10, and 30 μg/L) alone or in combination with n-TiO2 (0.1mg/L) until 6 days post-fertilization. Results showed that n-TiO2 treatment alone did not induce lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, as well as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the larvae. As compared with PCP treatment, the co-exposure of PCP and n-TiO2 enhanced the induction of ROS generation, eventually leading to lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 gene transcriptions were significantly upregulated in both PCP treatment alone and in combination with n-TiO2. Chemical analysis and histological examination showed that n-TiO2 adsorb PCP, and n-TiO2 are taken up by developing zebrafish larvae; however, PCP content was not enhanced in the presence of n-TiO2, but the metabolism of PCP to tetrachlorohydroquinone was enhanced in larvae. The results indicate that n-TiO2 enhanced the metabolism of PCP and caused oxidative damage and developmental toxicity, suggesting that NPs can influence the fate and toxicity of associated organic pollutants in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiongjie Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yongyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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4
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He H, Zhuang Y, Peng Y, Gao Z, Yang S, Sun C. Solid-phase microextraction based on polyaniline doped with perfluorooctanesulfonic acid coupled to HPLC for the quantitative determination of chlorophenols in water samples. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:427-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Ying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Zhanqi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment; Nanjing University; Nanjing China
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5
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Direct determination of chlorophenols in water samples through ultrasound-assisted hollow fiber liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction on-line coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1271:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Electro membrane extraction followed by low-density solvent based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction combined with derivatization for determining chlorophenols and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1243:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Feng YD, Tan ZQ, Liu JF. Development of a static and exhaustive extraction procedure for field passive preconcentration of chlorophenols in environmental waters with hollow fiber-supported liquid membrane. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:965-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Su F, Zhang P. Accurate analysis of trace pentachlorophenol in textiles by isotope dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:495-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Coym JW. Evaluation of ternary mobile phases for reversed-phase liquid chromatography: Effect of composition on retention mechanism. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5957-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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ZHANG H, ZHU J, FENG YL. On-line Enrichment and Measurement of Four Halogenated Phenols in Water Samples Using Pressure-Assisted Electrokinetic Injection–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:1157-62. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiping ZHU
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Health Canada
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11
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Wu Y, Hu B, Hou Y. Headspace single drop and hollow fiber liquid phase microextractions for HPLC determination of phenols. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3772-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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MS techniques for analyzing phenols, their metabolites and transformation products of environmental interest. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Tsygankova IG, Zhenodarova SM. Structure-property relationship for description of apoptosis (programmed cell death) induction by phenol derivatives. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363208090181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Jin M, Chen X, Pan B. Simultaneous Determination of 19 Chlorophenols in Water by Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry with Solid‐Phase Extraction. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600598944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micong Jin
- a Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- a Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Bingxian Pan
- b Ningbo Water Supply General Company , Ningbo, P. R. China
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15
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Peng JF, Liu JF, Hu XL, Jiang GB. Direct determination of chlorophenols in environmental water samples by hollow fiber supported ionic liquid membrane extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1139:165-70. [PMID: 17113589 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C8MIM][PF6]) ionic liquid was immobilized in the pores of a polypropylene hollow fiber for hollow fiber-protected liquid-phase microextraction. Analytes including 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 3-chorophenol (3-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) were extracted into this ionic liquid membrane, and back extracted into 10microL sodium hydroxide acceptor solution in the lumen of the hollow fiber. Then, the acceptor solution was withdrawn into the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) microsyringe connected to the hollow fiber, and directly injected into the HPLC system for analysis. Some parameters that might affect the extraction efficiency were optimized, and low detection limits (0.5microgL(-1) for 4-CP, 3-CP, DCP and 1.0microgL(-1) for TCP) were obtained. Good repeatability was achieved because of the stability of the hollow fiber-supported ionic liquid membrane. The proposed procedure was applied for direct determination of the four chlorophenols in some real water samples including groundwater, river water, wastewater and tap water. All of the four chlorophenols in these water samples were under the limits of determination, and the recoveries were in the range of 70.0-95.7% at 5microgL(-1) spiked level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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16
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Jin M, Yan Y, Chen X, Shi J. Simultaneous Determination of Trace Monochlorophenols in Water by Ion Chromatography Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(07)60003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Jin M, Zhu Y. Ion chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the determination of trace chlorophenols in clam tissues. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1118:111-7. [PMID: 16600257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel analytical method has been developed for the determination of 14 trace chlorophenols in clam tissues by ion chromatography (IC) coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) in the negative mode. The method comprised a fast ultrasound-assisted extraction using a mixture of methanol/water (4:1v/v) containing 5% triethylamine (TEA) as extraction solvent, solid-phase extraction with an Oasis HLB cartridge and gradient separation using KOH/acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min on an IonPac AG11 guard column (50 mm x 4.0 mm I.D.) and an IonPac AS11 analytical column (250 mm x 4.0 mm I.D.). The molecular ions m/z [M-H](-) 127, 129; 161, 163; 195, 197 and 263, 265, 267 were selected for quantification in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode for monochlorophenols (MCPs), dichlorophenols (DCPs), trichlorophenols (TCPs) and pentachlorophenol (PCP), respectively. The average recoveries of the objective compounds spiked in clam tissues were between 80.2% and 98.2%. Within-day and day-to-day relative standard deviations were less than 12.6% and 13.2%, respectively. The optimum IC-APCI-MS conditions were successfully applied to the analyses of 14 trace chlorophenols in clam tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micong Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Xixi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
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18
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Simultaneous determination of nine trace mono- and di-chlorophenols in water by ion chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Cabovska B, Kreishman GP, Wassell DF, Stalcup AM. Capillary electrophoretic and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of interactions between halophenols and ionic liquid or tetraalkylammonium cations. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1007:179-87. [PMID: 12924563 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous capillary electrophoretic studies were performed to investigate interactions between halophenols and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate or tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate electrolytes. In both cases, increased halogen size correlated with increased affinity for the electrolyte cation. For isomers, the ortho substituted isomer exhibited higher affinity than the para isomer. Irreproducible CE results for analyte pairs in the presence of the ionic liquid stimulated investigations of the interactions between halophenols as well as with the cations of the electrolyte. These interactions were explored by proton and fluorine one-dimensional NMR. The NMR results indicated differences in the interactions between tetraethylammonium/iodophenols and imidazolium/iodophenols. The NMR results indicate hydrophobic stacking interactions between the iodophenols and possible similar interaction among phenols and imidazolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cabovska
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 210172, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
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20
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Czaplicka M. Qualitative and quantitative determination of halogenated derivatives in wastewater from coking plant. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Liu JF, Liang X, Chi YG, Jiang GB, Cai YQ, Zhou QX, Liu GG. High performance liquid chromatography determination of chlorophenols in water samples after preconcentration by continuous flow liquid membrane extraction on-line coupled with a precolumn. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Sarrión MN, Santos FJ, Moyano E, Galceran MT. Solid-phase microextraction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of chlorophenols in environmental samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:39-48. [PMID: 12478553 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS), using negative ion detection in a triple quadrupole instrument, was used for the determination of chlorophenols (CPs) in environmental samples. In-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) was compared with MS/MS fragmentation. In general, less fragmentation was observed in MS/MS as compared with in-source CID, with the latter providing more intense fragment ions due to chemical ionisation. Under MS/MS conditions [M - H - HCl](-) was the main fragment ion observed for all compounds except for pentachlorophenol, which showed no fragmentation. For multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) acquisition mode, the transition from [M - H](-) to [M - H - HCl](-) was selected, leading to detection limits down to 0.3 ng injected. Direct and headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) were used as preconcentration procedures for the analysis of CPs in wood and in industrially contaminated soils. CPs were quantified by standard addition, which led to good reproducibility (RSD between 4 and 11%) in both SIM and MRM modes, and detection limits down to ng/g. The combination of MS/MS and in-source CID allowed confirmation of the presence of CPs in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Sarrión
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Wissiack R, Rosenberg E. Universal screening method for the determination of US Environmental Protection Agency phenols at the lower ng l(-1) level in water samples by on-line solid-phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry within a single run. J Chromatogr A 2002; 963:149-57. [PMID: 12187965 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of a previously optimized method for the analysis of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations phenols, based on on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric (MS) detection in different matrix loaded water samples is demonstrated. The comprehensive optimization of the mobile phase conditions and their influence on the ionization process in atmospheric pressure ionization is described in detail. In particular, MS detection of the weakly acidic phenols such as phenol, monochlorinated phenols and methylated phenols requires the absence of acidic mobile phase modifiers and buffers. Thus lower retention times and slight peak broadening of the more acidic dinitrophenols are obtained if the entire range of EPA phenols is analyzed within a single chromatographic run. The figures of merit for the method were determined and the applicability to real water samples was investigated. Limits of detection for phenols ranging from 40 to 280 ng l(-1) and relative standard deviations below 8% in SCAN mode are obtained for all phenols if only 10-ml river water samples with low dissolved organic carbon (DOC 5 mg C l(-1) concentrations are preconcentrated. The method was used to detect 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol in river water samples in the lower ng l(-1) range. The analysis of highly matrix-loaded samples (DOC 210 mg C l(-1)) requires a reduced enrichment volume resulting in decreased sensitivity. Still the method is capable of reaching excellent detection limits which demonstrates its excellent suitability for screening analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wissiack
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
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24
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Pamme N, Steinbach K, Ensinger WJ, Schmidt TC. Analysis of polynitrophenols and hexyl by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure ionisation methods and a volatile ion-pairing reagent. J Chromatogr A 2002; 943:47-54. [PMID: 11820280 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An LC-MS method for the determination of picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol), its reductive transformation products picramic acid (2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol) and iso-picramic acid (4-amino-2,6-dinitrophenol) and hexyl (2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrodiphenylamine) has been developed. The analytes were separated using ion-pairing chromatography with a volatile ion-pairing reagent suitable for subsequent MS detection. The performance of an atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) and an electrospray ionisation (ESI) interface was compared. ESI-MS is more sensitive for the analytes, especially for hexyl and picric acid, APCI-MS delivered more fragments necessary for unequivocal identification. With LC-ESI-MS limits of detection using single ion monitoring (SIM) mode are 4 ng (iso-picramic acid), 800 pg (picramic acid), 400 pg (picric acid) and 80 pg (hexyl). For quantification, 15N-picric acid was used as an internal standard. Using this new method, the degradation of picric acid in soil was monitored in a laboratory study. Furthermore, the presence of picramic acid was for the first time verified in soil samples from a former ammunition plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pamme
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
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25
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Debrauwer L, Rathahao E, Boudry G, Baradat M, Cravedi JP. Identification of the major metabolites of prochloraz in rainbow trout by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:3821-3826. [PMID: 11513673 DOI: 10.1021/jf0100550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic pattern of the imidazole fungicide prochloraz [N-propyl-N-[2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl]imidazole-1-carboximide] was investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Following a single oral administration of [(14)C]prochloraz, levels 4.3 +/- 4.1 and 3.9 +/- 1.8% of the dose were excreted in the bile after 48 h in male and female animals, respectively. Urinary radioactivity accounted for 1.3 +/- 0.4 and 2.4 +/- 1.1% of the dose over the same period in males and females. Metabolites from both matrices were separated by reversed-phase HPLC with radioactive detection and analyzed by positive and/or negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. No unchanged prochloraz was detected in the analyzed excreta. The major biotransformation products in bile were the aldehyde corresponding to the cleavage of the imidazole ring, N-2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethylurea, and the glucuronide conjugate of 2,4,6-trichlorophenoxyethanol. In urine, the major metabolite was 2,4,6-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. On the basis of enzymatic hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase and LC-MS analyses, this study demonstrates that rainbow trout are able to biotransform prochloraz, mainly as glucuronide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Debrauwer
- Laboratoire des Xénobiotiques, INRA, B.P. 3, 31931 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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Letzel T, Pöschl U, Wissiack R, Rosenberg E, Grasserbauer M, Niessner R. Phenyl-modified reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry: a universal method for the analysis of partially oxidized aromatic hydrocarbons. Anal Chem 2001; 73:1634-45. [PMID: 11321321 DOI: 10.1021/ac001079t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new liquid chromatographic method for the efficient separation of aromatic compounds having a wide range of sizes, molecular structures, and polarities has been developed. Based on a phenyl-modified silica reversed stationary phase and a methanol-water solvent gradient, it allows the separation of mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) having up to five condensed aromatic rings and partially oxidized derivatives within a single chromatographic run of 40-min duration. The applicability of the method is demonstrated using 81 reference substances (PAHs, phenols, quinones, acids, lactones, esters, etc.) and real samples of environmental, medical, and technical relevance (ozonized PAHs, lake water, human urine, diesel exhaust condensates). The retention times of the investigated aromatics exhibit a regular increase with molecular mass and a systematic decrease with increasing number and polarity of functional groups. In case of intramolecular hydrogen bonding, a positive shift of retention time provides additional structural information. The combination of chromatographic retention time with the molecular mass and structural information from mass spectrometric detection allows the tentative identification of unknown aromatic analytes at trace levels, even without specific reference substances. With atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), low detection limits and highly informative fragmentation patterns can be obtained by in-source collision-induced fragmentation in a single-quadrupole LC-APCI-MS system as applied in this study, and multidimensional MS experiments are expected to further enhance the potential of the presented method.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Letzel
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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27
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Fung YS, Long YH. Determination of phenols in soil by supercritical fluid extraction-capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2001; 907:301-11. [PMID: 11217037 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new analytical procedure is developed to couple supercritical fluid extraction with capillary electrochromatography (SFE-CEC) to extract and determine phenols in soil. Ten phenols consisting of phenol, methylphenols (p-cresol and o-cresol), dimethylphenols (3,5-xylenol, 3,4-xylenol and 2,6-xylenol), trimethylphenol, ethylphenols (p-ethylphenol and o-ethylphenol), and o-isopropylphenol are investigated. The use of supercritical CO2 with 10% methanol as the organic modifier was found to give satisfactory extraction of alkylphenols from soil at 1200 p.s.i. and 50 degrees C for 45 min under a total extractant flow-rate of 0.2 ml/min (1 p.s.i.=6894.76 Pa). Baseline resolution was achieved for the 10 selected phenols under optimised CEC conditions at 20 kV in a mobile phase of acetonitrile-4 mM Tris, pH 7.0 (35:65) in a 45 cm (25 cm packed with 3 microm ODS) x 75 microm I.D. fused-silica capillary column. Using SFE with a 10-fold preconcentration factor, all alkyl-substituted phenols in soil can be determined with detection limits ranging from 0.0032 to 0.014 mg/kg and working range from 0.019 to 2.72 mg/kg. The SFE-CEC procedure developed has been applied successfully to determine phenols extracted from real soil sample contaminated with medical disinfectant. It will provide a rapid method for the direct determination of phenol and alkyl-substituted phenol in soils, with capability for confirmation of unknown peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Fung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Chapter 6 Phenols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(01)80009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
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Wissiack R, Rosenberg E, Grasserbauer M. Comparison of different sorbent materials for on-line solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of phenols. J Chromatogr A 2000; 896:159-70. [PMID: 11093651 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
On-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) was interfaced to liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS) for the determination of US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) phenols. The system, allowing fully automated operation, was used to evaluate different SPE cartridge materials and dimensions. Six different SPE materials (C18 HD, Polymer Labs PLRP-s, Hamilton PRP-1, Hysphere GP, Hysphere SH and Waters Oasis) were tested. Criteria for their comparison were first the recovery for the different phenols and its reproducibility, but also chromatographically relevant items like peakshape in the on-line elution mode. High recoveries and good relative standard deviations were obtained particularly for the newer, strongly retaining SPE materials that have become commercially available recently (the Hysphere materials and Waters Oasis) compared to the well known silica-based and weaker polymeric adsorbents like PLRP-s and PRP-1. These advantages are, however, traded in for good chromatographic peakshape, since the stronger adsorbents give rise to notable peak broadening in on-line elution. This is particularly true when using APCI-MS detection which on the one hand offers excellent selectivity and sensitivity, but imposes additional restrictions on the mobile phase composition in order not to suppress the response significantly. The influence of these parameters on the on-line-SPE-HPLC-MS determination of EPA phenols is discussed and present limitations are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wissiack
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
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Jáuregui O, Moyano E, Galceran MT. Capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ion-trap mass spectrometry for the separation of chlorophenols. J Chromatogr A 2000; 896:125-33. [PMID: 11093648 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen positional isomers of chlorophenols were separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and detected on-line by electrospray ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry (MS). Conditions for the coupling of CE to MS, e.g., the concentration of carrier electrolyte, the sheath liquid composition and the sheath gas flow-rate were optimized. Diethylmalonic acid (5 mM) at pH 7.25 and isopropanol-250 mM dimethylamine (80:20) as sheath liquid were used. The activation parameters for ion-trap mass spectrometric analysis of chlorophenols were optimized. The mass spectra, obtained for all the analytes, revealed that the [M-H]- ion was the base peak for all chlorophenols. Moreover, conditions for CE-MS-MS detection were established and [M-H-HCl]- ions were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Jáuregui
- Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Galve R, Camps F, Sanchez-Baeza F, Marco MP. Development of an immunochemical technique for the analysis of trichlorophenols using theoretical models. Anal Chem 2000; 72:2237-46. [PMID: 10845369 DOI: 10.1021/ac991336y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An immunoassay has been developed for trichlorophenol analysis on the basis of theoretical chemistry modeling studies. These data have allowed us to choose the optimum chemical structure of the immunizing hapten according to realistic similarities with the target analyte. The synthesis of this hapten and the subsequent application of an appropriate immunization protocol have lead to the production of polyclonal antibodies against the target analyte. A homologous direct competitive ELISA has been developed that can be carried out in about 1 h. It has a limit of detection of 0.2 +/- 0.06 microg/L (1.01 +/- 0.3 nM) and it has been proven to tolerate a wide range of ionic strengths and pH values. Thus, the assay has acceptable features in samples with ionic strength between 4 and 56 mS/cm and pH values between 5.5 and 9.5. Studies on the selectivity of this immunoassay have demonstrated a high recognition of the corresponding brominated analogues. Other phenolic compounds do not interfere significantly in the analysis of 2,4,6-trichorophenol using this immunochemical technique. The accuracy of the assay has been evaluated using certified and spiked samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Galve
- Department of Biological Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Research of Barcelona Josep Pascual Vila (IIQAB-CSIC), Jorge Girona, Spain
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Abstract
Optimum conditions for the separation of positional isomers of chlorophenols by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) were established. The behavior of five volatile electrolytes (L-cysteic acid, 3-amino-1-propanesulfonic acid, aminomethanesulfonic acid, diethylmalonic acid, and ammonium acetate) was compared. The best performance based on low electrophoretic current and high separation efficiency was obtained for diethylmalonic acid as working electrolyte. The influence of pH on the separation, using both uncoated fused-silica capillaries and modified capillaries (NaAMPS from EKT) with anionic coating, was discussed. Moreover, the effect of electrolyte concentration and applied voltage using fused-silica capillaries was studied. The optimum CZE conditions that allowed the separation of 16 chlorophenols were 20 kV, 30 mM diethylmaIonic acid, pH 7.25, and uncoated fused-silica capillary. Figures of merit such as run-to-run and day-to-day precision, linearity, and limits of detection were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Jáuregui
- Department de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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