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Bahia PVB, Nascimento MM, da Rocha GO, de Andrade JB, Machado ME. Quantification of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles in fine airborne urban particles (PM 2.5) after multivariate optimization of a green procedure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165465. [PMID: 37451461 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs), such as benzothiophenes (BT), dibenzothiophenes (DBT) and benzonapthothiophenes (BNT), can be emitted from vehicular traffic and deposited in fine particles matter (PM2.5). The presence of these compounds in PM2.5 is an environmental concern due to air pollution and its toxic properties. In this study, a green microscale solid-liquid extraction method was developed to determine twenty-three PASHs in PM2.5. A simplex-centroid mixture design was applied to optimize the extraction solvent. A full factorial design was used for preliminary evaluation of the factors that influence the extraction process (extraction time, sample size, and solvent volume) and then a Doehlert design for the significant parameters. The optimal extraction conditions based on the experimental design were: sample size, 4.15 cm2; 450 μL of toluene:dichloromethane (80:20,v/v); and extraction duration, 24 min. High sensitivity (LOD < 0.66pg m-3 and LOQ < 2.21 pg m-3) and acceptable recovery (82.8-120 %), and precision (RSD 3.6-14.0 %) were obtained. The greenness of the method was demonstrated using the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) tool. The method was applied for analyzing PASHs in PM2.5 samples collected in three time intervals per day from years with different sulfur contents in the diesel: S-500 (≤500 ppm sulfur) and S-50 (≤50 ppm sulfur). Fourteen PASHs were quantified with the highest concentrations observed for 2,8-DMDBT and 4,6-DMDBT, which are recalcitrant compounds. The ANOVA test indicated significant differences between sampling periods during the day. The reduction of diesel S-500 to S-50 corresponded to a 28 % decrease in the total sum of PASHs (∑PASHs) evaluated. Spearman's rank correlations allowed for verifying that BTs and DBTs were highly correlated, suggesting that they were derived from similar sources. A weak correlation of 2,1-BNT and 2,3-BNT with BTs and DBTs indicates that these compounds are a chemical proxy for the emission of diesel engines during the combustion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Victor Bomfim Bahia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente-CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Madson Moreira Nascimento
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente-CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente-INCT E&A, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Gisele Olimpio da Rocha
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente-CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente-INCT E&A, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente-CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente-INCT E&A, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro Universitário SENAI-CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, 41650-010, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabete Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente-CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente-INCT E&A, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Marvanová S, Pěnčíková K, Pálková L, Ciganek M, Petráš J, Lněničková A, Vondráček J, Machala M. Benzo[b]naphtho[d]thiophenes and naphthylbenzo[b]thiophenes: Their aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activities and environmental presence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162924. [PMID: 36933742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocyclic compounds (PASHs) belong among ubiquitous environmental pollutants; however, their toxic effects remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activity of dibenzothiophene, benzo[b]naphtho[d]thiophenes, and naphthylbenzo[b]thiophenes, as well as their presence in two types of environmental matrices: river sediments collected from both rural and urban areas, and in airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) sampled in cities with different levels and sources of pollution. Benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene, benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene, 2,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene, and 2,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene were newly identified as efficient AhR agonists in both rat and human AhR-based reporter gene assays, with 2,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene being the most potent compound identified in both species. Benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]thiophene and 3,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene elicited AhR-mediated activity only in the rat liver cell model, while dibenzothiophene and 3,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene were inactive in either cell type. Independently of their ability to activate the AhR, benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]thiophene, 2,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene, 3,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene, and 3,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene inhibited gap junctional intercellular communication in a model of rat liver epithelial cells. Benzo[b]naphtho[d]thiophenes were dominant PASHs present in both PM2.5 and sediment samples, with benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene being the most abundant one, followed by benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene. The levels of naphthylbenzo[b]thiophenes were mostly low or below detection limit. Benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene and benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene were identified as the most significant contributors to the AhR-mediated activity in the environmental samples evaluated in this study. Both induced nuclear translocation of the AhR, and they induced CYP1A1 expression in a time-dependent manner, suggesting that their AhR-mediated activity may depend on the rate of their intracellular metabolism. In conclusion, some PASHs could be significant contributors to the overall AhR-mediated toxicity of complex environmental samples suggesting that more attention should be paid to the potential health impacts of this group of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Marvanová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pálková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Petráš
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Lněničková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Saranjampour P, Armbrust KL, Marx BD. Assessing the hydroxyl radical and volatilization roles in aquatic fate estimations of sulfur heterocycles: Dibenzothiophene derivatives. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1998-2004. [PMID: 28109135 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) and their alkyl derivatives can be released into aquatic systems via crude oil spills or runoff from petroleum-treated areas, such as asphalt. Dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its derivatives (C1-DBT, C2-DBT, and C4-DBT) were chosen as model compounds to investigate the relative impact of volatilization and hydroxyl radical degradation on estimates of their overall dissipation after entry into aquatic ecosystems as a function of depth using the exposure analysis modeling system (EXAMS). The hydroxyl radical rate constant (K · OH ) and Henry's law constant of PASHs were determined in distilled water. The analogue C1-DBT reacted fastest with · OH relative to other PASHs. The C2-DBT and C4-DBT analogues had higher Henry's law constants compared with other derivatives. Steric hindrance by alkyl substituents on the sulfur moiety most strongly impacted measured rate and Henry's law constants between DBT and individual alkyl derivatives. These steric effects do not appear to be considered in the physical property estimation software EPI Suite. Simulated dissipation of PASHs using EXAMS suggests that volatilization is a dominant fate pathway for the higher molecular weight and less polar C2-DBT and C4-DBT at all depths and DBT and C1-DBT at 0.1-m. However, model scenarios suggest that hydroxyl radical degradation may significantly contribute to the degradation of more polar DBT and C1-DBT at 1-m and 2-m depths. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1998-2004. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichehr Saranjampour
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kevin L Armbrust
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast and Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brian D Marx
- Department of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Maire F, Neeson K, Denny R, McCullagh M, Lange C, Afonso C, Giusti P. Identification of Ion Series Using Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry: The Example of Alkyl-Benzothiophene and Alkyl-Dibenzothiophene Ions in Diesel Fuels. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5530-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400731d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Maire
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Université de Rouen; INSA Rouen;
CNRS, IRCOF, 1 Rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex,
France
| | | | | | | | - Catherine Lange
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Université de Rouen; INSA Rouen;
CNRS, IRCOF, 1 Rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex,
France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Université,
COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038; Université de Rouen; INSA Rouen;
CNRS, IRCOF, 1 Rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex,
France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- TOTAL Refining & Chemicals, Total Research & Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
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Omais B, Courtiade M, Charon N, Roullet C, Ponthus J, Thiébaut D. Using gas chromatography to characterize a direct coal liquefaction naphtha. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1226:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Díaz SC, Encinar JR, Sanz-Medel A, Alonso JIG. Towards compound-independent calibration for organic compounds using online isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:91-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Omais B, Courtiade M, Charon N, Thiébaut D, Quignard A, Hennion MC. Investigating comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography conditions to optimize the separation of oxygenated compounds in a direct coal liquefaction middle distillate. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3233-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chernetsova ES, Revel’skii AI, Revel’skii IA, Zolotov YA. Gas chromatography of organic mixtures using an atomic emission detector. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810080022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Herrera LC, Ramaley L, Grossert JS. Fragmentation pathways of some benzothiophene radical cations formed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:571-9. [PMID: 19177505 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic sulfur-containing compounds (PASHs) are commonly found in fossil fuels and are of considerable importance in environmental studies. This work presents detailed studies on the fragmentation patterns of radical cations formed from four representative PASHs, benzo[b]thiophene, dibenzothiophene, 4-methyldibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene, using tandem atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS/MS). Understanding these fragmentation patterns can be a useful aid in the analysis of PASHs employing APCI or electron ionization (EI-MS/MS), either alone or in conjunction with liquid or gas chromatography.
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van Stee L, Brinkman U. Developments in the application of gas chromatography with atomic emission (plus mass spectrometric) detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:109-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Andersson JT, Hegazi AH, Roberz B. Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles as information carriers in environmental studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:891-905. [PMID: 16924377 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) play a huge role in environmental analytical chemistry, both as pollutants and as markers for many processes. On the other hand, polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs; heterocyclic compounds related to PAHs) have been studied far less intensely, but such studies may lead to a great deal of information not available through the study of PAHs. Here we discuss analytical aspects of PASHs in environmental matrices and their use as information carriers. Since PASHs accompany PAHs in sampling and work-up, it is not necessary to expend much extra analytical effort in order to analyze them. This work reviews how they can provide information on diverse processes such as petroleum, industrial and vehicular pollution, and sources of air and marine pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Andersson
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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White PA, Claxton LD. Mutagens in contaminated soil: a review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2004; 567:227-345. [PMID: 15572286 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intentional and accidental discharges of toxic pollutants into the lithosphere results in soil contamination. In some cases (e.g., wood preserving wastes, coal-tar, airborne combustion by-products), the contaminated soil constitutes a genotoxic hazard. This work is a comprehensive review of published information on soil mutagenicity. In total, 1312 assessments of genotoxic activity from 118 works were examined. The majority of the assessments (37.6%) employed the Salmonella mutagenicity test with strains TA98 and/or TA100. An additional 37.6% of the assessments employed a variety of plant species (e.g., Tradescantia clone 4430, Vicia faba, Zea mays, Allium cepa) to assess mutagenic activity. The compiled data on Salmonella mutagenicity indicates significant differences (p<0.0001) in mean potency (revertents per gram dry weight) between industrial, urban, and rural/agricultural sites. Additional analyses showed significant empirical relationships between S9-activated TA98 mutagenicity and soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration (r2=0.19 to 0.25, p<0.0001), and between direct-acting TA98 mutagenicity and soil dinitropyrene (DNP) concentration (r2=0.87, p<0.0001). The plant assay data revealed excellent response ranges and significant differences between heavily contaminated, industrial, rural/agricultural, and reference sites, for the anaphase aberration in Allium cepa (direct soil contact) and the waxy locus mutation assay in Zea mays (direct soil contact). The Tradescantia assays appeared to be less responsive, particularly for exposures to aqueous soil leachates. Additional data analyses showed empirical relationships between anaphase aberrations in Allium, or mutations in Arabidopsis, and the 137Cs contamination of soils. Induction of micronuclei in Tradescantia is significantly related to the soil concentration of several metals (e.g., Sb, Cu, Cr, As, Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn). Review of published remediation exercises showed effective removal of genotoxic petrochemical wastes within one year. Remediation of more refractory genotoxic material (e.g., explosives, creosote) frequently showed increases in mutagenic hazard that remained for extended periods. Despite substantial contamination and mutagenic hazards, the risk of adverse effect (e.g., mutation, cancer) in humans or terrestrial biota is difficult to quantify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A White
- Mutagenesis Section, Safe Environments Program, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture 0803A, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0L2.
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van Stee LLP, Beens J, Vreuls RJJ, Brinkman UAT. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with atomic emission detection and correlation with mass spectrometric detection: principles and application in petrochemical analysis. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1019:89-99. [PMID: 14650607 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)01301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive gas chromatography (GC x GC) has been combined with atomic emission detection (AED) to enable element-selective detection. Under optimised experimental conditions, the requirement of minimum five data points across a peak can be obtained even for analytes eluting early from the second-dimension column. Simple manipulation of the results allows the combined presentation of up to four sets of elemental data in one two-dimensional plot. GC x GC with AED and mass spectrometric (MS) detection in petrochemical analysis for fingerprinting as well as the identification of N- and S-containing unknowns is presented as an application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo L P van Stee
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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van Stee LL, Brinkman UA, Bagheri H. Gas chromatography with atomic emission detection: a powerful technique. Trends Analyt Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(02)00810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Janoszka B, Dobosz C, Bodzek D. Densitometric thin-layer chromatography of polycyclic aromatic sulfur compounds. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2002. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.15.2002.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Chapter 3 Separation methods in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(01)80006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Thuß U, Popp P, Ehrlich C, Kalkoff WD. Identification and Quantification of Thiaarenes in the Flue Gas of Lignite-Fired Domestic Heating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4168(20000801)23:7/8<457::aid-jhrc457>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Fox
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7400, USA
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