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Sai Chebrolu T, Kumar L, Verma R. Lacidipine: review of analytical methods developed for pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1011-1024. [PMID: 34081530 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacidipine (LAC) is a calcium antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension. It is a lipophilic drug containing dihydropyridine ring that is responsible for the activity. This review article gives an overview of various analytical techniques proposed for the determination of LAC in pharmaceutical dosage forms, in pure form, in biological fluids and to determine characteristics of LAC in modified release dosage forms. Ultra violet/visible spectrophotometric, spectroflourimetric, high performance liquid chromatography, high performance thin layer chromatography, electro-analytical, bioanalytical and miscellaneous methods such as microbiological assay, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, were discussed. Various parameters such as system suitability, selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness have been discussed for the employed methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejasvini Sai Chebrolu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Ruchi Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka 576104, India
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Šteflová J, Štefl M, Walz S, Knop M, Trapp O. Comprehensive study on critical micellar concentrations of SDS in acetonitrile-water solvents. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1287-95. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Šteflová
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Martin Štefl
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sarah Walz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Knop
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
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3
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Zhang L, Song Z, Dong Y, Wang Y, Li X, Long H, Xu K, Deng C, Meng M, Yin Y, Xi R. Enantiomeric separation of 1,4-dihydropyridines by liquid-phase microextraction with supercritical fluid chromatography. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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El-Kosasy AM, Tawakkol SM, Ayad MF, Sheta AI. New methods for amlodipine and valsartan native spectrofluorimetric determination, with factors optimization study. Talanta 2015; 143:402-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Belal F, Sharaf EL-Din M, Tolba MM, Alaa H. Micelle-enhanced spectrofluorimetric method for determination of lacidipine in tablet form; application to content uniformity testing. LUMINESCENCE 2014; 30:805-11. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Belal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Mansoura; 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - M. Sharaf EL-Din
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Mansoura; 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - M. M. Tolba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Mansoura; 35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - H. Alaa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Mansoura; 35516 Mansoura Egypt
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El-Kosasy AM, Tawakkol SM, Ayad MF, Sheta AI. A Novel Potentiometric Detection Strategy for the Determination of Amlodipine Besylate Based on Functionalized Particles. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Multivariate Versus Classical Univariate Calibration Methods for Spectrofluorimetric Data: Application to Simultaneous Determination of Olmesartan Medoxamil and Amlodipine Besylate in their Combined Dosage Form. J Fluoresc 2012; 23:79-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-012-1119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Li Y, Qi L, Qiao J, Shen Y, Yan H, Xin P, Ma H. A well-defined block copolymer serving as surfactants in separation of 1,4-dihydropyridines by open-tubular capillary eletrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2019-27. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
| | - Juan Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
| | | | - Huijuan Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science; Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
| | | | - Huimin Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
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9
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Shaalan RA, Belal TS. GRADIENT HPLC-DAD DETERMINATION OF THE ANTIHYPERTENSIVE MIXTURE OF AMLODIPINE BESYLATE, VALSARTAN, AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE IN COMBINED PHARMACEUTICAL TABLETS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.597071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A. Shaalan
- a Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Alexandria , Elmessalah , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Tarek S. Belal
- a Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Alexandria , Elmessalah , Alexandria , Egypt
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Shaalan RA, Belal TS. Simultaneous spectrofluorimetric determination of amlodipine besylate and valsartan in their combined tablets. Drug Test Anal 2011; 2:489-93. [PMID: 20872895 DOI: 10.1002/dta.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Amlodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, and valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, are co-formulated in a single-dose combination for the treatment of hypertension. The combination is used by patients whose blood pressure is not adequately controlled on either component monotherapy. This work describes a simple, sensitive, and reliable spectrofluorimetric method for the simultaneous determination of the two antihypertensive drugs; amlodipine besylate (AML) and valsartan (VAL) in their combined tablets. The method involved measurement of the native fluorescence at 455 nm (λ(Ex) 360 nm) and 378 nm (λ(Ex) 245 nm) for AML and VAL, respectively. Analytical performance of the proposed spectrofluorimetric procedure was statistically validated with respect to linearity, ranges, precision, accuracy, selectivity, robustness, detection, and quantification limits. Regression analysis showed good correlation between fluorescence intensity and concentration over the concentration ranges 0.2-3.6 and 0.008-0.080 µg mL⁻¹ for AML and VAL, respectively. The limits of detection were 0.025 and 0.0012 µg mL⁻¹ for AML and VAL, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the assay of the two drugs in their combined pharmaceutical tablets with recoveries not less than 98.85%. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical additives. The results were favourably compared with those obtained by a reference spectrophotometric method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A Shaalan
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Alexandria, Egypt
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11
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Belal F, Elbrashy A, Eid M, Nasr JJ. Stability-Indicating LC Method for the Determination of Lacidipine in Tablets. Application to Degradation Kinetics and Content Uniformity Testing. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Ruiz-Ángel MJ, Torres-Lapasió JR, García-Álvarez-Coque MC, Carda-Broch S. Retention Mechanisms for Basic Drugs in the Submicellar and Micellar Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic Modes. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9705-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801685p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Ruiz-Ángel
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, c/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot (Spain)
| | - J. R. Torres-Lapasió
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València, c/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot (Spain)
| | | | - S. Carda-Broch
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Cra. Borriol s/n, 12071, Castelló (Spain)
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Jankovics P, Németh T, Németh-Palotás J, Kőszegi-Szalai H. Amlodipine Besilate Screening in Pharmaceutical Preparations by CE. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Mohammadi A, Rezanour N, Ansari Dogaheh M, Ghorbani Bidkorbeh F, Hashem M, Walker RB. A stability-indicating high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin and amlodipine in commercial tablets. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 846:215-21. [PMID: 17010681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, precise and accurate isocratic reversed-phase stability-indicating HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin (AT) and amlodipine (AM) in commercial tablets. The method has shown adequate separation for AM, AT from their associated main impurities and their degradation products. Separation was achieved on a Perfectsil Target ODS-3, 5 microm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d. column using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.025 M NaH(2)PO(4) buffer (pH 4.5) (55:45, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and UV detection at 237 nm. The drugs were subjected to oxidation, hydrolysis, photolysis and heat to apply stress conditions. The linearity of the proposed method was investigated in the range of 2-30 microg/ml (r=0.9994) for AT and 1-20 microg/ml (r=0.9993) for AM. The limits of detection were 0.65 microg/ml and 0.35 microg/ml for AT and AM, respectively. The limits of quantitation were 2 microg/ml and 1 microg/ml for AT and AM, respectively. Degradation products produced as a result of stress studies did not interfere with the detection of AT and AM and the assay can thus be considered stability-indicating.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mohammadi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Naidu KR, Kale UN, Shingare MS. Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of amlodipine and benazepril hydrochloride from their combination drug product. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:147-55. [PMID: 15939562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2004] [Revised: 04/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A stability indicating reversed-phase HPLC method has been developed and subsequently validated for simultaneous estimation of amlodipine (AM) present as amlodipine besylate (AB), and benazepril hydrochloride (BH) from their combination product. The proposed RP-HPLC method utilizes a Zorbax SB C18, 5 microm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d. column, mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in the proportion of 65:35 (v/v) with apparent pH adjusted to 7.0, and UV detection at 240 nm using a photodiode array detector. AB, BH, and their combination drug product were exposed to thermal, photolytic, hydrolytic, and oxidative stress conditions, and the stressed samples were analysed by the proposed method. Peak homogeneity data of AM and BH peaks obtained using photodiode array detector, in the stressed sample chromatograms, demonstrated the specificity of the method for their estimation in presence of degradants. The described method was linear over a range of 6-14 microg/ml for AM and 12-28 microg/ml for BH. The mean recoveries were 99.91 and 100.53% for AM and BH, respectively. F-test and t-test at 95% confidence level were used to check the intermediate precision data obtained under different experimental setups; the calculated value was found to be less than critical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Raghu Naidu
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. B.A. Marathwada University, University Campus, Aurangabad, India
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Al-Omar MA. Nimodipine: analytical profile. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2005; 31:355-369. [PMID: 22469046 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(04)31010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Al-Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh-11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Van Eeckhaut A, Detaevernier MR, Michotte Y. Separation of neutral dihydropyridines and their enantiomers using electrokinetic chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:799-805. [PMID: 15533673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 08/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The separation and simultaneous enantiomeric separation of three neutral 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) derivatives (nimodipine, nisoldipine and nitrendipine) was studied using electrokinetic chromatography. Bile salts allowed the non-chiral separation of these DHP derivatives. With the taurine-conjugated bile salts a beginning of enantiomeric separation was observed for nimodipine and nisoldipine. Achiral micelles of sodium dodecyl sulphate mixed with neutral cyclodextrins did not allow enantioseparation. Baseline chiral separation of nisoldipine and nimodipine was obtained with carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin at pH 5.0. The buffer type affected the chiral separation, especially in the case of nisoldipine. The addition of organic solvent decreased the enantioresolution of nimodipine. However, the resolution between the nisoldipine enantiomers was increased when methanol or ethanol were added to the background electrolyte. Varying the temperature had almost no effect on the enantioresolution of nisoldipine, whereas with nimodipine a clear improvement at lower temperatures was observed. Using the optimised method, the selectivity of this method was investigated for three possible impurities of nisoldipine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Klinkenberg R, Streel B, Ceccato A. Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic method for the determination of amlodipine residues on manufacturing equipment surfaces. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 32:345-52. [PMID: 12763545 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical industry, an important step consists in the removal of possible drug residues from the involved equipment and areas. The cleaning procedures must be validated and the methods to determine trace amounts of drugs have therefore to be considered with special attention. A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of amlodipine residues in swab samples was developed and validated in order to control a cleaning procedure. The swabbing procedure was optimized in order to obtain a suitable recovery of amlodipine from stainless steel. A mean recovery close to 90% was obtained when two swabs moistened with methanol were used. The residual amlodipine was chromatographed at 25 degrees C in the isocratic mode on a RP-18 stationary phase using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, methanol and pH 3.0 triethylamine solution (15:35:50 v/v/v). UV detection was performed at 237 nm. The method was shown to be selective and linear into the concentration range varying from 0.39 to 1.56 microg/ml. Accuracy and precision of the method were also studied. The limits of detection and quantitation were evaluated to be 0.02 and 0.08 microg/ml, respectively. The stability of amlodipine at different steps of the sampling procedure and the precision of the swabbing procedure were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Klinkenberg
- Galephar M/F, 39, rue du Parc Industriel, B-6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium
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Sedo KR, Demarest CW, Liu M, Wright PB. Systematic development and validation of stability indicating micellar electrokinetic chromatography methods for early stage drug candidates. J Chromatogr A 2003; 988:297-307. [PMID: 12641163 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Suitable methods for assessment of purity, potency and stability of new drug substances and drug products are required to be rapidly developed and validated to provide appropriate data for early project development decisions. In order to routinely provide methods of consistent and suitable quality to meet increasingly aggressive timelines, systematic approaches to both develop and validate analytical technologies have been developed. Systematic approaches to evaluate separation parameters such as buffer pH, buffer ionic strength, surfactant concentration, organic modifiers, organic modifier concentration, applied voltage and temperature were evaluated for an early stage drug candidate. Techniques to improve method precision and ruggedness were also examined. Finally, the validation results from the micellar electrokinetic chromatography method utilizing an internal standard were compared against the simultaneously developed high-performance liquid chromatography method.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Sedo
- Pharmacia Research and Development, 4901 Searle Parkway, Skokie, IL 60077, USA.
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Özaltın N, Nemutlu E, Yardımcı C, Süslü İ. Application of Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography for the Determination of Nifedipine and Its Degradation Product in Pharmaceutical Preparations. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120017697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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López JA, Martínez V, Alonso RM, Jiménez RM. High-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection applied to the screening of 1,4-dihydropyridines in human plasma. J Chromatogr A 2000; 870:105-14. [PMID: 10722067 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection has been developed for the determination of six 1,4-dihydropyridines: nifedipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, nicardipine, felodipine and lacidipine. The chromatographic separation was performed using a Supelcosil LC-ABZ+Plus C18 column. A mobile phase of methanol-water (70:30), containing 2 mM CH3COOH-CH3COONa at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min and a pH of 5.0, was used. The temperature was optimized at 30+/-0.2 degrees C. The amperometric detector, equipped with a glassy carbon electrode, was operated at 1000 mV versus Ag/AgCl in the direct current mode. The method was applied to the determination of these compounds at ng/ml concentrations, obtaining intra-day reproducibilities of lower than 5.0% in terms of relative standard deviations and detection limits ranging from 16 to 44 ng/ml. The method was applied to the screening of 1,4-dihydropyridines in spiked plasma samples, with a total elution time of lower than 18 min, obtaining the best recoveries for nimodipine and felodipine (91 and 88%, respectively). These recoveries together with the low detection limits achieved allow its application to the analysis of these drugs in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A López
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
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Abstract
The current status of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in pharmaceutical analyses is reviewed with about 300 references, mainly from 1996 until 1999. This article covers the use of CE for assay and purity determination of the main component, analysis of natural medicines, antisense DNA, peptides, and proteins. Analysis of hydrophobic and/or electrically neutral drugs by electrokinetic chromatography, capillary electrochromatography and nonaqueous CE is critically evaluated. Detailed techniques for the separation of enantiomers are given in the text with some actual applications. Furthermore, this review includes sensitivity and regulatory aspects for the actual use of CE in new drug applications (NDA). The analytical validation required for CE in NDA is also treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nishi
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Osaka, Japan.
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