1
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Fan CC, Wang CC, Lu CJ. A stamped aluminium gas chromatographic column disk employing directly grown anodic aluminium oxide stationary phase for the separation of aromatic and chlorinated compounds. Analyst 2024; 149:482-489. [PMID: 38059506 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01301d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, mesoporous anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) with moderate polarity was used as a GC stationary phase to demonstrate the applicability to various compound species. The fluidic channel measured 6 meters in length and had a cross-section area of 0.127 mm2. The column disk measured 6.2 cm in diameter and was fabricated through a stamping process on an aluminium substrate. The AAO stationary phase was directly grown on the aluminium substrate through an anodization process using oxalic acid as the electrolyte. The pore size of the AAO stationary phase was approximately 50-70 nm, with film thicknesses ranging from 6-20 μm. AAO based on oxalic acid exhibited significantly reduced surface polarity, making it suitable for separating polarizable and slightly polar compounds. The theoretical plate number for benzene had reached 1800 plates per meter, and for n-butane, it had reached 2500 plates per meter. A complex mixture of 16 compounds spanning alkanes, olefins, aromatics, and chlorinated hydrocarbons was effectively separated in 8 minutes with the temperature programmed to 200 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chieh Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec.4, Tingzhou Rd., 11677, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Chia Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chung-Cheng Institute of Technology, NDU, 75, Shiyuan Rd., Daxi Dist., Taoyuan City 335, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Sec.4, Tingzhou Rd., 11677, Taipei, Taiwan.
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2
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Retention performance of alumina porous layer open-tubular column coated with γ-alumina nanoparticles in the highly volatile hydrocarbons separation. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1687:463657. [PMID: 36450200 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An alumina porous layer open-tubular (Al2O3 PLOT) column coated with γ-alumina nanoparticles (20 nm) for highly volatile hydrocarbons (C1 to C5) separation was described. Relative to the coating of bulk alumina, this column was easily coated with dynamic method under 0.4 or 0.6 MPa for 0.53 mm or 0.32 mm capillary, respectively. And the thickness of coating layer could be tuned by repeating the coating process after column was dried and activated at 300 °C for 3 h. The effect of deactivation agents on the physicochemical properties of nano γ-alumina was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The influences of deactivation agents, film thickness, conditioning and column dimensions on the inertness, polarity, selectivity and elution order of C1 to C5 separation were investigated in detail. The crystallite structure and size of nano alumina were not affected by the deactivation agents and remained constant during the column making processes, whereas specific surface area, pore volume and average half pore width altered significantly. The specific surface area decreased to 125.4 m2 g-1 or 174.0 m2 g-1 and the average half pore size distributions decreased to 1.6-8.4 nm or 2.4-14.3 nm when it was deactivated with potassium chloride or sodium sulfate solution, respectively. The deactivation agents and its concentrations impacted significantly on the retention performance of column. The column deactivated with sodium sulfate solution exhibited stronger polarity and lower selectivity than which deactivated with potassium chloride solution although both columns showed good inertness. The length, internal diameter and film thickness of the column had less influence on the selectivity and resolution for C1 to C5 hydrocarbons separation, whereas the conditioning temperature and time had an obvious influence. The column had distinguished polarity and selectivity which was different from either bulk or commercial alumina columns. Typically, the hydrocarbons were baseline separated with resolutions ranging from 1.65 to 15.33 within 9 min under programmed temperature below 100 °C, and the tailing factors ranging from 1.02 to 1.07.
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3
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Sun M, Feng J, Feng Y, Xin X, Ding Y, Sun M. Ionic liquid-functionalized dendrimer grafted silica for mixed-mode chromatographic separation and online solid-phase extraction. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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4
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Fan CC, Liu YH, Lu CJ. Separation of C1–C15 Alkanes with a Disk-Shaped Aluminum Column Employing Mesoporous AAO as the Stationary Phase. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15570-15577. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chieh Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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5
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He Y, Qi M. A novel column modification approach for capillary gas chromatography: combination with a triptycene-based stationary phase achieves high separation performance and inertness. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00571e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Integration of the novel column modification approach with a triptycene-based stationary phase achieves high-resolution performance and inertness towards acids/bases and isomers for capillary GC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongrui He
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
| | - Meiling Qi
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
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6
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Analysis of light components in pyrolysis products by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with PLOT columns. Talanta 2020; 209:120448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Peak focusing based on stationary phase thickness gradient. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1614:460737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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He M, Ou X, Wang Y, Chen Z, Li D, Chen B, Hu B. Porous organic frameworks-based (micro)extraction. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Mametov R, Ratiu IA, Monedeiro F, Ligor T, Buszewski B. Evolution and Evaluation of GC Columns. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:150-173. [PMID: 31820658 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1699013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A chromatographic column is the fundamental element required for gas-chromatographic analysis. The separation of components coming from complex mixtures, prior to their detection was leading to a prominent revolution in different areas of science. Moreover, current advances in gas chromatographic (GC) columns technology and development have been providing almost unlimited possibilities for analysis employing diverse matrices. We aim through this review article to describe the evolution of chromatographic columns, by pointing the most important stages, as well as the new trends and future perspectives predicted for the new generation of GC columns. Furthermore, it was in our scope to present the main fundamentals regarding the theoretical relationships that describe the chromatographic separation, to introduce concepts related to columns selection in accordance with the required application as well as to discuss the available evaluation parameters for columns efficiency. Consequently, the early stages of first columns preparation up to the development of GC capillary columns used nowadays, together with examples of their applications are also reported and described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radik Mametov
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Ileana-Andreea Ratiu
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Fernanda Monedeiro
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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10
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Li MWH, She J, Zhu H, Li Z, Fan X. Microfabricated porous layer open tubular (PLOT) column. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3979-3987. [PMID: 31659362 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00886a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Development of micro gas chromatography (μGC) is aimed at rapid and in situ analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for environmental protection, industrial monitoring, and toxicology. However, due to the lack of appropriate microcolumns and associated stationary phases, current μGC is unable to separate highly volatile chemicals such as methane, methanol, and formaldehyde, which are of great interest for their high toxicity and carcinogenicity. This inability has significantly limited μGC field applicability. To address this deficiency, this paper reports the development and characterization of a microfabricated porous layer open tubular (μPLOT) column with a divinylbenzene-based stationary phase. The separation capabilities of the μPLOT column are demonstrated by three distinct analyses of light alkanes, formaldehyde solution, and organic solvents, exhibiting its general utility for a wide range of highly volatile compounds. Further characterization shows the robust performance of the μPLOT column in the presence of high moisture and at high temperatures (up to 300 °C). The small footprint and the ability to separate highly volatile chemicals make the μPLOT column highly suitable for integration into μGC systems, thus significantly broadening μGC's applicability to rapid, field analysis of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Wei-Hao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jinyan She
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongbo Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ziqi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and School of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. and Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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11
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Poole CF. Gas chromatography system constant database over an extended temperature range for nine open-tubular columns. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1590:130-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Tereshatov EE, Boltoeva M, Mazan V, Baley C, Folden CM. Hydrophobic polymerized ionic liquids for trace metal solid phase extraction: thallium transfer from hydrochloric acid media. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00689c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To our knowledge, there are a few articles on the application of polymerized ionic liquids for metal extraction from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Boltoeva
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- IPHC
- UMR 7178
- F-67000 Strasbourg
| | - Valérie Mazan
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- IPHC
- UMR 7178
- F-67000 Strasbourg
| | - Colton Baley
- Cyclotron Institute
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Nuclear Engineering
| | - Charles M. Folden
- Cyclotron Institute
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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13
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Lam SC, Sanz Rodriguez E, Haddad PR, Paull B. Recent advances in open tubular capillary liquid chromatography. Analyst 2019; 144:3464-3482. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00329k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review covers advances and applications of open tubular capillary liquid chromatography (OT-LC) over the period 2007–2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Chung Lam
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
| | - Estrella Sanz Rodriguez
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
| | - Paul R. Haddad
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
| | - Brett Paull
- ASTech
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech)
- and Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS)
- School of Natural Sciences
- University of Tasmania
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14
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Gras R, Hua Y, Luong J. High-throughput gas chromatography for volatile compounds analysis by fast temperature programming and adsorption chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1979-1984. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronda Gras
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC, Highway 15; Fort Saskatchewan Alberta Canada
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS); University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies (ASTech); University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Yujuan Hua
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC, Highway 15; Fort Saskatchewan Alberta Canada
| | - Jim Luong
- Dow Chemical Canada ULC, Highway 15; Fort Saskatchewan Alberta Canada
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS); University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
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15
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Patrushev YV, Nikolaeva OA, Sidelnikov VN. Loading properties of porous layered capillary columns with sorbents of different natures. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024417040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Primec M, Mičetić-Turk D, Langerholc T. Analysis of short-chain fatty acids in human feces: A scoping review. Anal Biochem 2017; 526:9-21. [PMID: 28300535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in humans, therefore the importance of a good and reliable SCFAs analytical detection has raised a lot in the past few years. The aim of this scoping review is to show the trends in the development of different methods of SCFAs analysis in feces, based on the literature published in the last eleven years in all major indexing databases. The search criteria included analytical quantification techniques of SCFAs in different human clinical and in vivo studies. SCFAs analysis is still predominantly performed using gas chromatography (GC), followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Performances, drawbacks and advantages of these methods are discussed, especially in the light of choosing a proper pretreatment, as feces is a complex biological material. Further optimization to develop a simple, cost effective and robust method for routine use is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Primec
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia.
| | - Dušanka Mičetić-Turk
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Langerholc
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia
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17
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Nikolaeva O, Patrushev Y, Sidelnikov V. Chromatographic properties PLOT multicapillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1488:126-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Franco MS, Padovan RN, Fumes BH, Lanças FM. An overview of multidimensional liquid phase separations in food analysis. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1768-83. [PMID: 27030380 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is a priority public health concern that demands analytical methods capable to detect low concentration level of contaminants (e.g. pesticides and antibiotics) in different food matrices. Due to the high complexity of these matrices, a sample preparation step is in most cases mandatory to achieve satisfactory results being usually tedious, lengthy, and prone to the introduction of errors. For this reason, many research groups have focused efforts on the development of online systems capable to do the cleanup, concentration, and separation steps at once through multidimensional separation techniques (MDS). Among several possible setups, the most popular are the multidimensional chromatographic techniques (MDC) that consist in combining more than one mobile and/or stationary phase to provide a satisfactory separation. In the present review, we selected a variety of multidimensional separation systems used for food contaminant analysis in order to discuss the instrumentation aspects, the concept of orthogonality, column approaches used in these systems, and new materials that can be used in these columns. Selected classes of contaminants present in food matrices are introduced and discussed as example of the potential applications of multidimensional liquid phase separation techniques in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maraíssa Silva Franco
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Bruno Henrique Fumes
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brasil
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19
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Tian J, Lu C, He CT, Lu TB, Ouyang G. Rapid separation of non-polar and weakly polar analytes with metal-organic framework MAF-5 coated capillary column. Talanta 2016; 152:283-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Jacobs MR, Gras R, Nesterenko PN, Luong J, Shellie RA. Back-flushing and heart cut capillary gas chromatography using planar microfluidic Deans’ switching for the separation of benzene and alkylbenzenes in industrial samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Preparation and characterization - including in situ Small Angle X-Ray Scattering - of gas chromatographic capillary columns with mesoporous silica thin films as stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1413:85-93. [PMID: 26319377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study the preparation of various mesoporous silica thin films as new stationary phases for gas chromatography (GC) columns is presented. The synthesis was performed inside capillaries via a sol-gel process using a templating route. The as-obtained columns were found to be highly efficient for the fast separation of light n-alkanes (C1-C5) mixture; these columns exhibiting a normalized retention 30 times higher than that of a commercially available silica column used as standard. A particular effort was directed towards the characterization of the stationary phase physical features: thin film inspection by Scanning Electron Microscopy and, for the first time to our knowledge, in situ SAXS characterization using synchrotron radiation were used to study the impact of the pore-network structuration on the GC properties. Worm-like, cubic and hexagonal phases were observed for specific preparation conditions. Unexpectedly, the normalized retention relative to film thickness appeared higher with disordering of the pores network.
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22
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23
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Fu Y, Gibson GT, McGregor C, Oleschuk RD. Fabrication of a polymer nozzle array in a microstructured fibre as a nanoelectrospray emitter for mass spectrometry. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a modified silica microstructured fibre (MSF) as a multiple electrospray (MES) emitter, with dimensional compatibility with conventional liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry equipment, to generate stable electrospray from a wide range of applied potentials and flow rates. An array of polymer nozzles is fabricated in the MSF by a procedure involving templated polymerization of microtubes and wet chemical etching of the silica at the tip. The structure of the emitting end of the MSF was optimized with respect to the etching process, and the morphology of the polymer nozzles was optimized with respect to polymerization conditions. The mechanisms of the etching and of the templated polymerization of the microtubes were explored. Optimization experiments were performed using commercially available MSF having 126 tubular air channels arranged in a hexagonal pattern with channel diameter of ∼5.6 μm. However, the flexibility and versatility in the pattern, shape, and size of channels in MSFs allowed a custom-designed MSF to be fabricated and tested for MES. In the new design, six channels were evenly spaced in a radial pattern, and when polymer nozzles were made, six stable electrosprays were observed over a wide range of electrospray conditions. Using these MES emitters, the spray current is enhanced by a factor related to the number of nozzles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Graham T.T. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christine McGregor
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Richard D. Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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24
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Permanent gas analysis using gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1388:244-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Bachus KJ, Langille KJ, Fu Y, Gibson GT, Oleschuk RD. Controlling the morphology of (concentric) microtubes formed by in situ free radical polymerization. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Heshka NE, Hager DB. A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of hydrogen sulfide in crude oil and crude oil headspace. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3649-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Darcy B. Hager
- CanmetENERGY; Natural Resources Canada; Devon Alberta Canada
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Patrushev YV, Sidelnikov VN. The properties of capillary columns with silica organic-inorganic MCM-41 type porous layer stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1351:S0021-9673(14)00792-4. [PMID: 24933621 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report the method of capillary columns preparation for gas-solid chromatography with a porous layer of MCM-41 type silica sorbent. The porous layer was synthesized by the sol-gel method inside the column. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements were performed to obtain information about the porous layer. The loading capacity of the prepared columns was investigated. An adsorbent selectivity was changed by using different relative contents of organic-inorganic precursors: vinyltriethoxysilane (VTEOS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Properties of the columns prepared are discussed. Separating examples of C1-C4 hydrocarbons and some other compounds are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Patrushev
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str., 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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Patrushev YV, Sidelnikov VN. Porous-layer capillary gas chromatography columns with a hybrid structured sorbent based on alkyltriethoxysilane. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024413040213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chang N, Yan XP. Exploring reverse shape selectivity and molecular sieving effect of metal-organic framework UIO-66 coated capillary column for gas chromatographic separation. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1257:116-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Evaluation of isostructural metal–organic frameworks coated capillary columns for the gas chromatographic separation of alkane isomers. Talanta 2012; 99:944-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Yakovleva EY. Effect of chemical modification on the adsorption and chromatographic properties of aluminas. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934812090109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wang JL, Chang CC, Lee KZ. In-line sampling with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to monitor ambient volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1248:161-8. [PMID: 22717034 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An existing GC-MS/FID method coupling with the cryogenic trapping was improved to perform continuous field monitoring of 106 VOCs, covering a wide range of volatilities and polarities (C(2)-C(11) NMHCs, ≥C(1) halocarbons, toxic chlorinated compounds, ethers, some esters and ketones). Cryogenic enrichment was employed from the standpoints of higher signal-to-noise ratio, less carry-over and better protection of thermally labile compounds than chemical sorbent enrichment. However, cryogen consumption is large and creates a great logistical burden for field deployment. As a result, a new in-line sampling manifold was designed and incorporated into the system to separate the sampling from trapping during enrichment of ambient VOCs, which gave rise to two major advantages: (1) the sampling is performed by a pre-evacuated flask, which does not need cryogen when filling a sample, so that the sampling time can be extended to yield better sample representation (approximately one hour was chosen for the sampling time for hourly data resolution in this study) and (2) because the cryo-trapping only takes a short time period (3 min in this study), the consumption of cryogen is greatly reduced (4 L liquid nitrogen per sample for conventional cryo-trapping vs. 0.6L for the new method). The robustness of the automated GC-MS/FID coupling with in-line sampling for the 106 target compounds was assessed with a set of quality assurance criteria of system blank, wall effect, precision, linearity, detection limit and field test to support the field applicability of the method. The configuration of the proposed in-line sampling apparatus is simple and rugged, which can be easily built and connected with any GC or GC-MS and readily deployed in the field to perform high-quality continuous measurements of more than 106 VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
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Zhang X, Yang J, Liu S, Lin X, Xie Z. Branched polyethyleneimine-bonded tentacle-type polymer stationary phase for peptides and proteins separations by open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3383-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chang N, Gu ZY, Wang HF, Yan XP. Metal–Organic-Framework-Based Tandem Molecular Sieves as a Dual Platform for Selective Microextraction and High-Resolution Gas Chromatographic Separation of n-Alkanes in Complex Matrixes. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7094-101. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2014004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Chang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Gu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - He-Fang Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Yan
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Münch AS, Seidel J, Obst A, Weber E, Mertens FORL. High-Separation Performance of Chromatographic Capillaries Coated with MOF-5 by the Controlled SBU Approach. Chemistry 2011; 17:10958-64. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Investigation of structure and properties of divinylbenzene-styrene copolymer films. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10947-010-0207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Patrushev YV, Nikolaeva OA, Sidelnikov VN. Investigation of the loading capacity of multicapillary chromatographic columns. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chang N, Gu ZY, Yan XP. Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 Nanocrystal Coated Capillary for Molecular Sieving of Branched Alkanes from Linear Alkanes along with High-Resolution Chromatographic Separation of Linear Alkanes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:13645-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1058229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Chang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Gu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Yan
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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Zhang X, Lin X, Chen Z, Wang X, Wu X, Xie Z. Triamine-bonded stationary phase for open tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3184-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sidelnikov VN, Patrushev YV, Nikolaeva OA. Express gas chromatography on multicapillary columns and its potential. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050410030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hussain CM, Saridara C, Mitra S. Self-Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes via Ethanol Chemical Vapor Deposition for the Synthesis of Gas Chromatography Columns. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5184-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100428m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Thailand
| | - Chutarat Saridara
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Thailand
| | - Somenath Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Thailand
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Patrushev YV, Nikolaeva OA, Sidelnikov VN. Multicapillary columns with a porous layer based on the divinylbenzene copolymer. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024410050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gu ZY, Yan XP. Metal-Organic Framework MIL-101 for High-Resolution Gas-Chromatographic Separation of Xylene Isomers and Ethylbenzene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:1477-80. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gu ZY, Yan XP. Metal-Organic Framework MIL-101 for High-Resolution Gas-Chromatographic Separation of Xylene Isomers and Ethylbenzene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Abele S, Smejkal P, Yavorska O, Foret F, Macka M. Evanescent wave-initiated photopolymerisation as a new way to create monolithic open-tubular capillary columns: use as enzymatic microreactor for on-line protein digestion. Analyst 2010; 135:477-81. [DOI: 10.1039/b920789a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Patrushev YV, Sidel’nikov VN, Kovalev MK, Mel’gunov MS. A capillary gas chromatographic column with a porous layer based on a mesoporous material. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024408070261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Svec F, Kurganov AA. Less common applications of monoliths. III. Gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:281-95. [PMID: 17645884 PMCID: PMC2293291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porous polymer monoliths emerged about two decades ago. Despite this short time, they are finding applications in a variety of fields. In addition to the most common and certainly best known use of this new category of porous media as stationary phases in liquid chromatography, monolithic materials also found their applications in other areas. This review article focuses on monoliths in capillaries designed for separations in gas chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Patrushev YV, Vervekin YG, Sidel’nikov VN. A multicapillary gas chromatographic column with a Sol-Gel sorbent based on aluminum oxide. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024407030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Eeltink S, Svec F, Fréchet JMJ. Open-tubular capillary columns with a porous layer of monolithic polymer for highly efficient and fast separations in electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4249-56. [PMID: 17024717 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Open-tubular columns for CEC separations having inner-wall coated with a thin layer of porous monolithic polymer have been studied. A two-step process including (i) UV-initiated polymerization leading to a layer of porous poly(butyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate), and (ii) UV-initiated grafting of ionizable monomers appear to be well suited for the preparation of these columns. The thickness of the porous polymer layer is controlled by the percentage of monomers in the polymerization mixture and/or length of the irradiation time. The layer thickness significantly affects retention, efficiency, and resolution in open-tubular CEC. Under optimized conditions, column efficiencies up to 400,000 plates/m can be achieved. Use of higher temperature and application of pressure enables a significant acceleration of the open-tubular CEC separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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