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Hwang J, Chang J. Understanding the mass-transfer of Br species in an aqueous and quaternary ammonium polybromide biphasic system via particle-impact electrochemical analysis. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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2
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Petkovic K, Swallow A, Stewart R, Gao Y, Li S, Glenn F, Gotama J, Dell'Olio M, Best M, Doward J, Ovendon S, Zhu Y. An Integrated Portable Multiplex Microchip Device for Fingerprinting Chemical Warfare Agents. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E617. [PMID: 31527486 PMCID: PMC6780382 DOI: 10.3390/mi10090617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and reliable detection of chemical and biological agents in the field is important for many applications such as national security, environmental monitoring, infectious diseases screening, and so on. Current commercially available devices may suffer from low field deployability, specificity, and reproducibility, as well as a high false alarm rate. This paper reports the development of a portable lab-on-a-chip device that could address these issues. The device integrates a polymer multiplexed microchip system, a contactless conductivity detector, a data acquisition and signal processing system, and a graphic/user interface. The samples are pre-treated by an on-chip capillary electrophoresis system. The separated analytes are detected by conductivity-based microsensors. Extensive studies are carried out to achieve satisfactory reproducibility of the microchip system. Chemical warfare agents soman (GD), sarin (GB), O-ethyl S-[2-diisoproylaminoethyl] methylphsophonothioate (VX), and their degradation products have been tested on the device. It was demonstrated that the device can fingerprint the tested chemical warfare agents. In addition, the detection of ricin and metal ions in water samples was demonstrated. Such a device could be used for the rapid and sensitive on-site detection of both chemical and biological agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Stewart
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Yuan Gao
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Sheng Li
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Fiona Glenn
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Januar Gotama
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Mel Dell'Olio
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Michael Best
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Justin Doward
- DST, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC 3207, Australia
| | - Simon Ovendon
- DST, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC 3207, Australia
| | - Yonggang Zhu
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton 3168, Australia.
- Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
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3
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Performance and selectivity of cationic nanoparticle pseudo‐stationary phases in electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:730-737. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Mohammadzadeh kakhki R, Assadi H. Capillary electrophoresis analysis based on crown ethers. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-014-0419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Masár M, Bomastyk B, Bodor R, Horčičiak M, Danč L, Troška P, Kuss HM. Determination of chloride, sulfate and nitrate in drinking water by microchip electrophoresis. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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6
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Noblitt SD, Speights RM, Henry CS. Protonated diamines as anion-binding agents and their utility in capillary electrophoresis separations. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2986-93. [PMID: 22002837 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis is a proven method for separating small ions because of the inherent charge and differences in mobility of these analytes. Despite its resolving power, CZE can be insufficient for separating ions with similar mobilities. One remedy is to modify mobilities via the addition of background electrolyte complexation agents. However, this approach is not straightforward for inorganic anions, which lack complexation options. To address this shortfall, the diprotonated diamine moiety was investigated for complexation of dianions. Dicationic diamines significantly complexed dianions, and this interaction was not purely electrostatic in nature because affinities varied with dianion identity. Aqueous association constants were measured with affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) and found to be similar in magnitude but different in selectivity to those of dianions with magnesium ion. Binding was also investigated for zwitterionic buffers containing the protonated diamine moiety. Zwitterions exhibited binding constants as high as 18 M(-1) (30-mM ionic strength). This work discusses the observed binding constants and their potential usefulness in CZE separations of inorganic anions. Also covered are improvements to ACE methodology and an evaluation of some of the assumptions employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Noblitt
- Chemistry Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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7
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Zui MF, Shvydka LV, Kiforuk LS, Alekseev SA, Gerda VI, Zaitsev VN. Sorption concentration of IO3 − and I− on anion exchangers AV-17 and silicas modified with tertiary ammonium groups. J WATER CHEM TECHNO+ 2011. [DOI: 10.3103/s1063455x11040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Electrophoretic Mobilities of the Isotopes of Chloride and Bromide Ions in Aqueous Solution at 25 °C and Infinite Dilution. J SOLUTION CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-011-9734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Gertsch JC, Noblitt SD, Cropek DM, Henry CS. Rapid Analysis of Perchlorate in Drinking Water at Parts per Billion Levels Using Microchip Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3426-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9029086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana C. Gertsch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, IL
| | - Scott D. Noblitt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, IL
| | - Donald M. Cropek
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, IL
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, IL
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10
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Liu Q, Li Y, Yao L, Yao S. Use of gemini surfactants as semipermanent capillary coatings in aqueous-organic solvents for capillary electrophoretic separation of inorganic anions. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:4148-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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KrÌÃzÌek T, Breitbach ZS, Armstrong DW, TesarÌová E, Coufal P. Separation of inorganic and small organic anions by CE using phosphonium-based mono- and dicationic reagents. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3955-63. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Aït Adoubel A, Morin CJ, Mofaddel N, Dupas G, Desbène PL. Enantioseparation of underivatised amino acids by ligand exchange capillary electrophoresis in a counter-electroosmotic mode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:597-608. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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High-sensitivity microchip electrophoresis determination of inorganic anions and oxalate in atmospheric aerosols with adjustable selectivity and conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1503-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Noblitt SD, Henry CS. Improving the Compatibility of Contact Conductivity Detection with Microchip Electrophoresis Using a Bubble Cell. Anal Chem 2008; 80:7624-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8013862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Noblitt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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15
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Blanco Heras GA, Breadmore MC, Johns C, Hutchinson JP, Hilder EF, López-Mahía P, Haddad PR. Indirect photometric detection of anions in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis employing Orange G as probe and a light-emitting diode-based detector. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3032-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Zemann A, Rohregger I, Zitturi R. Determination of small ions with capillary electrophoresis and contactless conductivity detection. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 384:3-19. [PMID: 18392563 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-376-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) has become an accepted method for the separation of inorganic and organic ions. Usually, direct and indirect optical detection methods are used in conventional CE. However, with contactless conductivity detection, much better detection limits in the low ppb range are obtained compared to optical detection modes. Besides offering great flexibility in capillary handling, this detection technique can be performed on-capillary also with capillaries made of other materials than fused silica (PEEK, Teflon) and with capillaries having very small inner diameters.
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17
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Law WS, Zhao JH, Hauser PC, Yau Li SF. Capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for low molecular weight organic acids in different samples. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:3247-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Kong Y. Studies on the Mechanism of the Acetonitrile‐Salt Stacking Method in Capillary Electrophoresis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600678258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kong
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , Xi'an, P. R. China
- b Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Science and Technology , Xi'an, P. R. China
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19
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Lagarrigue M, Bossée A, Bégos A, Varenne A, Gareil P, Bellier B. Separation and identification of isomeric acidic degradation products of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents by capillary electrophoresis-ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1137:110-8. [PMID: 17081549 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to ion trap mass spectrometry (MS) was evaluated for the separation and identification of chemical warfare agent degradation products (alkylphosphonic acids and alkyl alkylphosphonic acids). Different analytical parameters were optimized in negative ionization mode such as electrolyte composition (15 mM CH(3)COONH(4), pH 8.8), sheath liquid composition (MeOH/H(2)O/NH(3), 75:25:2, v/v/v), nebulization and ion trapping conditions. A standard mixture of five alkylphosphonic (di)acids and five alkyl alkylphosphonic (mono)acids containing isomeric compounds was used in order to evaluate CE selectivity and MS identification capability. The obtained electropherograms revealed that CE selectivity was very limited in the case of alkyl alkylphosphonic acid positional isomers, whereas isomeric isopropylphosphonic and propylphosphonic acids were baseline-separated. CE-MS-MS experiments provided an unambiguous identification of each isomeric co-migrating alkyl alkylphosphonic acids thanks to the presence of specific fragment ions. On the other hand, CE separation was mandatory for the identification of isomeric alkylphosphonic acids, which led to the same fragment ion and could not be differentiated by MS-MS. The developed method was applied to the analysis of soil extracts spiked with the analytes (before or after extraction treatment) and appeared to be very promising since resolution and sensitivity were similar to those observed in deionized water. Especially, analytes were detected and identified in soil extract spiked at 5 microg mL(-1) with each compound before extraction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lagarrigue
- Département Analyse Chimique, Centre d'Etudes du Bouchet DGA, 5 rue Lavoisier, BP 3, 91710 Vert-le-Petit, France
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20
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Diress AG, Lucy CA. Study of the selectivity of inorganic anions in hydro-organic solvents using indirect capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1085:155-63. [PMID: 16106863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis of small inorganic anions, the ability to control the electroosmotic flow (EOF) and the ability to alter the electrophoretic mobility of the ions are essential to improve resolution and separation speed. In this work, a CE method for separation of small inorganic anions using indirect detection in mixed methanol/water buffers is presented. The suitability of different UV absorbing probes commonly used for indirect detection including chromate, iodide, phthalate, benzoate, trimellitate, and pyromellitate, in mixed methanol/water buffers is examined. The effect of the electrolyte buffer system, including the pH, buffer concentration and the organic solvent on the electrophoretic mobility of the probes and analytes are also investigated. The EOF was reversed using cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) so ions were separated under co-EOF mode. The organic solvent alters the electrophoretic mobility of the probes and the analytes differently and hence choice of the appropriate probe is essential to achieve high degree of detection sensitivity. Separations of six anions in less than 2.5 min were accomplished in buffers containing up to 30% MeOH. Adjustment of the methanol content helps to improve the selectivity and resolution of inorganic anions. Limit of detection, reproducibility and application of the method for quantification of anions in water samples will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebaw G Diress
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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21
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Jung T, Kim WS, Choi CK. Effect of monovalent salts on morphology of calcium carbonate crystallized in Couette-Taylor reactor. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.200410387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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YOKOYAMA T, ZENKI M, MACKA M, HADDAD PR. Enhancement of Separation Capability of Inorganic Ions by Capillary Electrochromatography. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2005. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.54.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi YOKOYAMA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science
| | - Michio ZENKI
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science
| | - Miroslav MACKA
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania
| | - Paul R. HADDAD
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania
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23
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Mbuna J, Takayanagi T, Oshima M, Motomizu S. Evaluation of weak ion association between tetraalkylammonium ions and inorganic anions in aqueous solutions by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1022:191-200. [PMID: 14753786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of weak ion association between eleven (11) inorganic anions (charge -1 to -3) and five n-tetraalkylammonium ions, R4N+ (R: methyl, Me; ethyl, Et; propyl, Pr; butyl, Bu; pentyl, Am) in aqueous media at 25 degrees C was studied. The analysis of ion association equilibria was carried out under acidic condition (formate buffer, pH 3.5) at low separating potential (-10 kV) using a coated capillary with suppressed electroosmotic flow (micro = 4 x 10(-5) cm2 V(-1) s(-1)). Direct UV detection was done at anode (lambda = 220 nm). The combination of the aforementioned conditions ensured that ion association constants, Kass, between n-tetraalkylammonium ion and the small inorganic anions were reliably determined after a non-linear least squares (NLLS) treatment of the measured anion's mobility. Like their larger counterparts, small anions showed increased interaction with an increase in size of pairing ions. Moreover, for a specific cation, the interaction of small anions increased with an increase in size of the hydrated anions as reflected by the relationship between the Kass and the Stokes' radius. A favourable comparison exists between the results presented in this work and those previously documented from other analytical techniques like conductometry. Qualitatively, the mobility of the anions appeared to obey the Hückel's model more closely than the more elaborate Zwanzig and Hubbard-Onsager models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Mbuna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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24
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Diress AG, Lucy CA. Electroosmotic flow reversal for the determination of inorganic anions by capillary electrophoresis with methanol–water buffers. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1027:185-91. [PMID: 14971502 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of the electroosmotic flow (EOF) is essential for achieving optimized separations of small anions by capillary electrophoresis (CE). In this work, efficient suppression or reversal of EOF is achieved upon addition of small amounts of the cationic surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) to the electrophoretic buffer. Highly stable and reversed EOF are achieved using the surfactants in the presence of up to 50% MeOH. In aqueous and low methanol containing solutions (up to 30%, v/v) surface aggregation of the surfactants at the capillary wall occurs at a concentration below the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The impact of MeOH on reversed EOF is predominantly a function of the diminished zeta potential of the silica, and to a lesser extent on the CMC in the bulk solution of the surfactant. Fast baseline separation and selectivity changes for small inorganic anions are observed when mixed aqueous-organic buffers are employed. Changes in EOF, micellar properties of the surfactant and selectivity for inorganic anions upon addition of various percent of methanol are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebaw G Diress
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., T6G 2G2 Canada
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Takayanagi T. Analysis of Ion-Association Reaction in Aqueous Solution and Its Utilization by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. ANAL SCI 2004; 20:255-65. [PMID: 15055948 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic migration of analytes in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) reflects the dissolved status of analytes in solution, and the electrophoretic mobility is controlled to develop the resolution among analytes by adding a "modifier" to the migrating solution. Such addition of modifier is essentially the utilization of molecular interactions. Precise measurement of electrophoretic mobility by CZE allows analyzing molecular interactions, and CZE apparatus is very useful for physicochemical measurements. This review focuses on the advantages on using CZE to analyze equilibrium reaction; the capillary electrophoretic method and mathematical analyses that apply acid dissociation and complex formation reactions are also validated. Ion association reactions are deeply related to analytical chemistry and separation science, and CZE has been used for the investigation of ion-ion interactions. Various types of interactions have been clarified through the CZE measurements: contributions of hydrophobicity, probability, and aromatic-aromatic interaction were quantitatively evaluated. Ion association reaction in aqueous solution also elucidates the stepwise reactions of liquid-liquid distribution of ion associates. Development and applications of ion association reaction in CZE analysis are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Takayanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Yokoyama T, Tsuji H, Akamatsu T, Zenki M. Relation between Electrophoretic Behavior and Molecular Shapes of Aromatic Anions. ANAL SCI 2004; 20:657-62. [PMID: 15116964 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The capillary electrophoretic behavior of 44 aromatic organic ions was investigated. The observed ionic radii (r(obs0)) for the aromatic organic ions were obtained from the electrophoretic mobilities of sodium tetraborate (pH 9.2), potassium tetraborate (pH 9.2), ammonium borate (pH 9.2), and trisodium phosphate (pH 11.7) buffers with zero ionic strength. The linear relationships between the r(obs0)) values and the ionic radii (r(calc)), calculated by either the AM1 or PM3 method, were determined for benzyltrialkylammonium and aromatic sulfonate ions. However, the r(obs0)) values were constant for the aromatic carboxylate ions in buffers, in spite of the different r(calc) values. This indicates that aromatic carboxylate ions, such as benzenecarboxylate, pyridinecarboxylate, naphthalenecarboxylate, and anthracenecarboxylate ions, migrate as planar ions in buffers, whereas aromatic sulfonate ions could migrate as approximately spherical ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan.
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Abstract
Despite the availability of commercial capillary electrophoresis systems for over ten years, where quantitative analysis is required, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has often failed to replace ion chromatography as the method of choice for a large number of analytes, not least inorganic anions. To investigate the reasons for this apparent failing, a review is presented of work that has been carried out to-date involving the quantitative application of CZE to the determination of inorganic anions in industrial and environmental samples. This review summarizes work both investigating and improving the quantitative aspects of the CZE of inorganic anions. A complete survey of how CZE has been applied to the determination of inorganic anions in real samples is given, including what, if any, analytical performance parameters were investigated and quoted, and if quality assurance data and validation methods were briefly considered, thoroughly investigated or simply ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Paull
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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Muzikár M, Havel J, Macka M. Capillary electrophoresis determinations of trace concentrations of inorganic ions in large excess of chloride: soft modelling using artificial neural networks for optimisation of electrolyte composition. Electrophoresis 2003; 24:2252-2258. [PMID: 12858398 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work, using a combination of experimental design (ED) and artificial neural networks (ANN), the composition of a triethanolamine-buffered chromate electrolyte was optimised for determination of sulphate anions in the presence of high chloride excess. The optimal electrolyte, allowing a baseline-resolved separation of sulphate from chloride present in a 1500 multiple excess in less than 170 s, consists of 10 mmol/L CrO(3), 2 mmol/L hexamethonium hydroxide, 10% methanol, and triethanolamine added to adjust the pH to 8.0. The method is suitable to a wide concentration range of chloride (4-1757 mg/L) and sulphate (4-590 mg/L) with linear calibration plots (R(2) = 0.9937-0.9999). Relative standard deviations are less than 2.0% for both anions for migration times and peak areas. The detection limits (hydrodynamic injection of 1 s) were 0.6 mg/L for sulphate and 0.5 mg/L for chloride. The method was successfully applied to determination of sulphate in mineral waters containing a high chloride concentration and to determination of sulphate traces in an anticancer drug injection preparation containing a physiological level of chloride. It was shown that alpha-cyclodextrin as an electrolyte additive has a significant potential for further increasing the separation selectivity for inorganic anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Muzikár
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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29
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Zemann AJ. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2003; 24:2125-2137. [PMID: 12858385 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C(4)D) has become an accepted detection method in capillary electrophoresis (CE) for a variety of analytes. Advantages of this technique over optical detection modes and galvanic contact conductivity detection include great flexibility in capillary handling and rather simple mechanical parts and electronics, as it can be performed in an on-capillary mode. Furthermore, the detection principle can be used with capillaries made of other materials than fused silica (PEEK, Teflon), with chip-based separation technologies, or with capillaries having very small inner diameters. This review presents a discussion of the published literature on C(4)D for CE and capillary electrochromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J Zemann
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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O'Reilly JW, Dicinoski GW, Miura Y, Haddad PR. Separation of thiosulfate and the polythionates in gold thiosulfate leach solutions by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2003; 24:2228-2234. [PMID: 12858395 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A technique for the separation of thiosulfate (S(2)O(3) (2-)), polythionates (S(x)O(6) (2-), x = 3 to 5) and the gold(I) thiosulfate complex (Au(S(2)O(3))(2) (3-)) using capillary electrophoresis with simultaneous UV detection at 195 and 214 nm is presented. The five species were separated in under 3 min with a total analysis time of 8 min, using an electrolyte containing 25 mM 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2',2"-nitrilotriethanol (bis-tris) adjusted to pH 6.0 with sulfuric acid and an applied voltage of -30 kV. While the gold(I) thiosulfate complex could be separated from the other analytes of interest under these conditions, the quantification of this complex was not possible due to inconsistent peak areas and peak splitting effects induced by the sulfur-oxygen species in the leach matrix. Detection limits calculated for 3s pressure injection at 50 mbar ranged between 0.5-2 microM. The method was linear over the ranges 40-8000, 10-2000, 10-2000, and 5-2000 microM for thiosulfate, trithionate, tetrathionate, and pentathionate, respectively. The technique was applied successfully to leach liquors containing 0.5 M ammonium thiosulfate, 2 M ammonia, 0.05 M copper sulfate and 20% w/v gold ore, diluted 1:100 prior to analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W O'Reilly
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Geiser L, Varesio E, Veuthey JL. Simultaneous analysis of metabisulfite and sulfate by CE with indirect UV detection. Application to and validation for a pharmaceutical formulation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 31:1059-64. [PMID: 12667922 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabisulfite is used as an antioxidant agent in a number of pharmaceutical formulations. In order to quantify simultaneously both metabisulfite and its oxidation product (sulfate), a capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) method with indirect UV detection was developed. Best results were achieved with a background electrolyte (BGE) constituted of 15 mM pyromellitic acid, 15 mM tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane and 0.2 mM tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide at pH 8.3 and an applied electrical field of 123 V/cm in a 32.5 cm fused silica capillary. Indirect UV detection was performed at a wavelength of 225 nm. In order to validate this method, an internal standard (IS), namely ammonium formate, was used. Moreover, due to the high chloride concentration in the pharmaceutical formulation, conductivity was adjusted by adding sodium chloride into standard solutions to prevent matrix effect. Linearity and accuracy were successfully tested in a concentration range of 33.3-250 microg/ml for sodium metabisulfite and of 50-375 microg/ml for sodium sulfate. Method precision was determined on six samples each day. Thereby, relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) of 6% and 12-13% were obtained for intra-day and inter-day precision, respectively. Considering the instability of metabisulfite and its use as an antioxidant agent and not as an active principle, the method was accepted and used for routine analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Geiser
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Roy KI, Lucy CA. Capillary electrophoresis in aqueous-organic media. Ionic strength effects and limitations of the Hubbard-Onsager dielectric friction model. J Chromatogr A 2002; 964:213-25. [PMID: 12198851 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mobilities of three aromatic sulfonates, ranging in charge from -1 to -3, were investigated by capillary electrophoresis using buffers containing 0 to 75% ethanol or 2-propanol. Absolute mobilities were determined by extrapolation of the effective mobilities to zero ionic strength according to the Pitts' equation. For all buffers studied, ions of higher charge experienced larger ionic strength effects. The resulting ionic strength-induced selectivity alterations were more dramatic when organic solvents were present in the media. Furthermore, for different organic modifier types and contents, the magnitude of the ionic strength effect was governed to a large extent by the 1/(eta epsilon 1/2) dependence in the electrophoretic effect of the Pitts' equation. Addition of ethanol or 2-propanol to the electrophoretic media resulted in changes in the absolute mobilities of the ions. These solvent-induced mobility changes are attributed to dielectric friction. As predicted by the Hubbard-Onsager model, dielectric friction increased with increasing organic content and with increasing analyte charge. As a result, dramatic changes in the relative absolute mobilities were observed, such as a reversal in migration order between sulfonates of -1 and -3 charge in 75% 2-propanol. Within the alcohols, the Hubbard-Onsager model was successful at predicting the relative mobility trends upon changing solvent. However, the relative trends observed between acetonitrile-water and alcohol-water media were not consistent with the model. This may be explained by the continuum nature of the model, whereby the different ion-solvent interactions characteristic to each solvent class are not taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly I Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Chen ZL, Krishnamurti GSR, Naidu R. Separation of phenolic acids in soil and plant tissue extracts by co-electroosmotic capillary electrophoresis with direct UV detection. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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