1
|
El Hourani M, Salman R, Talih S, Saliba NA, Shihadeh A. Does the Bubbler Scrub Key Toxicants from Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke?: Measurements and Modeling of CO, NO, PAH, Nicotine, and Particulate Matter Uptake. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:727-730. [PMID: 31957423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Waterpipe tobacco smoking is a global epidemic. A persistent perception among users is that the water bubbler filters the smoke, reducing its risk profile. The objectives of this study were to quantify the purported filtering effect by comparing toxicant yield when a waterpipe was machine smoked with and without the smoke passing through the water bubbler. We found that the water bubbler did not reduce CO, NO, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), or dry particulate matter (DPM) yields but did reduce nicotine and carbonyl compounds (CCs) yields by approximately 50%. These mixed results were consistent with theoretical simulations of the mass transport processes involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario El Hourani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Rola Salman
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Soha Talih
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Najat Aoun Saliba
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Chemistry Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
March JG, Cerdà V. A novel procedure for phase separation in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of the aqueous phase. Talanta 2016; 156-157:204-208. [PMID: 27260454 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an alternative for handling the organic phase after a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using organic solvents lighter than water is presented. It is based on solidification (at -18°C) of the aqueous phase obtained after centrifugation, and the decantation, collection and analysis of the liquid organic layer. The extraction of nicotine in toluene, and its determination in eggplant samples was conducted as a proof of concept. The study has been carried out using standards prepared in water and the formation of the dispersion was assisted by sonication. The organic extract was analysed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Satisfactory analytical figures of merit as: limit of detection (0.4µgL(-1), 2ngg(-1) wet sample), limit of quantification (1.2µgL(-1), 6.5ngg(-1) wet sample), within-day precision (RSD=7%), and linearity interval (up to 384µgL(-1) nicotine) were achieved. It constituted a contribution to the handling of organic extracts after microextraction processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G March
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
| | - V Cerdà
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Talih S, Balhas Z, Salman R, Karaoghlanian N, Shihadeh A. "Direct Dripping": A High-Temperature, High-Formaldehyde Emission Electronic Cigarette Use Method. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:453-9. [PMID: 25863521 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) electrically heat and vaporize a liquid solution to produce an inhalable nicotine-containing aerosol. Normally the electrical heater is fed the liquid via an automatic wick system. Some ECIG users, however, elect to directly drip liquid onto an exposed heater coil, reportedly for greater vapor production and throat hit. Use of such "direct drip atomizers" (DDAs) may involve greater exposure to non-nicotine toxicants due to the potentially higher temperatures reached by the coil. In this study we examined nicotine and volatile aldehyde (VA) emissions from one type of DDA under various use scenarios, and measured heater temperature. METHODS Aerosols were machine-generated from an NHALER 510 Atomizer powered by an eGo-T battery (Joyetech), using a common PG-based liquid and a fixed puffing regimen. Inter-drip interval, the number of puffs drawn between replenishing the liquid on the coil, was varied from 2-4 puffs/drip. Total particulate matter, nicotine, and VA yields were quantified. Heater temperature was monitored using an infrared camera. RESULTS Depending on the condition, VA emissions, including formaldehyde, greatly exceeded values previously reported for conventional ECIGs and combustible cigarettes, both per puff and per unit of nicotine yield. Increasing the inter-drip interval resulted in greater VA emissions, and lower total particulate matter and nicotine yields. Maximum heater coil temperature ranged from 130°C to more than 350°C. CONCLUSIONS Due to the higher temperatures attained, DDAs are inherently likely to produce high toxicant emissions. The diversity of ECIG use methods, including potential off-label methods, should be considered as ECIG regulatory efforts proceed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soha Talih
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Zainab Balhas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Rola Salman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nareg Karaoghlanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stočes M, Švancara I. Electrochemical Behavior of Nicotine at Unmodified Carbon Paste Electrode and Its Determination in a Set of Refilling Liquids for Electronic Cigarettes. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
5
|
Lin X, Sun Y, Xu D, Li Y, Liu S, Xie Z. Sensitive capillary electrophoretic profiling of nicotine and nornicotine in mushrooms with amperometric detection. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2033-40. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xucong Lin
- Institute of Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; P. R. China
| | - Yingying Sun
- Institute of Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; P. R. China
| | - Dongjie Xu
- Institute of Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; P. R. China
| | - Yanping Li
- Institute of Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; P. R. China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC; Zhengzhou; P. R. China
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Determination of the Nicotine Content in Solanaceae Vegetables by Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
7
|
Lozano A, Martínez-Uroz MA, Gómez-Ramos MJ, Gómez-Ramos MM, Mezcua M, Fernández-Alba AR. Determination of nicotine in mushrooms by various GC/MS- and LC/MS-based methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:935-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
8
|
Fast and selective extraction of nicotine from human plasma based on magnetic strong cation exchange resin followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:517-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
9
|
Electrochemiluminescent determination of nicotine based on tri(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) complex through flow injection analysis. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
10
|
Saleh R, Shihadeh A. Elevated toxicant yields with narghile waterpipes smoked using a plastic hose. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1461-6. [PMID: 18207299 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of hose permeability on toxicant yields for the narghile waterpipe is investigated, with special reference to the recent adoption of plastic as a hose construction material. Measurements of air infiltration rates for 23 leather and plastic hoses representing 11 types commonly available in Beirut, Lebanon were made, revealing that while leather hoses allowed significant outside air infiltration during a puff constituting up to 31% of the puff volume, plastic hoses were found to be air-tight, indicating that the smoke reaching the waterpipe user can be considerably more concentrated when delivered via a plastic hose. Total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine and carbon monoxide (CO) yields were compared when a waterpipe was machine smoked using a highly permeable leather and an air-tight plastic hose. It was found that the plastic hose resulted in similar yields of nicotine, but more than double the CO yielded with the highly permeable leather hose. Thus, even if narghile smokers titrate for nicotine intake, the use of a plastic hose will likely greatly increase the exposure to CO, a major causative agent in cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rawad Saleh
- Aerosol Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shihadeh A, Saleh R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, "tar", and nicotine in the mainstream smoke aerosol of the narghile water pipe. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:655-61. [PMID: 15778004 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A smoking machine protocol and yields for "tar", nicotine, PAH, and CO are presented for the standard 171-puff steady periodic smoking regimen proposed by Shihadeh et al. [Shihadeh, A., Azar, S., Antonios, C., Haddad, A., 2004b. Towards a topographical model of narghile water-pipe cafe smoking: A pilot study in a high socioeconomic status neighborhood of Beirut, Lebanon. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 79(1), 75]. Results show that smokers are likely exposed to more "tar" and nicotine than previously thought, and that pyronsynthesized PAH are present in the "tar" despite the low temperatures characteristic of the tobacco in narghile smoking. With a smoking regimen consisting of 171 puffs each of 0.53l volume and 2.6s duration with a 17 s interpuff interval, the following results were obtained for a single smoking session of 10 g of mo'assel tobacco paste with 1.5 quick-lighting charcoal disks applied to the narghile head: 2.94 mg nicotine, 802 mg "tar", 145 mg CO, and relative to the smoke of a single cigarette, greater quantities of chrysene, phenanthrene, and fluoranthene. Anthracene and pyrene were also identified but not quantified. The results indicate that narghile smoke likely contains an abundance of several of the chemicals thought to be causal factors in the elevated incidence of cancer, cardiovascular disease and addiction in cigarette smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Shihadeh
- Aerosol Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The analysis of flow through a gas chromatography column has traditionally assumed the presence of steady-state conditions. However, when rapid changes in inlet pressure are introduced, a significant transient period is observed, leading to a failure of the steady-state model. Through the introduction of a one-dimensional continuity equation into the basic set of equations, a nonlinear partial differential equation is derived to describe the evolution of pressure profiles in a capillary gas chromatography column. A numerical solution is used to solve the differential equation for the case of a pulse injection under isothermal conditions, and comparisons with experimental holdup and retention times show very good agreement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tal M Nahir
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Chico, California 95929-0210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
A first-generation smoking machine and protocol have been developed in order to study the mainstream smoke aerosol and elucidate thermal-fluid processes of the argileh water pipe. Results using a common mo'assel tobacco mixture show that, contrary to popular perceptions, the mainstream smoke contains significant amounts of nicotine, "tar" and heavy metals. With a standard smoking protocol of 100 puffs of 3 s duration spaced at 30-s intervals, the following results were obtained in a single smoking session: 2.25 mg nicotine, 242 mg nicotine-free dry particulate matter (NFDPM), and relative to the smoke of a single cigarette, high levels of arsenic, chromium and lead. It was found that increasing puff frequency increased the NFDPM but had little effect on nicotine delivery, while removing the water from the bowl increased by several-fold the nicotine, but had little effect on NFDPM. It was also found that the charcoal disk heat source contributed less than 2% of total particulate matter (TPM), and that characteristic temperatures of the tobacco varied from 450 degrees C nearest the heat source to 50 degrees C furthest away, indicating that the NFDPM is likely a result of devolatilization rather than chemical reaction, and will thus differ significantly in composition from that of cigarette smoke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Shihadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Siegmund B, Leyden DE, Zikulnig E, Leitner E, Murkovic M, Pfannhauser W, Reif H. The contribution of dietary nicotine and dietary cotinine to salivary cotinine levels as a nicotine biomarker. Food Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(01)00147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|