1
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Lambert N, Felinger A. The effect of the frictional heat on retention and efficiency in thermostated or insulated chromatographic columns packed with sub-2-μm particles. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1565:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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2
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Groskreutz SR, Horner AR, Weber SG. Development of a 1.0 mm inside diameter temperature-assisted focusing precolumn for use with 2.1 mm inside diameter columns. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:193-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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3
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De Vos J, Broeckhoven K, Eeltink S. Advances in Ultrahigh-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Technology and System Design. Anal Chem 2015; 88:262-78. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle De Vos
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Uliyanchenko E. Size-exclusion chromatography-from high-performance to ultra-performance. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6087-94. [PMID: 25116601 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) enables measurement of the average molecular weights and molecular-weight distributions of polymers. Because these characteristics may, in turn, be correlated with important performance characteristics of plastics, SEC is an essential analytical technique for characterization of macromolecules. Although SEC is one of the oldest instrumental chromatographic techniques, it is still under continuous development, as a result of the great demand for increased resolution and faster analysis in SEC. Ultra-high-pressure size-exclusion chromatography (UHPSEC) was recently introduced to satisfy the growing demands of analytical chemists. Using instrumentation capable of generating very high pressures and columns packed with small particles, this technique enables greater separation efficiency and faster analysis than are achieved with conventional SEC. UHPSEC is especially advantageous for high-resolution analysis of oligomers, for very rapid polymer separations, and as a second dimension in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography of polymers. In this paper we discuss the benefits of UHPSEC for separation of macromolecules, with examples from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Uliyanchenko
- SABIC, Technology and Innovation, Analytical Technology, Plasticslaan 1, 4600 AC, Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands,
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5
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Camenzuli M, Ritchie H, Shalliker R. Improving HPLC separation performance using parallel segmented flow chromatography. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Uliyanchenko E, Cools PJCH, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Ultrahigh-Pressure Liquid Chromatography for Separations of Polymers. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7802-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3011582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Uliyanchenko
- Analytical-Chemistry Group,
Faculty of Science, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902,
5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sjoerdj van der Wal
- Analytical-Chemistry Group,
Faculty of Science, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- DSM Resolve, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen,
The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group,
Faculty of Science, van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Uliyanchenko E, Schoenmakers PJ, van der Wal S. Fast and efficient size-based separations of polymers using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1509-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Chromatography with higher pressure, smaller particles and higher temperature: a bioanalytical perspective. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:2019-34. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen widespread use of ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) in biological fluids. Most commonly the emphasis is on developing high throughput assay methods to reduce the analysis time and cost. Particle size and temperature are chromatographic parameters that can be changed to improve efficiency and obtain rapid separations. UHPLC and high-temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) are two techniques that reduce the analysis time by decreasing the size of the column packing material and increasing the column temperature, respectively. Both of these techniques have advantages and limitations. In this article we have summarized the history, theoretical background of UHPLC and HTLC and the various advantages and limitations of sample preparation techniques and the detection systems (mass spectrometry and ultraviolet) used for the bioanalytical assays. In addition, selected bioanalytical applications of the two techniques have been reviewed and tabulated.
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9
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Teutenberg T. Potential of high temperature liquid chromatography for the improvement of separation efficiency—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 643:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Superheated water chromatography on phenyl bonded hybrid stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1201:61-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Smith RM. Superheated water chromatography--a green technology for the future. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:441-55. [PMID: 17658536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reversed phase liquid chromatography using superheated water as the mobile phase, at temperatures between 100 and 250 degrees C, offers a number of advantages for the analyst. It is an environmentally clean solvent, reducing solvent usage and disposal costs. It has advantages in detection, allowing UV spectra to be monitored down to short wavelengths, as well as a compatibility with universal flame ionisation detection and mass spectroscopy. By employing deuterium oxide as the eluent, solvent free NMR spectra can be measured. The development of newer more thermally stable stationary phases, including hybrid phases, have expanded the analytes that can be examined and these now range from alkylbenzenes, phenols, alkyl aryl ketones and a number of pharmaceuticals to carboxylic acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. Very few compounds have been found to be unstable during the analysis. The separation methods can be directly coupled to superheated water extraction providing a totally solvent free system for sample extraction and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK.
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12
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Gritti F, Guiochon G. Effects of the thermal heterogeneity of the column on chromatographic results. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1131:151-65. [PMID: 16919645 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the thermal heterogeneity of HPLC columns on retention data was investigated. The retention factor of the retained compound phenol was measured at 24 increasing values of the flow rate, from 0.025 to 4.9 mL/min, on six different packing materials prepared with the same batch of silica particles (5 microm diameter, 90 A pore size). One column was packed with the neat silica particles, another with the silica endcapped with trimethylchlorosilane (TMS)(C(1), 3.92 micromol/m(2)), and the other four with silica first derivatized with octadecyl-dimethyl-chlorosilane (C(18), 0.42, 1.01, 2.03, and 3.15 micromol/m(2)), and second endcapped with TMS. Four different sources of heat contributing to raise the column temperature were considered: (1) the heat supplied by the hot high-pressure pump chamber to the solvent; (2) the adiabatic (dS=0) compression of the solvent in the high-pressure pump; (3) the isenthalpic (dH=0) decompression of the solvent during its migration along the porous chromatographic bed; and (4) the heat released by the friction of the solvent percolating through the column bed. The main contributions appear to be the heat supplied to the solvent by the HP pump and the friction heat. The average column temperature (ACT) was indirectly derived from the measurements of the first moment, mu(1), of phenol peak, of the column pressure drop, DeltaP, and of the retention factors of the phenol peak apices as a function of the flow rate applied. If the column is placed in a still-air bath at 298 K (and its temperature is not externally controlled), a longitudinal temperature gradient is established along the column and the average column temperature is about 6 K higher when this column is operated at 4.9 mL/min than when the flow rate is only 0.025 mL/min. If the column is placed in a heated air bath (temperature controlled at 316 or 338 K), the ACT changes by less than 3 K over the whole flow rate range applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Gritti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996-1600, USA
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13
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de Villiers A, Lauer H, Szucs R, Goodall S, Sandra P. Influence of frictional heating on temperature gradients in ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography on 2.1mm I.D. columns. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1113:84-91. [PMID: 16476437 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of viscous heat dissipation on some important HPLC parameters, such as efficiency (N) and retention factors (k), using 2.1mm columns at pressures up to 1000 bar have been investigated from both a theoretical and experimental point of view. Two distinct experimental set-ups and their respective influences on non-homogenous temperature gradients within the column are described and discussed. In the first instance, a still-air column heater was used. This set-up leads to approximate 'adiabatic' conditions, and a longitudinal temperature gradient is predicted across the length of the column. The magnitude of this gradient is calculated, and its occurrence confirmed with experimental measurements also indicating that no appreciable loss in efficiency occurs. Secondly, when a water bath is used to thermostat the column, a radial temperature gradient is prevalent. The extent of this gradient is estimated, and the loss in efficiency associated with this gradient is predicted and demonstrated experimentally. It is also observed that approximate adiabatic conditions can lead to floating retention factors. The implications of temperature gradients for routine HPLC analysis at ultra-high pressure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- André de Villiers
- Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Spearman L, Smith RM, Dube S. Monitoring effective column temperature by using shape selectivity and hydrophobicity and the effects of mobile phase temperature. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1060:147-51. [PMID: 15628157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Relative changes in the hydrophobicity and shape selectivity of standard analytes are shown to be a valuable method to monitor the reproducibility of the effective temperature experienced by the analytes in a chromatographic column in different ovens. Significant differences were observed between ovens with the same nominal temperature and could be a major cause of problems encountered in transferring methods between instruments or laboratories. By using two parameters, changes due to the column temperature can be distinguished from those caused by mobile phase composition differences. In addition marked increases in column efficiency were noted as the mobile phase temperature was reduced below the column temperature in contrast to claims that thermal equilibration is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Spearman
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK
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15
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Welsch T, Michalke D. (Micellar) electrokinetic chromatography: an interesting solution for the liquid phase separation dilemma. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1000:935-51. [PMID: 12877206 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a well-established method in modern analysis. The method is simple, very robust and is applicable to the majority of components to be analyzed in contrast to gas chromatography. Low efficiency and small peak capacity are sore points of HPLC when complex mixtures have to be separated. The reason for this dilemma is the small diffusion coefficient of the analytes in the liquid mobile phase compared to a gaseous phase. This review, complemented by exemplary calculated data and some latest results of our own research, illustrates the dilemma of liquid phase chromatography to achieve high efficiencies under reasonable conditions. It is shown that (micellar) electrokinetic chromatography, offering fast and efficient separations, is a very promising solution for this dilemma. Additional features of this method are possibilities of on-line analyte concentration, coupling to mass spectrometry and the easy change of selectivities by applying various separation additives. The pros and cons of electrokinetic chromatography are pointed out and some application examples are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Welsch
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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16
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Köhne AP, Welsch T. Coupling of a microbore column with a column packed with non-porous particles for fast comprehensive two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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