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Ban B, Sharma M, Shetty J. Optimization of Methods for the Production and Refolding of Biologically Active Disulfide Bond-Rich Antibody Fragments in Microbial Hosts. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E39. [PMID: 32764309 PMCID: PMC7551518 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have been used for basic research, clinical diagnostics, and therapeutic applications. Escherichia coli is one of the organisms of choice for the production of recombinant antibodies. Variable antibody genes have canonical and non-canonical disulfide bonds that are formed by the oxidation of a pair of cysteines. However, the high-level expression of an antibody is an inherent problem to the process of disulfide bond formation, ultimately leading to mispairing of cysteines which can cause misfolding and aggregation as inclusion bodies (IBs). This study demonstrated that fragment antibodies are either secreted to the periplasm as soluble proteins or expressed in the cytoplasm as insoluble inclusion bodies when expressed using engineered bacterial host strains with optimal culture conditions. It was observed that moderate-solubilization and an in vitro matrix that associated refolding strategies with redox pairing more correctly folded, structured, and yielded functionally active antibody fragments than the one achieved by a direct dilution method in the absence of a redox pair. However, natural antibodies have canonical and non-canonical disulfide bonds that need a more elaborate refolding process in the presence of optimal concentrations of chaotropic denaturants and redox agents to obtain correctly folded disulfide bonds and high yield antibodies that retain biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupal Ban
- Antibody Engineering and Technology Core, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institutes (IBRI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maya Sharma
- Department of Data Science, School of Informatics and Computing Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Jagathpala Shetty
- Antibody Engineering and Technology Core, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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2
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Guo M, Wei J, Huang X, Zhou Y, Yan Y, Qin Q. JNK1 Derived from Orange-Spotted Grouper, Epinephelus coioides, Involving in the Evasion and Infection of Singapore Grouper Iridovirus (SGIV). Front Microbiol 2016; 7:121. [PMID: 26903999 PMCID: PMC4748057 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) regulates cellular responses to various extracellular stimuli, environmental stresses, pathogen infections, and apoptotic agents. Here, a JNK1, Ec-JNK1, was identified from orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Ec-JNK1 has been found involving in the immune response to pathogen challenges in vivo, and the infection of Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and SGIV-induced apoptosis in vitro. SGIV infection activated Ec-JNK1, of which phosphorylation of motif TPY is crucial for its activity. Over-expressing Ec-JNK1 phosphorylated transcription factors c-Jun and promoted the infection and replication of SGIV, while partial inhibition of the phosphorylation of Ec-JNK1 showed the opposite effects by over-expressing the dominant-negative EcJNK1-Δ183-185 mutant. Interestingly, SGIV enhanced the viral infectivity by activating Ec-JNK1 which in turn drastically inhibited the antiviral responses of type 1 IFN, indicating that Ec-JNK1 could be involved in blocking IFN signaling during SGIV infection. In addition, Ec-JNK1 enhanced the activation of AP-1, p53, and NF-κB, and resulted in increasing the levels of SGIV-induced cell death. The caspase 3-dependent activation correlated with the phosphorylation of Ec-JNK1 and contributed to SGIV-induced apoptosis. Taken together, SGIV modulated the phosphorylation of Ec-JNK1 to inactivate the antiviral signaling, enhance the SGIV-induced apoptosis and activate transcription factors for efficient infection and replication. The “positive cooperativity” molecular mechanism mediated by Ec-JNK1 contributes to the successful evasion and infection of iridovirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Jingguang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Hainan University Haikou, China
| | - Yang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao, China
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3
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Zakharova GS, Poloznikov AA, Chubar TA, Gazaryan IG, Tishkov VI. High-yield reactivation of anionic tobacco peroxidase overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 113:85-93. [PMID: 25986322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anionic tobacco peroxidase (TOP) is extremely active in chemiluminescence reaction of luminol oxidation without addition of enhancers and more stable than horseradish peroxidase under antibody conjugation conditions. In addition, recombinant TOP (rTOP) produced in Escherichia coli is known to be a perfect direct electron transfer catalyst on electrodes of various origin. These features make the task of development of a high-yield reactivation protocol for rTOP practically important. Previous attempts to reactivate the enzyme from E. coli inclusion bodies were successful, but the reported reactivation yield was only 14%. In this work, we thoroughly screened the refolding conditions for dilution protocol and compared it with gel-filtration chromatography. The impressive reactivation yield in the dilution protocol (85%) was achieved for 8 μg/mL solubilized rTOP protein and the refolding medium containing 0.3 mM oxidized glutathione, 0.05 mM dithiothreitol, 5 mM CaCl2, 5% glycerol in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 9.6, with 1 μM hemin added at the 24th hour of incubation. A practically important discovery was a 30-40% increase in the reactivation yield upon delayed addition of hemin. The reactivation yield achieved is one of the highest reported in the literature on protein refolding by dilution. The final yield of purified active non-glycosylated rTOP was ca. 60 mg per L of E. coli culture, close to the yield reported before for tomato and tobacco plants overexpressing glycosylated TOP (60 mg/kg biomass) and much higher than for the previously reported refolding protocol (2.6 mg per L of E. coli culture).
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Zakharova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia; Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd, 109559 Moscow, Russia.
| | - A A Poloznikov
- Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd, 109559 Moscow, Russia; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Faculty, Department of Chemical Enzymology, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - T A Chubar
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Faculty, Department of Chemical Enzymology, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - I G Gazaryan
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Faculty, Department of Chemical Enzymology, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Tishkov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia; Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd, 109559 Moscow, Russia; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Faculty, Department of Chemical Enzymology, 119899 Moscow, Russia
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Wellhoefer M, Sprinzl W, Hahn R, Jungbauer A. Continuous processing of recombinant proteins: Integration of inclusion body solubilization and refolding using simulated moving bed size exclusion chromatography with buffer recycling. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1319:107-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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5
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Su Z, Lu D, Liu Z. Refolding of inclusion body proteins from E. coli. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2011; 54:319-38. [PMID: 21954784 DOI: 10.1002/9780470939932.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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Production of Hepatopoietin Cn in High-Cell-Density Cultures of Recombinant Escherichia coli and Detection of its Antioxygen Activity. Mol Biotechnol 2010; 47:111-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Sahdev S, Khattar SK, Saini KS. Production of active eukaryotic proteins through bacterial expression systems: a review of the existing biotechnology strategies. Mol Cell Biochem 2007. [PMID: 17874175 DOI: 10.1007/s11010‐007‐9603‐6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Among the various expression systems employed for the over-production of proteins, bacteria still remains the favorite choice of a Protein Biochemist. However, even today, due to the lack of post-translational modification machinery in bacteria, recombinant eukaryotic protein production poses an immense challenge, which invariably leads to the production of biologically in-active protein in this host. A number of techniques are cited in the literature, which describe the conversion of inactive protein, expressed as an insoluble fraction, into a soluble and active form. Overall, we have divided these methods into three major groups: Group-I, where the factors influencing the formation of insoluble fraction are modified through a stringent control of the cellular milieu, thereby leading to the expression of recombinant protein as soluble moiety; Group-II, where protein is refolded from the inclusion bodies and thereby target protein modification is avoided; Group-III, where the target protein is engineered to achieve soluble expression through fusion protein technology. Even within the same family of proteins (e.g., tyrosine kinases), optimization of standard operating protocol (SOP) may still be required for each protein's over-production at a pilot-scale in Escherichia coli. However, once standardized, this procedure can be made amenable to the industrial production for that particular protein with minimum alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Sahdev
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories-R&D-3, 20-Sector 18 Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, India.
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8
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Sahdev S, Khattar SK, Saini KS. Production of active eukaryotic proteins through bacterial expression systems: a review of the existing biotechnology strategies. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 307:249-64. [PMID: 17874175 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among the various expression systems employed for the over-production of proteins, bacteria still remains the favorite choice of a Protein Biochemist. However, even today, due to the lack of post-translational modification machinery in bacteria, recombinant eukaryotic protein production poses an immense challenge, which invariably leads to the production of biologically in-active protein in this host. A number of techniques are cited in the literature, which describe the conversion of inactive protein, expressed as an insoluble fraction, into a soluble and active form. Overall, we have divided these methods into three major groups: Group-I, where the factors influencing the formation of insoluble fraction are modified through a stringent control of the cellular milieu, thereby leading to the expression of recombinant protein as soluble moiety; Group-II, where protein is refolded from the inclusion bodies and thereby target protein modification is avoided; Group-III, where the target protein is engineered to achieve soluble expression through fusion protein technology. Even within the same family of proteins (e.g., tyrosine kinases), optimization of standard operating protocol (SOP) may still be required for each protein's over-production at a pilot-scale in Escherichia coli. However, once standardized, this procedure can be made amenable to the industrial production for that particular protein with minimum alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Sahdev
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, New Drug Discovery Research, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories-R&D-3, 20-Sector 18 Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon, India.
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9
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Geng X, Wang C. Protein folding liquid chromatography and its recent developments. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 849:69-80. [PMID: 17116432 PMCID: PMC7105250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of proteomics is to identify biologically active proteins and to produce them using biotechnology tools such as bacterial hosts. However, proteins produced by Escherichia coli must be refolded to their native state. Protein folding liquid chromatography (PFLC) is a new method developed in recent years, and it is widely used in molecular biology and biotechnology. In this paper, the new method, PFLC is introduced and its recent development is reviewed. In addition the paper includes definitions, advantages, principles, applications for both laboratory and large scales, apparatus, and effecting factors of PFLC. In addition, the role of this method in the future is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindu Geng
- Institute of Modern Separation Science, Key Laboratory of Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China.
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10
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Wang C, Wang L, Geng X. Renaturation of Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony‐Stimulating Factor Produced fromEscherichia coliUsing Size Exclusion Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500416452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhan Wang
- a Institute of Modern Separation Science, Key Laboratory of Separation Science in Shaanxi Province , Northwest University , Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Lili Wang
- a Institute of Modern Separation Science, Key Laboratory of Separation Science in Shaanxi Province , Northwest University , Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xindu Geng
- a Institute of Modern Separation Science, Key Laboratory of Separation Science in Shaanxi Province , Northwest University , Xi'an, P. R. China
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11
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Swietnicki W. Folding aggregated proteins into functionally active forms. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2006; 17:367-72. [PMID: 16740384 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The successful expression and purification of proteins in an active form is essential for structural and biochemical studies. With rapid advances in genome sequencing and high-throughput structural biology, an increasing number of proteins are being identified as potential drug targets but are difficult to obtain in a form suitable for structural or biochemical studies. Although prokaryotic recombinant expression systems are often used, proteins obtained in this way are typically found to be insoluble. Several experimental approaches have therefore been developed to refold these aggregated proteins into a biologically active form, often suitable for structural studies. The major refolding strategies adopt one of two approaches - chromatographic methods or refolding in free solution - and both routes have been successfully used to refold a range of proteins. Future advances are likely to involve the development of automated approaches for protein refolding and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw Swietnicki
- Integrated Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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12
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Jin T, Guan YX, Yao SJ, Lin DQ, Cho MG. On-column refolding of recombinant human interferon-gamma inclusion bodies by expanded bed adsorption chromatography. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 93:755-60. [PMID: 16261630 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A refolding strategy was described for on-column refolding of recombinant human interferon-gamma (rhIFN-gamma) inclusion bodies by expanded bed adsorption (EBA) chromatography. After the denatured rhIFN-gamma protein bound onto the cation exchanger of STREAMLINE SP, the refolding process was performed in expanded bed by gradually decreasing the concentration of urea in the buffer and the refolded rhIFN-gamma protein was recovered by the elution in packed bed mode. It was demonstrated that the denatured rhIFN-gamma protein could be efficiently refolded by this method with high yield. Under appropriate experimental conditions, the protein yield and specific activity of rhIFN-gamma was up to 52.7% and 8.18 x 10(6) IU/mg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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13
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Wang SSS, Chang CK, Liu HS. Step change of mobile phase flow rates to enhance protein folding in size exclusion chromatography. Biochem Eng J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2005.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The correct folding of solubilized recombinant proteins is of key importance for their production in industry. On-column refolding of proteins is mainly achieved by three methods: size-exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography using immobilized metal chelates. The principles of these methods were first laid down in the 1990s, but many recent improvements have been made to these processes including sophisticated changes to the mobile phase composition and the recycling of aggregates to improve yield. Advances have also been made in the use of immobilized metal affinity chromatography and by mimicking the natural folding process with artificial chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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16
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Vallejo LF, Rinas U. Strategies for the recovery of active proteins through refolding of bacterial inclusion body proteins. Microb Cell Fact 2004; 3:11. [PMID: 15345063 PMCID: PMC517725 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in generating active proteins through refolding of bacterial inclusion body proteins are summarized in conjunction with a short overview on inclusion body isolation and solubilization procedures. In particular, the pros and cons of well-established robust refolding techniques such as direct dilution as well as less common ones such as diafiltration or chromatographic processes including size exclusion chromatography, matrix- or affinity-based techniques and hydrophobic interaction chromatography are discussed. Moreover, the effect of physical variables (temperature and pressure) as well as the presence of buffer additives on the refolding process is elucidated. In particular, the impact of protein stabilizing or destabilizing low- and high-molecular weight additives as well as micellar and liposomal systems on protein refolding is illustrated. Also, techniques mimicking the principles encountered during in vivo folding such as processes based on natural and artificial chaperones and propeptide-assisted protein refolding are presented. Moreover, the special requirements for the generation of disulfide bonded proteins and the specific problems and solutions, which arise during process integration are discussed. Finally, the different strategies are examined regarding their applicability for large-scale production processes or high-throughput screening procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Vallejo
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ursula Rinas
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Vincent P, Dieryck W, Maneta-Peyret L, Moreau P, Cassagne C, Santarelli X. Chromatographic purification of an insoluble histidine tag recombinant Ykt6p SNARE from Arabidopsis thaliana over-expressed in E. coli. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 808:83-9. [PMID: 15236690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to undertake in plant cell the study of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi apparatus (GA) protein and/or lipid vesicular transport pathway, expressed sequence tag (EST) coding for a homologue to the yeast soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) Ykt6p has been cloned in Arabidopsis thaliana by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The corresponding protein was over-expressed as a recombinant histidine-tag (his-tag) protein in E. coli. Starting from one litter of culture, an ultrasonic homogenization was performed for cell disruption and after centrifugation the Arabidopsis Ykt6p SNARE present in inclusion bodies in the pellet was solubilized. After centrifugation, the clarified feedstock obtained was injected onto an immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) in presence of 6 M guanidine and on-column refolding was performed. Folded and subsequently purified (94% purity) recombinant protein was obtained with 82% of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Vincent
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS-UMR 5544, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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18
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Li M, Su ZG, Janson JC. In vitro protein refolding by chromatographic procedures. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 33:1-10. [PMID: 14680955 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2003.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Revised: 08/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In vitro protein refolding is still a bottleneck in both structural biology and in the development of new biopharmaceuticals, especially for commercially important polypeptides that are overexpressed in Escherichia coli. This review focuses on protein refolding methods based on column procedures because recent advances in chromatographic refolding have shown promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Vallejo LF, Rinas U. Optimized procedure for renaturation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 at high protein concentration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 85:601-9. [PMID: 14966801 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The human gene encoding the mature form of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (hBMP-2), a dimeric disulfide-bonded protein of the cystine knot growth factor family, was expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli using a temperature-inducible expression system. The recombinant protein was produced in the form of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and the effect of different variables on the renaturation of rhBMP-2 was investigated. In particular, variables such as pH, redox conditions, protein concentration, temperature, the presence of different types of aggregation suppressors, and host cell contaminants were studied with respect to their effect on aggregation during refolding and on the final renaturation yield of rhBMP-2. It is shown that the renaturation yield is particularly sensitive to pH, temperature, protein concentration, and the presence of aggregation suppressors. In contrast, little effect of the redox conditions and the ionic strength on the renaturation yield was observed, as equal yields were obtained in a broad range of reduced to oxidized glutathione ratios and concentrations of NaCl, respectively. The aggregation suppressor 2-(cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid (CHES) proved to be superior with respect to the final renaturation yield, although, in comparison to the more common arginine, it was less efficient in preventing aggregation of rhBMP-2 during refolding. Detergent washing of inclusion bodies was sufficient, as further purification of rhBMP-2 prior to refolding was without effect on the final renaturation yield. An increase in the concentration of renatured rhBMP-2 was achieved by a pulsed refolding procedure by which up to a total amount of 2.1 mg mL(-1) rhBMP-2 could be transferred in seven pulses into the renaturation buffer with an overall refolding yield of 38%, corresponding to 0.8 mg mL(-1) renatured dimeric rhBMP-2. Furthermore, a simplified purification procedure is presented that also includes freeze-drying for long-term storage of biologically active rhBMP-2. Finally, it is shown that the appearance of rhBMP-2 variants could be avoided by using a host strain overexpressing rare codon tRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Vallejo
- Biochemical Engineering Division, GBF German Research Center for Biotechnology, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Panda AK. Bioprocessing of therapeutic proteins from the inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2003; 85:43-93. [PMID: 12930093 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36466-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli has been most extensively used for the large-scale production of therapeutic proteins, which do not require complex glycosylation for bioactivity. In recent years tremendous progress has been made on the molecular biology, fermentation process development and protein refolding from inclusion bodies for efficient production of therapeutic proteins using E. coli. High cell density fermentation and high throughput purification of the recombinant protein from inclusion bodies of E. coli are the two major bottle necks for the cost effective production of therapeutic proteins. The aim of this review is to summarize the developments both in high cell density, high productive fermentation and inclusion body protein refolding processes using E. coli as an expression system. The first section deals with the problems of high cell density fermentation with an aim to high volumetric productivity of recombinant protein. Process engineering parameters during the expression of ovine growth hormone as inclusion body in E. coli were analyzed. Ovine growth hormone yield was improved from 60 mg L(-1) to 3.2 g L(-1) using fed-batch culture. Similar high volumetric yields were also achieved for human growth hormone and for recombinant bonnet monkey zona pellucida glycoprotein expressed as inclusion bodies in E. coli. The second section deals with purification and refolding of recombinant proteins from the inclusion bodies of E. coli. The nature of inclusion body protein, its characterization and isolation from E. coli has been discussed in detail. Different solubilization and refolding methods, which have been used to recover bioactive protein from inclusion bodies of E. coli have also been discussed. A novel inclusion body protein solubilization method, while retaining the existing native-like secondary structure of the protein and its subsequent refolding in to bioactive form, has been discussed. This inclusion body solubilization and refolding method has been applied to recover bioactive recombinant ovine growth hormone, recombinant human growth hormone and bonnet monkey zona pellucida glycoprotein from the inclusion bodies of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya K Panda
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India.
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Liu HS, Chang CK. Chaperon solvent plug to enhance protein refolding in size exclusion chromatography. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Tian ZM, Wan MX, Wang B, Wang SP, Wu XM, Ruan YS. Effects of ultrasound on the structure and function of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2003; 29:1331-1339. [PMID: 14553811 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-5629(03)00985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ultrasound on the structure and function of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and to study whether TNF-alpha underwent a denaturation process and the molecular structure was damaged when it was irradiated by ultrasound. The samples of TNF-alpha were dissolved in aqueous solution and filled into polystyrene tubes. High intensity ultrasound processor (20 kHz frequency, burst mode, 0.5 duty factor, 100-500 W total electrical power, 0-20 min total treatment time) was used during the treatment. The biologic activity of TNF-alpha was determined by its toxic activity towards TNF-alpha sensitive cell line L929 in the presence of actinomycin D. The methods of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) were used to detect the integrity of TNF-alpha molecule after it was irradiated by ultrasound. The results showed TNF-alpha could keep its biological activity, instead of undergoing a denaturation process, when it is irradiated by ultrasound in the aqueous solution; at the same time, the aggregates of TNF-alpha formed by the recombinant DNA E. coli could be dissociated through the molecular vibration induced by ultrasound energy. The biologic activity of TNF-alpha was not reduced, but small quantities of TNF-alpha molecular structure were damaged during the process of sonication. These features of TNF-alpha molecule irradiated by ultrasound probably gave TNF-alpha the advantage in being used in the drug microencapsulation and provided a new drugs formulation for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an, China
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23
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Schlegl R, Iberer G, Machold C, Necina R, Jungbauer A. Continuous matrix-assisted refolding of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1009:119-32. [PMID: 13677652 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A refolding reactor was developed for continuous matrix-assisted refolding of proteins. The reactor was composed of an annular chromatography system and an ultrafiltration system to recycle aggregated proteins produced during the refolding reaction. The feed solution containing the denatured protein was continuously fed to the rotating bed perfused with buffer promoting folding of the protein. As the protein passed through the column, it was separated from chaotropic and reducing agents and the refolding process took place. Native proteins and aggregates could be continuously separated due to different molecular size. The exit stream containing aggregates was collected, concentrated by ultrafiltration and recycled to the feed solution. The high concentrations of chaotropic and reducing agents in the feed solution enabled dissociation of the recycled aggregates and consequently were fed again to the refolding reactor. When the initial feed mixture of denatured protein is used up, only buffer-containing chaotropic agents and recycled aggregates are fully converted to native protein. This process resulted in a stoichiometric conversion from the denatured protein to its correctly folded native state. The system was tested with bovine alpha-lactalbumin as model protein. Superdex 75 PrepGrade was used as size-exclusion medium. The yield of 30% active monomer in the batch process was improved to 41% at a recycling rate of 65%. Assuming that the aggregates can be redissolved and recycled into the feed stream in a quantitative manner, a refolding yield close to 100% is possible. The method can be also applied to other chromatographic principles suited for the separation of aggregates.
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24
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Gu Z, Zhu X, Ni S, Zhou H, Su Z. Inhibition of aggregation by media selection, sample loading and elution in size exclusion chromatographic refolding of denatured bovine carbonic anhydrase B. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2003; 56:165-75. [PMID: 12834975 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(03)00057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of gel media, sample application and elution flowrate on the activity recovery and aggregation in refolding of bovine carbonic anhydrase B (CAB) by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) were investigated. Variation in aggregation was demonstrated visibly by the comparison of refolding profiles under different operating conditions. Some principles with regard to practical application were proposed. Meanwhile, the analysis of relationship between peak resolution and activity recovery provided evidences for the mechanism of size exclusion chromatography protein refolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Gu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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25
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Müller C, Richter S, Rinas U. Kinetics control preferential heterodimer formation of platelet-derived growth factor from unfolded A- and B-chains. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:18330-5. [PMID: 12615918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212317200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The folding and assembly of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent mitogen involved in wound-healing processes and member of the cystine knot growth factor family, was studied. The kinetics of the formation of disulfide-bonded dimers were investigated under redox reshuffling conditions starting either from unfolded and reduced PDGF-A- or B-chains or an equimolar mixture of both chains. It is shown that in all cases the formation of disulfide-bonded dimers is a very slow process occurring in the time scale of hours with a first-order rate-determining step. The formation of disulfide-bonded PDGF-AA or PDGF-BB homodimers displayed identical kinetics, indicating that both monomeric forms as well as the dimerized homodimer have similar folding and assembly pathways. In contrast, the formation of the heterodimer occurred three times more rapidly compared with the formation of the homodimers. As both monomeric forms revealed similar renaturation kinetics, it can be concluded that the first-order rate-determining folding step does not occur during monomer folding but must be attributed to conformational rearrangements of the dimerized, not yet disulfide-bonded protein. These structural rearrangements allow a more rapid formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds between the two different monomers of a heterodimer compared with the formation of the disulfide bonds between two identical monomers. The preferential formation of disulfide-bonded heterodimers from an equimolar mixture of unfolded A- and B-chains is thus a kinetically controlled process. Moreover, similar activation enthalpies for the formation of all different isoforms suggest that faster heterodimerization is controlled by entropic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Müller
- GBF National Research Center for Biotechnology, Biochemical Engineering Division, Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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26
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Ubeidat M, Rutherford CL. Purification and renaturation of Dictyostelium recombinant alkaline phosphatase by continuous elution electrophoresis. Protein Expr Purif 2003; 27:375-83. [PMID: 12597899 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00613-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A 1583 bp fragment of Dictyostelium alp cDNA (94% of the gene) was cloned in pET32a+. The enzyme was expressed in an inactive form in the inclusion body of the expression host BL21-CodonPlus (DE3)-RIL. The recombinant ALP constituted more than 50% of the total protein in the inclusion body and 25-30% of the total protein in the expression host after 3 h induction with IPTG at 37 degrees C. A continuous elution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis procedure was used to purify the recombinant enzyme. This technique yielded a homogeneous protein that retained enzymatic activity after dialysis without further treatment. A yield of 5mg per liter of culture broth was obtained with a specific activity of approximately 0.7 nmol/min/mg protein (0.7 mU/mg). Immunoinhibition studies using a polyclonal antibody produced against the recombinant protein showed complete inhibition of enzymatic activity when the enzyme was preincubated with the antibody at a 1:1000 dilution. The enzyme exhibited a pH optimum of approximately 9.0. The substrate specificity indicated that the Dictyostelium enzyme is a typical broad range alkaline phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muatasem Ubeidat
- Department of Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Section, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2119 Derring Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406, USA
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27
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28
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Li M, Su Z. Refolding human lysozyme produced as an inclusion body by urea concentration and pH gradient ion exchange chromatography. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Li M, Zhang G, Su Z. Dual gradient ion-exchange chromatography improved refolding yield of lysozyme. J Chromatogr A 2002; 959:113-20. [PMID: 12141536 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein refolding at high concentrations always leads to aggregation, which limits commercial application. An ion-exchange chromatography process with gradient changes in urea concentration and pH was developed to refold denatured lysozyme at high concentration. After adsorption of the denatured protein onto an ion-exchange medium, elution was carried out in combination with a gentle decrease in urea concentration and elevation of pH. Protein would gradually refold along the column with high activity yield. Denatured and reduced lysozyme at 40 mg/ml was loaded into a column filled with SP Sepharose Fast Flow, resulting in 95% activity recovery and 98% mass yield within a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
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30
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Lee CT, Buswell A, Middelberg AP. The influence of mixing on lysozyme renaturation during refolding in an oscillatory flow and a stirred-tank reactor. Chem Eng Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2509(02)00066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Size exclusion chromatography with an artificial chaperone system enhanced lysozyme renaturation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Vallejo LF, Brokelmann M, Marten S, Trappe S, Cabrera-Crespo J, Hoffmann A, Gross G, Weich HA, Rinas U. Renaturation and purification of bone morphogenetic protein-2 produced as inclusion bodies in high-cell-density cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2002; 94:185-94. [PMID: 11796171 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(01)00425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eschericha coli was genetically engineered to produce recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in a non-active aggregated form using a temperature-inducible expression system. High concentrations of both biomass (75 g cell dry weight per liter of culture broth) and inactive rhBMP-2 (8.6 gl(-1)) were obtained by applying a high-cell-density cultivation procedure. After washing and solubilizing the inclusion bodies, rhBMP-2 was refolded and dimerized at concentrations up to 100 mgl(-1) by means of a simple dilution method with yields exceeding 50%. Finally, a one-step purification procedure based on affinity chromatography was implemented to isolate the rhBMP-2 dimer. With the established renaturation and purification protocols, yields of more than 10 mg rhBMP-2 dimer per gram cell dry weight were obtained corresponding to 750 mg rhBMP-2 dimer per liter of culture broth. The purified rhBMP-2 dimer showed biological activity equivalent to CHO produced rhBMP-2 as tested by the induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in C2C12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Vallejo
- Biochemical Engineering Division, National Research Center for Biotechnology (GBF), Mascheroder Weg 1, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
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33
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Abstract
Inclusion body refolding processes are poised to play a major role in the production of recombinant proteins. Improving renaturation yields by minimizing aggregation and reducing chemical costs are key to the industrial implementation of these processes. Recent developments include solubilization methods that do not rely on high denaturant concentrations and the use of high hydrostatic pressure for simultaneous solubilization and renaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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