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Rahmani H, Larachi F, Taghavi SM. Modeling of Shear Flows over Superhydrophobic Surfaces: From Newtonian to Non-Newtonian Fluids. ACS ENGINEERING AU 2024; 4:166-192. [PMID: 38646519 PMCID: PMC11027103 DOI: 10.1021/acsengineeringau.3c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The design and use of superhydrophobic surfaces have gained special attentions due to their superior performances and advantages in many flow systems, e.g., in achieving specific goals including drag reduction and flow/droplet handling and manipulation. In this work, we conduct a brief review of shear flows over superhydrophobic surfaces, covering the classic and recent studies/trends for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The aim is to mainly review the relevant mathematical and numerical modeling approaches developed during the past 20 years. Considering the wide ranges of applications of superhydrophobic surfaces in Newtonian fluid flows, we attempt to show how the developed studies for the Newtonian shear flows over superhydrophobic surfaces have been evolved, through highlighting the major breakthroughs. Despite the fact that, in many practical applications, flows over superhydrophobic surfaces may show complex non-Newtonian rheology, interactions between the non-Newtonian rheology and superhydrophobicity have not yet been well understood. Therefore, in this Review, we also highlight emerging recent studies addressing the shear flows of shear-thinning and yield stress fluids in superhydrophobic channels. We focus on reviewing the models developed to handle the intricate interaction between the formed liquid/air interface on superhydrophobic surfaces and the overlying flow. Such an intricate interaction will be more complex when the overlying flow shows nonlinear non-Newtonian rheology. We conclude that, although our understanding on the Newtonian shear flows over superhydrophobic surfaces has been well expanded via analyzing various aspects of such flows, the non-Newtonian counterpart is in its early stages. This could be associated with either the early applications mainly concerning Newtonian fluids or new complexities added to an already complex problem by the nonlinear non-Newtonian rheology. Finally, we discuss the possible directions for development of models that can address complex non-Newtonian shear flows over superhydrophobic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Rahmani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1 V 0A6
| | - Faïçal Larachi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1 V 0A6
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Šapina M, Olujic B, Nađ T, Vinkovic H, Dupan ZK, Bartulovic I, Milas K, Kos M, Divkovic D, Zubčić Ž, Erić I. Bronchoscopic treatment of pediatric atelectasis: A modified segmental insufflation-surfactant instillation technique. Pediatr Pulmonol 2024; 59:625-631. [PMID: 38018688 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atelectasis is a condition characterized by the collapse and nonaeration of lung regions and is considered a manifestation of an underlying disease process. The goal of atelectasis treatment is the restoration of volume loss. In the range of different treatment options, chest physiotherapy is often used as a first-line approach, and some cases require bronchoscopic interventions. METHODS In this case series, we describe a modified bronchoscopic treatment procedure using pressure-controlled bronchoscopic segmental insufflation with surfactant application. RESULTS The proposed approach resulted in significant improvement of lung volume across a range of patients including massive lobar, atypical rounded atelectasis in previously healthy patients, and in a particularly challenging case involving an infant suffering from spinal muscular atrophy type I. CONCLUSION The modified segmental insufflation-surfactant instillation technique offers a safe and promising easily implementable treatment of persistent atelectasis caused by different underlying disease processes with positive long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Šapina
- University Hospital Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical Faculty Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Bojana Olujic
- University Hospital Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical Faculty Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Tihana Nađ
- University Hospital Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical Faculty Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Vinkovic
- University Hospital Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical Faculty Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zdravka K Dupan
- University Hospital Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical Faculty Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | | | - Martina Kos
- University Hospital Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical Faculty Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Dalibor Divkovic
- University Hospital Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical Faculty Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Željko Zubčić
- University Hospital Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical Faculty Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivan Erić
- University Hospital Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical Faculty Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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Choudhury A, Dey M, Dixit HN, Feng JJ. Tear-film breakup: The role of membrane-associated mucin polymers. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:013108. [PMID: 33601537 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.013108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mucin polymers in the tear film protect the corneal surface from pathogens and modulate the tear-film flow characteristics. Recent studies have suggested a relationship between the loss of membrane-associated mucins and premature rupture of the tear film in various eye diseases. This work aims to elucidate the hydrodynamic mechanisms by which loss of membrane-associated mucins causes premature tear-film rupture. We model the bulk of the tear film as a Newtonian fluid in a two-dimensional periodic domain, and the lipid layer at the air-tear interface as insoluble surfactants. Gradual loss of membrane-associated mucins produces growing areas of exposed cornea in direct contact with the tear fluid. We represent the hydrodynamic consequences of this morphological change through two mechanisms: an increased van der Waals attraction due to loss of wettability on the exposed area, and a change of boundary condition from an effective negative slip on the mucin-covered areas to the no-slip condition on exposed cornea. Finite-element computations, with an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian scheme to handle the moving interface, demonstrate a strong effect of the elevated van der Waals attraction on precipitating tear-film breakup. The change in boundary condition on the cornea has a relatively minor role. Using realistic parameters, our heterogeneous mucin model is able to predict quantitatively the shortening of tear-film breakup time observed in diseased eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjishnu Choudhury
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India and Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Mohar Dey
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Harish N Dixit
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India
| | - James J Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada and Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z2, Canada
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Iasella SV, Sun N, Zhang X, Corcoran TE, Garoff S, Przybycien TM, Tilton RD. Flow regime transitions and effects on solute transport in surfactant-driven Marangoni flows. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 553:136-147. [PMID: 31202050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Surfactant-driven Marangoni flow on liquid films is predicted to depend on subphase depth and initial surface tension difference between the subphase and deposited surfactant solution drop. Changes in flow behavior will impact transport of soluble species entrained in the Marangoni flow along the surface. In extreme cases, the subphase film may rupture, limiting transport. Understanding this behavior is important for applications in drug delivery, coatings, and oil spill remediation. EXPERIMENTS A trans-illumination optical technique measured the subphase height profiles and drop content transport after drop deposition when varying initial subphase depth, surfactant concentration, and subphase viscosity. FINDINGS Three distinct flow regimes were identified depending on the subphase depth and surfactant concentration and mapped onto an operating diagram. These are characterized as a "central depression" bounded by an outwardly traveling ridge, an "annular depression" bounded by a central dome and the traveling ridge, and an "annular dewetting" when the subphase ruptures. Well above the critical micelle concentration, transitions between regimes occur at characteristic ratios of gravitational and initial surface tension gradient stresses; transitions shift when surfactant dilution during spreading weakens the stress before the completion of the spreading event. Drop contents travel with the ridge, but dewetting hinders transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Iasella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2).
| | - Ningguan Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2)
| | - Timothy E Corcoran
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(3).
| | - Stephen Garoff
- Department of Physics, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2).
| | - Todd M Przybycien
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2); Department of Βiomedical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2).
| | - Robert D Tilton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2); Department of Βiomedical Engineering, Center for Complex Fluids Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States(2).
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Interfacial Phenomena and the Ocular Surface. Ocul Surf 2014; 12:178-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Evaporation-driven instability of the precorneal tear film. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 206:250-64. [PMID: 23842140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tear-film instability is widely believed to be a signature of eye health. When an interblink is prolonged, randomly distributed ruptures occur in the tear film. "Black spots" and/or "black streaks" appear in 15 to 40 s for normal individuals. For people who suffer from dry eye, tear-film breakup time (BUT) is typically less than a few seconds. To date, however, there is no satisfactory quantitative explanation for the origin of tear rupture. Recently, it was proposed that tear-film breakup is related to locally high evaporative thinning. A spatial variation in the thickness of the tear-film lipid layer (TFLL) may lead to locally elevated evaporation and subsequent tear-film breakup. We examine the local-evaporation-driven tear-film-rupture hypothesis in a one-dimensional (1-D) model for the evolution of a thin aqueous tear film overriding the cornea subject to locally elevated evaporation at its anterior surface and osmotic water influx at its posterior surface. Evaporation rate depends on mass transfer both through the coating lipid layer and through ambient air. We establish that evaporation-driven tear-film breakup can occur under normal conditions but only for higher aqueous evaporation rates. Predicted roles of environmental conditions, such as wind speed and relative humidity, on tear-film stability agree with clinical observations. More importantly, locally elevated evaporation leads to hyperosmolar spots in the tear film and, hence, vulnerability to epithelial irritation. In addition to evaporation rate, tear-film instability depends on the strength of healing flow from the neighboring region outside the breakup region, which is determined by the surface tension at the tear-film surface and by the repulsive thin-film disjoining pressure. This study provides a physically consistent and quantitative explanation for the formation of black streaks and spots in the human tear film during an interblink.
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Rubinstein BY, Leshansky AM. Rupture of thin liquid films: generalization of weakly nonlinear theory. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 83:031603. [PMID: 21517509 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.031603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the rupture dynamics of thin liquid films driven by intermolecular forces via weakly nonlinear bifurcation analysis. The dynamic equations governing slow dynamics of the perturbation amplitude of the near-critical mode corresponding to several models describing the evolution of thin liquid films in different physical situations appear to have the same structure. When antagonistic (attractive and repulsive) molecular forces are considered, nonlinear saturation of the instability becomes possible, while the boundary of this supercritical bifurcation is determined solely by the form of the intermolecular potential. The rupture time estimate obtained in closed form shows an excellent agreement with the results of the previously reported numerical simulations of the strongly nonlinear coupled evolution equations upon fitting the amplitude of the small initial perturbation. We further extend the weakly nonlinear analysis of the film dynamics and apply the Galerkin approximation to derive the amplitude equation(s) governing the dynamics of the fastest growing linear mode far from the instability threshold. The comparison of the rupture time derived from this theory with the results of numerical simulations of the original nonlinear evolution equations shows a very good agreement without any adjustable parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Rubinstein
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St., Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
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Krause MF, von Bismarck P, Oppermann HC, Ankermann T. Bronchoscopic surfactant administration in pediatric patients with persistent lobar atelectasis. Respiration 2005; 75:100-4. [PMID: 16205052 DOI: 10.1159/000088713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent lobar atelectasis in pediatric patients on mechanical ventilation results in impaired gas exchange and lung mechanics and contributes to a further need for mechanical ventilation. The most common types of atelectasis in children are resorption atelectasis following airway obstruction, and atelectasis due to surfactant deficiency or dysfunction. We aimed to determine whether bronchoscopic suctioning and surfactant application to atelectatic lung segments would result in improved oxygenation, ventilation, chest X-ray scoring, and early extubation. Five children with heterogeneous lung diseases (aged between 7 months and 15 years) were treated with a diluted surfactant preparation (Curosurf) in a concentration of 5-10 mg/ml (total dose 120-240 mg) which was instilled into the affected segments. Outcome parameters were gas exchange, radiographic resolution of atelectasis and extubation. All mechanically ventilated patients could be extubated within 24 h following the intervention. Bronchoscopic surfactant application could be carried out without adverse effects and brought improvements in oxygenation, respiratory rate, and partial or complete resolution of atelectases without recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Krause
- Department of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Leshansky AM, Rubinstein BY. Nonlinear rupture of thin liquid films on solid surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 71:040601. [PMID: 15903649 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.71.040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this letter we investigate the rupture instability of thin liquid films by means of a bifurcation analysis in the vicinity of the short-scale instability threshold. The rupture time estimate obtained in closed form as a function of the relevant dimensionless groups is in striking agreement with the results of the numerical simulations of the original nonlinear evolution equations. This suggests that the weakly nonlinear theory adequately captures the underlying physics of the instability. When antagonistic (attractive/repulsive) molecular forces are considered, nonlinear saturation of the instability becomes possible. We show that the stability boundaries are determined by the van der Waals potential alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Leshansky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-IIT Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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