1
|
Fu X, Ding B, D'Alessandro D. Fabrication strategies for metal-organic framework electrochemical biosensors and their applications. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
2
|
Yaqoob AA, Umar K, Ibrahim MNM. Silver nanoparticles: various methods of synthesis, size affecting factors and their potential applications–a review. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
3
|
Tel-Vered R, Kahn JS, Willner I. Layered Metal Nanoparticle Structures on Electrodes for Sensing, Switchable Controlled Uptake/Release, and Photo-electrochemical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:51-75. [PMID: 26514112 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Layered metal nanoparticle (NP) assemblies provide highly porous and conductive composites of unique electrical and optical (plasmonic) properties. Two methods to construct layered metal NP matrices are described, and these include the layer-by-layer deposition of NPs, or the electropolymerization of monolayer-functionalized NPs, specifically thioaniline-modified metal NPs. The layered NP composites are used as sensing matrices through the use of electrochemistry or surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as transduction signals. The crosslinking of the metal NP composites with molecular receptors, or the imprinting of molecular recognition sites into the electropolymerized NP matrices lead to selective and chiroselective sensing interfaces. Furthermore, the electrosynthesis of redox-active, imprinted, bis-aniline bridged Au NP composites yields electrochemically triggered "sponges" for the switchable uptake and release of electron-acceptor substrates, and results in conductive surfaces of electrochemically controlled wettability. Also, photosensitizer-relay-crosslinked Au NP composites, or electrochemically polymerized layered semiconductor quantum dot/metal NP matrices on electrodes, are demonstrated as functional nanostructures for photoelectrochemical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tel-Vered
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Jason S Kahn
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Itamar Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gobelli D, Mariano Correa N, Fátima Barroso M, Moyano F, Molina PG. “Green Electrodes”Modified with Au Nanoparticles Synthesized in Glycerol, as Electrochemical Nitrite Sensor. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
5
|
Saha K, Agasti SS, Kim C, Li X, Rotello VM. Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing. Chem Rev 2012; 112:2739-79. [PMID: 22295941 PMCID: PMC4102386 DOI: 10.1021/cr2001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2759] [Impact Index Per Article: 229.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Saha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Sarit S. Agasti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Chaekyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dinda E, Rashid MH, Biswas M, Mandal TK. Redox-active ionic-liquid-assisted one-step general method for preparing gold nanoparticle thin films: applications in refractive index sensing and catalysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:17568-17580. [PMID: 20942449 DOI: 10.1021/la103084t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe a general one-step facile method for depositing gold nanoparticle (GNP) thin films onto any type of substrates by the in situ reduction of AuCl(3) using a newly designed redox-active ionic liquid (IL), tetrabutylphosphonium citrate ([TBP][Ci]). Various substrates such as positively charged glass, negatively charged glass/quartz, neutral hydrophobic glass, polypropylene, polystyrene, plain paper, and cellophane paper are successfully coated with a thin film of GNPs. This IL ([TBP][Ci]) is prepared by the simple neutralization of tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide with citric acid. We also demonstrate that the [TBP][Ci] ionic liquid can be successfully used to generate GNPs in an aqueous colloidal suspension in situ. The deposited GNP thin films on various surfaces are made up of mostly discrete spherical GNPs that are well distributed throughout the film, as confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. However, it seems that some GNPs are arranged to form arrays depending on the nature of surface. We also characterize these GNP thin films via UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The as-formed GNP thin films show excellent stability toward solvent washing. We demonstrate that the thin film of GNPs on a glass/quartz surface can be successfully used as a refractive index (RI) sensor for different polar and nonpolar organic solvents. The as-formed GNP thin films on different surfaces show excellent catalytic activity in the borohydride reduction of p-nitrophenol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enakshi Dinda
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang R, Hummelgård M, Olin H. Large area porous gold films deposited by evaporation-induced colloidal crystal growth. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 340:58-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Ling XY, Reinhoudt DN, Huskens J. From supramolecular chemistry to nanotechnology: Assembly of 3D nanostructures. PURE APPL CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-09-07-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fabricating well-defined and stable nanoparticle crystals in a controlled fashion receives growing attention in nanotechnology. The order and packing symmetry within a nanoparticle crystal is of utmost importance for the development of materials with unique optical and electronic properties. To generate stable and ordered 3D nanoparticle structures, nanotechnology is combined with supramolecular chemistry to control the self-assembly of 2D and 3D receptor-functionalized nanoparticles. This review focuses on the use of molecular recognition chemistry to establish stable, ordered, and functional nanoparticle structures. The host–guest complexation of β-cyclodextrin (CD) and its guest molecules (e.g., adamantane and ferrocene) are applied to assist the nanoparticle assembly. Direct adsorption of supramolecular guest- and host-functionalized nanoparticles onto (patterned) CD self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) occurs via multivalent host–guest interactions and layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. The reversibility and fine-tuning of the nanoparticle-surface binding strength in this supramolecular assembly scheme are the control parameters in the process. Furthermore, the supramolecular nanoparticle assembly has been integrated with top-down nanofabrication schemes to generate stable and ordered 3D nanoparticle structures, with controlled geometries and sizes, on surfaces, other interfaces, and as free-standing structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yi Ling
- 1Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - David N. Reinhoudt
- 1Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- 1Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zabet-Khosousi
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Al-Amin Dhirani
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Hrapovic S, Majid E, Liu Y, Male K, Luong JHT. Metallic Nanoparticle−Carbon Nanotube Composites for Electrochemical Determination of Explosive Nitroaromatic Compounds. Anal Chem 2006; 78:5504-12. [PMID: 16878889 DOI: 10.1021/ac060435q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles (Pt, Au, or Cu) together with multiwalled and single-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT and SWCNT) solubilized in Nafion have been used to form nanocomposites for electrochemical detection of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and several other nitroaromatics. Electrochemical and surface characterization by cyclic voltammetry, AFM, TEM, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of metal nanoparticles on CNTs. Among various combinations tested, the most synergistic signal effect was observed for the nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GC) containing Cu nanoparticles and SWCNT solubilized in Nafion. This combination provided the best sensitivity for detecting TNT and other nitroaromatic compounds. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry for TNT resulted in a detection limit of 1 ppb, with linearity up to 3 orders of magnitude. Selectivity toward the number and position of the nitro groups in different nitroaromatics was very reproducible and distinct. Reproducibility of the TNT signal was within 7% (n = 8) from one electrode preparation to another, and the response signal was stable (+/-3.8% at 95% confidence interval) for 40 repeated analyses with 10 min of preconditioning. The Cu-SWCNT-modified GC electrode was demonstrated for analysis of TNT in tap water, river water, and contaminated soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabahudin Hrapovic
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bai Y, Zhao S, Zhang K, Sun C. Covalently attached multilayer assemblies of citrate-capped colloidal gold nanoparticles and diazo-resins. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Cooke G, Garety JF, Hewage SG, Rabani G, Rotello VM, Woisel P. The tuneable complexation of gold nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:4119-21. [PMID: 17024268 DOI: 10.1039/b608543a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mixed monolayer protected gold nanoparticles have been fabricated incorporating 1,5-dialkyloxynaphthalene moieties that are capable of forming complexes with the tetracationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene); electrochemical reduction of the cyclophane or the addition of tetrathiafulvalene results in disassembly of the complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Cooke
- WestCHEM Centre for Supramolecular Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu Y, Wang Q, Sun J, Shen J. Selective dissolution of the silver component in colloidal Au and Ag multilayers: a facile way to prepare nanoporous gold film materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:5179-84. [PMID: 15896068 DOI: 10.1021/la0500878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal Au/Ag multilayer films were prepared by alternate assembly of Au nanoparticles with a size of 5 +/- 1.2 nm and Ag nanoparticles with a size of 10 +/- 2.4 nm by using 1,5-pentanedithiol as cross-linker. Nanoporous gold films with a ligament size of 26.7 +/- 4.6 nm were then prepared by selective dissolution of sacrificial templates of silver particles in colloidal Au/Ag multilayers. The complete dissolution of Ag particles in colloidal Au/Ag multilayers in a mixture solution of 3.0 mM HAuCl(4) and 3 M NaCl took place at room temperature without damage of the colloidal Au film. This method to prepare nanoporous gold films was further extended to the preparation of nanoporous gold nanotubes by depositing colloidal Au/Ag film on the inner wall of anodic aluminum oxides (AAO) followed by dissolution of colloidal Ag and removal of AAO templates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Lu
- Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China 130012
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li MG, Gao YC, Kan XW, Wang GF, Fang B. Effect of Ag Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Sensing of Brilliant Cresyl Blue. CHEM LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2005.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
16
|
Tao W, Pan D, Liu Y, Nie L, Yao S. Characterization and electrocatalytic properties of cobalt hexacyanoferrate films immobilized on Au-colloid modified gold electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Tom RT, Suryanarayanan V, Reddy PG, Baskaran S, Pradeep T. Ciprofloxacin-protected gold nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:1909-14. [PMID: 15801462 DOI: 10.1021/la0358567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial drug ciprofloxacin (cfH) has been used to protect gold nanoparticles of two different mean diameters, 4 and 20 nm. The protection is complete with about 65 and 585 cfH molecules covering 4 and 15 nm particles, respectively. The nature of binding has been investigated by several analytical techniques. The nitrogen atom of the NH moiety of piperazine group binds on the gold surface, as revealed by voltammetric and spectroscopic studies. The cfH-adsorbed particles are stable in the dry state as well as at room temperature, and as a result, redispersion is possible. The rate of release of the drug molecule from the nanoparticles is more in the basic medium than in pure water, and the kinetics depend on the size of the particle; faster desorption is seen in smaller particles. The bound cfH is fluorescent, and this property could be used in biological investigations. This study shows that metal nanoparticles could be useful carriers for cfH and fluoroquinolone molecules. Most of the bound molecules could be released over an extended period of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renjis T Tom
- Department of Chemistry and Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stolarczyk K, Pałys B, Bilewicz R. Catalytic properties of 4-hydroxythiophenol protected gold nanoclusters supported on gold electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
Bipyridinium dications are versatile building blocks for the assembly of functional materials. In particular, their reliable electrochemical response has encouraged the design of electroactive films. Diverse and elegant experimental strategies to coat metallic and semiconducting electrodes with bipyridinium compounds have, in fact, emerged over the past two decades. The resulting interfacial assemblies span from a few nanometers to several micrometers in thickness. They incorporate from a single molecular layer to large collections of entangled polymer chains. They transport electrons efficiently from the electrode surface to the film/solution interface and vice versa. Electron self-exchange between and the physical diffusion of the bipyridinium building blocks conspire in defining the charge transport properties of these fascinating electroactive assemblies. Often, the matrix of electron-deficient bipyridinium dications can be exploited to entrap electron-rich analytes. Electrostatic interactions promote the supramolecular association of the guests with the surface-confined host matrix. Furthermore, chromophoric sites can be coupled to the bipyridinium dications to produce photosensitive arrays capable of harvesting light and generating current. Thus, thorough investigations on the fundamental properties of these functional molecule-based materials can lead to promising applications in electroanalysis and solar energy conversion, while contributing to advances in the basic understanding of electron transport in interfacial assemblies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Françisco M Raymo
- Center for Supramolecular Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Florida 33146-0431, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hrapovic S, Liu Y, Male KB, Luong JHT. Electrochemical Biosensing Platforms Using Platinum Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes. Anal Chem 2003; 76:1083-8. [PMID: 14961742 DOI: 10.1021/ac035143t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 901] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Platinum nanoparticles with a diameter of 2-3 nm were prepared and used in combination with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) for fabricating electrochemical sensors with remarkably improved sensitivity toward hydrogen peroxide. Nafion, a perfluorosulfonated polymer, was used to solubilize SWCNTs and also displayed strong interactions with Pt nanoparticles to form a network that connected Pt nanoparticles to the electrode surface. TEM and AFM micrographs illustrated the deposition of Pt nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes whereas cyclic voltammetry confirmed an electrical contact through SWCNTs between Pt nanoparticles and the glassy carbon (GC) or carbon fiber backing. With glucose oxidase (GOx) as an enzyme model, we constructed a GC or carbon fiber microelectrode-based biosensor that responds even more sensitively to glucose than the GC/GOx electrode modified by Pt nanoparticles or CNTs alone. The response time and detection limit (S/N = 3) of this biosensor was determined to be 3 s and 0.5 microM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabahudin Hrapovic
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Study on the influence of anionic and cationic surfactant on Au-colloid modified electrode function by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance techniques. Electrochim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
23
|
Raymo FM, Alvarado RJ, Pacsial EJ. Electroactive films incorporating 4,4′-Bipyridinium building blocks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-7862(02)00080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
24
|
Shipway AN, Katz E, Willner I. Molecular Memory and Processing Devices in Solution and on Surfaces. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-44421-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
|
25
|
|
26
|
Chia S, Cao J, Stoddart JF, Zink JI. Working Supramolecular Machines Trapped in Glass and Mounted on a Film Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:2447-2451. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010702)40:13<2447::aid-anie2447>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2001] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Electrochemical characteristics of viologen carboxylic acid derivatives assembled onto Au electrode as a synthetic receptor for electron-rich compounds. Electrochim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(01)00455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
29
|
Lahav M, Heleg-Shabtai V, Wasserman J, Katz E, Willner I, Dürr H, Hu YZ, Bossmann SH. Photoelectrochemistry with Integrated Photosensitizer−Electron Acceptor and Au-Nanoparticle Arrays. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja002568d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lahav
- Contribution from the Institute of Chemistry and The Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, FR 11.2 Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Engler-Bunte Institut der Universität Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vered Heleg-Shabtai
- Contribution from the Institute of Chemistry and The Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, FR 11.2 Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Engler-Bunte Institut der Universität Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julian Wasserman
- Contribution from the Institute of Chemistry and The Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, FR 11.2 Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Engler-Bunte Institut der Universität Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eugenii Katz
- Contribution from the Institute of Chemistry and The Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, FR 11.2 Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Engler-Bunte Institut der Universität Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Itamar Willner
- Contribution from the Institute of Chemistry and The Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, FR 11.2 Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Engler-Bunte Institut der Universität Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Heinz Dürr
- Contribution from the Institute of Chemistry and The Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, FR 11.2 Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Engler-Bunte Institut der Universität Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yi-Zhen Hu
- Contribution from the Institute of Chemistry and The Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, FR 11.2 Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Engler-Bunte Institut der Universität Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan H. Bossmann
- Contribution from the Institute of Chemistry and The Farkas Center for Light-Induced Processes, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, FR 11.2 Organische Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany, and Engler-Bunte Institut der Universität Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|