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Biological effects in photodynamic treatment combined with electropermeabilization in wild and drug resistant breast cancer cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 123:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lakshmanan S, Gupta GK, Avci P, Chandran R, Sadasivam M, Jorge AES, Hamblin MR. Physical energy for drug delivery; poration, concentration and activation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 71:98-114. [PMID: 23751778 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Techniques for controlling the rate and duration of drug delivery, while targeting specific locations of the body for treatment, to deliver the cargo (drugs or DNA) to particular parts of the body by what are becoming called "smart drug carriers" have gained increased attention during recent years. Using such smart carriers, researchers have also been investigating a number of physical energy forces including: magnetic fields, ultrasound, electric fields, temperature gradients, photoactivation or photorelease mechanisms, and mechanical forces to enhance drug delivery within the targeted cells or tissues and also to activate the drugs using a similar or a different type of external trigger. This review aims to cover a number of such physical energy modalities. Various advanced techniques such as magnetoporation, electroporation, iontophoresis, sonoporation/mechnoporation, phonophoresis, optoporation and thermoporation will be covered in the review. Special emphasis will be placed on photodynamic therapy owing to the experience of the authors' laboratory in this area, but other types of drug cargo and DNA vectors will also be covered. Photothermal therapy and theranostics will also be discussed.
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de Melo WDCMA, Lee AN, Perussi JR, Hamblin MR. Electroporation enhances antimicrobial photodynamic therapy mediated by the hydrophobic photosensitizer, hypericin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:647-50. [PMID: 24284122 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effective transport of photosensitizers (PS) across the membrane and the intracellular accumulation of PS are the most crucial elements in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). However, due to the morphological complexity of Gram-negative bacteria the penetration of PS is limited, especially hydrophobic PS. Electroporation (EP) could increase the effectiveness of aPDT, by promoting the formation of transient pores that enhance the permeability of the bacterial membrane to PS. In this study we evaluated the combination of aPDT mediated by the hydrophobic PS, hypericin and EP (aPDT/EP) against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli. These bacteria were exposed to light (590 nm) in the presence of hypericin (4 μM), following electroporation. The results showed that aPDT/EP inactivated 3.67 logs more E. coli and 2.65 logs more S. aureus than aPDT alone. Based on these results we suggest that EP can potentiate the aPDT effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanessa de Cássia Martins Antunes de Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Bioengenharia - EESC/FMRP/IQSC, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Wezgowiec J, Kotulska M, Saczko J, Derylo MB, Teissie J, Rols MP, Orio J, Garbiec A, Kulbacka J. Cyanines in photodynamic reaction assisted by reversible electroporation--in vitro study on human breast carcinoma cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:490-502. [PMID: 24284102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ineffective drug delivery is a vast problem of anticancer therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of enhancement of cyanines transport through the cell membrane by electroporation and to evaluate a photodynamic activity of these compounds. METHODS We evaluated in vitro the effectiveness of photodynamic reaction with cyanines on breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7/WT) and normal Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) lacking voltage-dependent ion channels, alone and combined with electropermeabilization. Among six cyanines tested, two compounds could be indicated as good therapeutic candidates: IR-775 and IR-786. Cellular effects were assessed with MTT assay reporting cell mitochondrial activity and with SRB assay based on the measurement of cellular protein content. Cyanines localization was observed with confocal microscope. RESULTS Photodynamic reaction of MCF-7/WT cells with IR-775 and IR-786 did not result in cellular dysfunction. Electric field intensities and pulse duration, non-toxic for cells, significantly increased photocytotoxicity of the cyanines after electropermeabilization with IR-775 and IR-786. Much shorter exposure times were efficient for cyanines in photodynamic reaction assisted by electroporation (10 min instead of 24h). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that electroporation of cancerous cells in the presence of cyanine dyes could increase the uptake of the photosensitizer, which correlates with a higher cytotoxicity in the breast adenocarcinoma cell line. Electroporation may be an attractive delivery system for photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, enabling application of new compounds and reduction of drug dose and exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wezgowiec
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Lambreva M, Berg H. Synergistic electrochemotherapy on cancer cells by photodynamically active cytostatic agents. Bioelectrochemistry 2010; 79:254-6. [PMID: 20435523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two reliable methods have been combined: i) the electroporation of the cell membranes for facilitating the sensitizer incorporation into hystiocytic human lymphoma cells U-937 and (ii) the photodynamics applied by excitation of natural and synthetic sensitizers for cancer therapy. In the case of cytostatic sensitizers as daunomycin or actinomycin their photooxidation of guanine in DNA was added to their known dark medical efficacy for the first time. Several applications of single d.c. pulses and continuous visible light irradiations were performed, which resulted in about five times higher efficacy by 14 min of irradiation after the electroporation than the ordinary photodynamic effect itself on intact cell membranes. Yielding about 90% killing rate by a combination of electroporation and photooxidation this synergism will be the basis of an extended electrochemotherapy by light irradiation according to the photodynamic mechanism type 1 for the treatment of malignant cells and tissues. Analogous results--including the first synergistic treatment of tumor mice according to photodynamic mechanism type 2--were discussed, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Lambreva
- Institute of Plant Physiology, BAS, G. Bonchev Str. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Traitcheva N, Berg H. Electroporation and alternating current cause membrane permeation of photodynamic cytotoxins yielding necrosis and apoptosis of cancer cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2010; 79:257-60. [PMID: 20494629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase the permeability of cell membranes for low doses of cytostatic drugs, two bioelectrochemical methods have been compared: (a) electric pore formation in the plasma membranes by single electric impulses (electroporation), and (b) reordering of membrane structure by alternating currents (capacitively coupled). These treatments were applied to human leukemic K-562 cells and human lymphoma U-937 cells, yielding apoptotic and necrotic effects, determined by flow cytometry. Additional cell death occurs after exposure to light irradiation at wavelengths lambda > 600 nm, of cells which were electroporated and had incorporated actinomycin-C or daunomycin (daunorubicin). It is observed that drug uptake after an exponentially decaying electroporation pulse of the initial field strength Eo=1.4 kV/cm and pulse time constants in the time range 0.5-3 ms is faster than during PEMF-treatment, i.e., application of an alternating current of 16 kHz, voltage U<100 V, I=55 mA, and exposure time 20 min. However, at the low a.c. voltage of this treatment, more apoptotic and necrotic cells are produced as compared to the electroporation treatment with one exponentially decaying voltage pulse. Thus, additional photodynamic action appears to be more effective than solely drugs and electroporation as applied in clinical electrochemotherapy, and more effective than the noninvasive pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs), for cancer cells in general and animals bearing tumors in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Traitcheva
- Institute of Plant Physiology "M. Popov," Bulgarian Acad. of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Berg H. Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Methods for Cancer Research and Therapy—A Survey. Electromagn Biol Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15368370500382180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Baciu C, Salus HP, Berg H. ELECTROMAGNETIC PERMEABILIZATION OF YEAST CELL MEMBRANES YIELDING ENHANCED PHOTODYNAMIC ACTION: A SYNERGISM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jbc-100108576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Radeva M, Berg A, Berg H. Induction of Apoptosis and Necrosis in Cancer Cells by Electric Fields, Electromagnetic Fields, and Photodynamically Active Quinoids. Electromagn Biol Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jbc-200044225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Electroporation in Biological Cell and Tissue: An Overview. ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES FOR EXTRACTION FROM FOOD PLANTS AND BIOMATERIALS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79374-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Joshi RP, Mishra A, Hu Q, Schoenbach KH, Pakhomov A. Self-consistent analyses for potential conduction block in nerves by an ultrashort high-intensity electric pulse. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 75:061906. [PMID: 17677299 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.75.061906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Simulation studies are presented that probe the possibility of using high-field (> 100 kV/cm) , short-duration ( approximately 50 ns) electrical pulses for nonthermal and reversible cessation of biological electrical signaling pathways. This would have obvious applications in neurophysiology, clinical research, neuromuscular stimulation therapies, and even nonlethal bioweapons development. The concept is based on the creation of a sufficiently high density of pores on the nerve membrane by an electric pulse. This modulates membrane conductance and presents an effective "electrical short" to an incident voltage wave traveling across a nerve. Net blocking of action potential propagation can then result. A continuum approach based on the Smoluchowski equation is used to treat electroporation. This is self-consistently coupled with a distributed circuit representation of the nerve dynamics. Our results indicate that poration at a single neural segment would be sufficient to produce an observable, yet reversible, effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Joshi
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529-0246, USA
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Labanauskiene J, Gehl J, Didziapetriene J. Evaluation of cytotoxic effect of photodynamic therapy in combination with electroporation in vitro. Bioelectrochemistry 2007; 70:78-82. [PMID: 16698325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Under the influence of electric pulses cells undergo membrane electroporation (EP), which results in increased permeability of the membrane to exogenous compounds. EP is applied in oncology as a method to enhance delivery of anticancer drugs. For that reason it was essential to combine photodynamic tumor therapy (PDT)--the cancer treatment method based on the use of photosensitizers that localize selectively in malignant tumors and become cytotoxic when exposed to light, and EP, with the aim to enhance the delivery of photosensitizers into the tumor and therefore to increase the efficacy of PDT. Thus, the aim of study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of PDT in combination with EP. A Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cell line (DC-3F) was used. The cells were affected by photosensitizers chlorin e(6) (C e(6)) at the dose of 10 mug/ml and aluminium phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AlPcS4) at the dose of 50 microg/ml. Immediately after adding of photosensitizers the cells were electroporated with 8 electric pulses at 1200 V/cm intensity, 0.1 ms duration, 1 Hz frequency. Then, after 20 min of incubation the cells were irradiated using a light source--a visible light passing through a filter (KC 14, emitted light from 660 nm). The fluence rate at the level of the cells was 3 mW/m(2). Cytotoxic effect on cells viability was evaluated using MTT assay. Our in vitro data showed that the cytotoxicity of PDT in combination with EP increases fourfold on the average. Based on the results we suggest that EP could enhance the effect of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Labanauskiene
- Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Santariskiu 1, LT-08660 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Tamosiūnas M, Bagdonas S, Didziapetriene J, Rotomskis R. Electroporation of transplantable tumour for the enhanced accumulation of photosensitizers. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2005; 81:67-75. [PMID: 16112584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify whether electroporation could increase the accumulation of the hydrophilic photosensitizers: aluminium phthalocyanine tetrasulphonate (AlPcS(4)) and chlorin e(6) (C e(6)) in tumour tissue. The experiment was performed in vivo using hybrid mice (C57Bl/CBA) bearing hepatoma A22 (MH-A22) tumours transplanted in the right haunch. The time dependence of the fluorescence intensity of administered photosensitizers was measured after the ordinary and electrically stimulated delivery. The obtained fluorescence spectroscopy results implied the tumour being affected by an electrical field in a way, which led to a higher accumulation of both photosensitizers (AlPcS(4) and C e(6)) in the periphery of the tumour and it superficial layer. Our pilot study suggests that electroporation could be considered as a useful procedure seeking for the more effective application of photodynamic tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tamosiūnas
- Vilnius University, Laser Research Center, 10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Lambreva M, Glück B, Radeva M, Berg H. Electroporation of cell membranes supporting penetration of photodynamic active macromolecular chromophore dextrans. Bioelectrochemistry 2004; 62:95-8. [PMID: 14990330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim is to demonstrate that macromolecular chromophore dextrans (Cibacron-dextran) acting as photosensitizers can be transported easily into cancer cells by electroporation of their membranes (short electric pulses on cell suspension between electrodes). There are two possibilities, either:(A)irradiation starts with the electropulse-showed with easily penetrating thiopyronin-yielding nearly 100% dead cells;(B)irradiation starts after a resealing time of membrane pores during which macromolecular photosensitizers can penetrate into cells. In this way, fractions of Cibacron-dextran with molecular weights (Mw) 3300, 10,900 and 500,000 are now able to kill. This combination of bioelectrochemistry and photobiology will be suitable also for other biopolymers, connected with photodynamic active chromophores (e.g. chromopeptides) to transport them through cell walls and membranes into cells and tissues. The human cancer cells U-935 and K-562 (pulsed by 1.15 kV/cm field strength) additionally or synergistically reach high rates of necrotic cells (colored by trypan blue) by this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lambreva
- Laboratory Bioelectrochemistry, Campus Beutenberg, Jena, Germany
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