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Karimian N, Campagnol D, Tormen M, Maria Stortini A, Canton P, Ugo P. Nanoimprinted Arrays of Glassy Carbon Nanoelectrodes for Improved Electrochemistry of Enzymatic Redox-Mediators. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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2
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Rafaqat S, Ali N, Torres C, Rittmann B. Recent progress in treatment of dyes wastewater using microbial-electro-Fenton technology. RSC Adv 2022; 12:17104-17137. [PMID: 35755587 PMCID: PMC9178700 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01831d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, textile dyeing and manufacturing are one of the largest industrial units releasing huge amount of wastewater (WW) with refractory compounds such as dyes and pigments. Currently, wastewater treatment has been viewed as an industrial opportunity for rejuvenating fresh water resources and it is highly required in water stressed countries. This comprehensive review highlights an overall concept and in-depth knowledge on integrated, cost-effective cross-disciplinary solutions for domestic and industrial (textile dyes) WW and for harnessing renewable energy. This basic concept entails parallel or sequential modes of treating two chemically different WW i.e., domestic and industrial in the same system. In this case, contemporary advancement in MFC/MEC (METs) based systems towards Microbial-Electro-Fenton Technology (MEFT) revealed a substantial emerging scope and opportunity. Principally the said technology is based upon previously established anaerobic digestion and electro-chemical (photo/UV/Fenton) processes in the disciplines of microbial biotechnology and electro-chemistry. It holds an added advantage to all previously establish technologies in terms of treatment and energy efficiency, minimal toxicity and sludge waste, and environmental sustainable. This review typically described different dyes and their ultimate fate in environment and recently developed hierarchy of MEFS. It revealed detail mechanisms and degradation rate of dyes typically in cathodic Fenton system under batch and continuous modes of different MEF reactors. Moreover, it described cost-effectiveness of the said technology in terms of energy budget (production and consumption), and the limitations related to reactor fabrication cost and design for future upgradation to large scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Rafaqat
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Naeem Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Cesar Torres
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University USA
| | - Bruce Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University USA
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3
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Longo S, De Leo L, Not T, Ugo P. Nanoelectrode ensemble immunosensor platform for the anodic detection of anti-tissue transglutaminase isotype IgA. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Hirakawa K, Mori M. Phenothiazine Dyes Induce NADH Photooxidation through Electron Transfer: Kinetics and the Effect of Copper Ions. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8630-8636. [PMID: 33817524 PMCID: PMC8015084 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phenothiazine dyes, methylene blue, new methylene blue, azure A, and azure B, photosensitized the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), an important coenzyme in the living cells, through electron transfer. The reduced forms of these phenothiazine dyes, which were produced through electron extraction from NADH, underwent reoxidation to the original cationic forms, leading to the construction of a photoredox cycle. This reoxidation process was the rate-determining step in the photoredox cycle. The electron extraction from NADH using phenothiazine dyes can trigger the chain reaction of the NADH oxidation. Copper ions enhanced the photoredox cycle through reoxidation of the reduced forms of phenothiazine dyes. New methylene blue demonstrated the highest photooxidative activity in this experiment due to the fast reoxidation process. Electron-transfer-mediated oxidation and the role of endogenous metal ions may be important elements in the photosterilization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hirakawa
- Applied
Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course, Department of Engineering,
Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
- Department
of Optoelectronics and Nanostructure Science, Graduate School of Science
and Technology, Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Mizuho Mori
- Applied
Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering Course, Department of Engineering,
Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Johoku 3-5-1, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
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5
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Yang X, Wei Y, Du Y, Qi H, Gao Q, Zhang C. Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Immunoassays on Nanoelectrode Ensembles Platform with Magnetic Microbeads for the Determination of Carbohydrate Antigen. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15837-15844. [PMID: 33269595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a gold nanoelectrode ensembles (Au-NEE) platform taken as a disposable electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) platform with immunomagnetic microbeads for ECL immunoassays for the first time. The peak-shaped voltammograms were obtained at the Au-NEE, attributed to the total diffusional overlap. The ECL intensity at Au-NEE was 12.9 folds in the Ru(bpy)32+-tri-n-propylamine (TPA) ECL system and 19.6 folds in the luminol-H2O2 system, compared with that at the Au macroelectrode using the normalized active area of the electrodes, mainly attributed to the diffusion overlap of the Au-NEE and the edge effect of the individual gold nanodisks of the Au-NEE. The ECL immunoassay on the Au-NEE platform with magnetic microbeads for the determination of cancer biomarkers was developed. Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) was chosen as a model analyte while CA 19-9 antibody on the magnetic microbeads was taken as the capture probe, and ruthenium complex-labeled CA 19-9 antibody was used as the signal probe. A "sandwich" bioconjugates on the magnetic beads were transferred onto the ECL platform, and then the ECL measurements were performed in TPA solution. The developed method showed that the ECL peak intensity was directly in proportion to the concentration of CA 19-9 in the range from 0.5 to 20 U/mL with a limit of detection of 0.4 U/mL. This work demonstrates that the Au-NEE can be employed as a useful disposable ECL platform with the merits of cheapness, low nonspecific adsorption and practical application. The proposed approach will open a new avenue in the point-of-care test for the determination of protein biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Yuxi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Yujin Du
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
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Habtamu HB, Not T, De Leo L, Longo S, Moretto LM, Ugo P. Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Nanoelectrode Ensembles for the Serological Analysis of IgG-type Tissue Transglutaminase. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19051233. [PMID: 30862087 PMCID: PMC6427579 DOI: 10.3390/s19051233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten-dependent autoimmune disorder affecting a significant percentage of the general population, with increasing incidence particularly for children. Reliable analytical methods suitable for the serological diagnosis of the disorder are urgently required for performing both the early diagnosis and the follow-up of a patient adhering to a gluten-free diet. Herein we report on the preparation and application of a novel electrochemical immunosensor based on the use of ensembles of gold nanoelectrodes (NEEs) for the detection of anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG), which is considered one reliable serological marker for CD. To this end, we take advantage of the composite nature of the nanostructured surface of membrane-templated NEEs by functionalizing the polycarbonate surface of the track-etched membrane with tissue transglutaminase. Incubation of the functionalized NEE in anti-tTG samples results in the capture of the anti-tTG antibody. Confirmation of the recognition event is achieved by incubating the NEE with a secondary antibody labelled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP): in the presence of H2O2 as substrate and hydroquinone as redox mediator, an electrocatalytic current is indeed generated whose increment is proportional to the amount of anti-tTG captured from the sample. The optimized sensor allows a detection limit of 1.8 ng mL−1, with satisfactory selectivity and reproducibility. Analysis of serum samples from 28 individuals, some healthy and some affected by CD, furnished analytical results comparable with those achieved by classical fluoroenzyme immunoassay (FEIA). We note that the NEE-based immunosensor developed here detects the IgG isotype of anti-tTG, while FEIA detects the IgA isotype, which is not a suitable diagnostic marker for IgA-deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henok B Habtamu
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca'Foscari of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy.
| | - Tarcisio Not
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34100 Trieste, Italy.
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Luigina De Leo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34100 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Sara Longo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca'Foscari of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy.
| | - Ligia M Moretto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca'Foscari of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ugo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca'Foscari of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy.
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Antony N, Unnikrishnan L, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. The imperative role of polymers in enzymatic cholesterol biosensors- an overview. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1576197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neethu Antony
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Lakshmi Unnikrishnan
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Smita Mohanty
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sanjay K. Nayak
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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8
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Bertoncello P, Ugo P. Recent Advances in Electrochemiluminescence with Quantum Dots and Arrays of Nanoelectrodes. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bertoncello
- College of Engineering; Swansea University; Bay Campus Swansea SA1 8EN United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Ugo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems; University Ca' Foscari Venice; via Torino 155 30172 Venezia-Mestre Italy
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Abdellaoui S, Seow Chavez M, Matanovic I, Stephens AR, Atanassov P, Minteer SD. Hybrid molecular/enzymatic catalytic cascade for complete electro-oxidation of glycerol using a promiscuous NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5368-5371. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01027c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii was combined with NH2-TEMPO to form a novel hybrid anode to oxidize glycerol to carbon dioxide at near-neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiene Abdellaoui
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - Madelaine Seow Chavez
- The Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials (CMEM)
- University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque
- USA
| | - Ivana Matanovic
- The Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials (CMEM)
- University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque
- USA
| | - Andrew R. Stephens
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - Plamen Atanassov
- The Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials (CMEM)
- University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque
- USA
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering
- Salt Lake City
- USA
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10
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Karimian N, Moretto LM, Ugo P. Nanobiosensing with Arrays and Ensembles of Nanoelectrodes. SENSORS 2016; 17:s17010065. [PMID: 28042840 PMCID: PMC5298638 DOI: 10.3390/s17010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the first reports dating back to the mid-1990s, ensembles and arrays of nanoelectrodes (NEEs and NEAs, respectively) have gained an important role as advanced electroanalytical tools thank to their unique characteristics which include, among others, dramatically improved signal/noise ratios, enhanced mass transport and suitability for extreme miniaturization. From the year 2000 onward, these properties have been exploited to develop electrochemical biosensors in which the surfaces of NEEs/NEAs have been functionalized with biorecognition layers using immobilization modes able to take the maximum advantage from the special morphology and composite nature of their surface. This paper presents an updated overview of this field. It consists of two parts. In the first, we discuss nanofabrication methods and the principles of functioning of NEEs/NEAs, focusing, in particular, on those features which are important for the development of highly sensitive and miniaturized biosensors. In the second part, we review literature references dealing the bioanalytical and biosensing applications of sensors based on biofunctionalized arrays/ensembles of nanoelectrodes, focusing our attention on the most recent advances, published in the last five years. The goal of this review is both to furnish fundamental knowledge to researchers starting their activity in this field and provide critical information on recent achievements which can stimulate new ideas for future developments to experienced scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Karimian
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155-Mestre, 30172 Venice, Italy.
| | - Ligia M Moretto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155-Mestre, 30172 Venice, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ugo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155-Mestre, 30172 Venice, Italy.
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11
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Microscopic imaging and tuning of electrogenerated chemiluminescence with boron-doped diamond nanoelectrode arrays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7085-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Dincer C, Ktaich R, Laubender E, Hees JJ, Kieninger J, Nebel CE, Heinze J, Urban GA. Nanocrystalline boron-doped diamond nanoelectrode arrays for ultrasensitive dopamine detection. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Habtamu HB, Sentic M, Silvestrini M, De Leo L, Not T, Arbault S, Manojlovic D, Sojic N, Ugo P. A Sensitive Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensor for Celiac Disease Diagnosis Based on Nanoelectrode Ensembles. Anal Chem 2015; 87:12080-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henok B. Habtamu
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca’Foscari of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, ENSCBP, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Milica Sentic
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, ENSCBP, 33607 Pessac, France
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Morena Silvestrini
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca’Foscari of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Luigina De Leo
- Institute for
Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Tarcisio Not
- Institute for
Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34100 Trieste, Italy
- University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephane Arbault
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, ENSCBP, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Dragan Manojlovic
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neso Sojic
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, ENSCBP, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Paolo Ugo
- Department
of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca’Foscari of Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia Mestre, Italy
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Habtamu HB, Ugo P. Miniaturized Enzymatic Biosensor via Biofunctionalization of the Insulator of Nanoelectrode Ensembles. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fernández JL, Wijesinghe M, Zoski CG. Theory and Experiments for Voltammetric and SECM Investigations and Application to ORR Electrocatalysis at Nanoelectrode Ensembles of Ultramicroelectrode Dimensions. Anal Chem 2014; 87:1066-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5039187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José L. Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Manjula Wijesinghe
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Cynthia G. Zoski
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
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Wang Q, Paim LL, Zhang X, Wang S, Stradiotto NR. An Electrochemical Sensor for Reducing Sugars Based on a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Poly-o-phenylenediamine Film. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Hashemnia S, Eskanari M. Preparation and Electrochemical Characterization of an Enzyme Electrode Based on Catalase Immobilized onto a Multiwall Carbon Nanotube-Thionine Film. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201300469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bottari F, Oliveri P, Ugo P. Electrochemical immunosensor based on ensemble of nanoelectrodes for immunoglobulin IgY detection: Application to identify hen's egg yolk in tempera paintings. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 52:403-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ongaro M, Ugo P. Sensor Arrays: Arrays of Micro- and Nanoelectrodes. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS BY ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS AND BIOSENSORS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0676-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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20
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Facile synthesis of a porous network-like silver film for electrocatalytic detection of nitrate. Mikrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-013-1089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Davis F, Higson SPJ. Arrays of microelectrodes: technologies for environmental investigations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:1477-1489. [PMID: 23811985 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00234a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Within this work it is our intention to provide an overview of the use of arrays or microelectrodes in the characterisation of environmental samples. Electrochemical methods are often a relatively simple and inexpensive alternative to spectroscopic or chromatographic methods for the analysis of a wide range of analytes. Arrays of microelectrodes display a number of advantages over simple planar macroelectrodes and the reasons for this will be detailed within this work. We will also describe some of the most common methods for constructing microarrays. The application of these arrays for analysis of environmental samples such as soil and water for heavy metal contamination has been the major focus of research in this field and comprises much of this review. However other systems will also be detailed such as determination of various anions or other samples such as pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Davis
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, MK43 0AL, UK.
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Mardegan A, Scopece P, Moretto LM, Ugo P. An Electrochemical Sensor for Trace Inorganic Arsenic Based on Nanoelectrode Ensembles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3860-1_81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Chen CM, Lin CH. Biochips with Nano-Ensembles: Integration with Nanoelectrode Ensembles for Biodetection Applications. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2013. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2013.2260459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Functionalized ensembles of nanoelectrodes as affinity biosensors for DNA hybridization detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 40:265-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bandounas L, Pinkse M, de Winde JH, Ruijssenaars HJ. Identification of a quinone dehydrogenase from a Bacillus sp. involved in the decolourization of the lignin-model dye, Azure B. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Mardegan A, Dal Borgo S, Scopece P, Moretto L, Hočevar S, Ugo P. Bismuth modified gold nanoelectrode ensemble for stripping voltammetric determination of lead. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Ongaro M, Gambirasi A, Favaro M, Ugo P. Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of hierarchically branched ZnO nanostructures on ensembles of gold nanowires. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fontaine O, Laberty-Robert C, Sanchez C. Sol-gel route to zirconia-Pt-nanoelectrode arrays 8 nm in radius: their geometrical impact in mass transport. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:3650-3657. [PMID: 22260172 DOI: 10.1021/la202651b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of advanced nanoelectrode arrays and their electrochemical characterization are presented. These nanoelectrode arrays are constituted of nanoperforations of 8 nm in radius leading to platinum and protected by an inorganic matrix made of crystalline zirconia. These nanoelectrodes arrays provide a ceramic support with a high thermal and chemical stability. These devices present a well characterized structure with a control of size, shape, and spacing of the nanoelectrodes, allowing studying in depth both the mass transport and the charge transfer properties in the nanometer range. The radial diffusion occurs when the experimental scan rate is superior to a theoretical scan rate estimated from the model proposed by Amatore and colleagues. The coupling between electrochemical analysis and nanoscale structural characterizations successfully demonstrates that the theory defined for microelectrode arrays can be directly transposed for well-defined metal-ceramic nanocomposite nanoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Fontaine
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UPMC-Paris 06, CNRS-UMR 7574, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
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Mardegan A, Scopece P, Lamberti F, Meneghetti M, Moretto LM, Ugo P. Electroanalysis of Trace Inorganic Arsenic with Gold Nanoelectrode Ensembles. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Silvestrini M, Schiavuta P, Scopece P, Pecchielan G, Moretto L, Ugo P. Modification of nanoelectrode ensembles by thiols and disulfides to prevent non specific adsorption of proteins. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Li WT, Wang MH, Li YJ, Sun Y, Li JC. Linker-free layer-by-layer self-assembly of gold nanoparticle multilayer films for direct electron transfer of horseradish peroxidase and H2O2 detection. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Moretto LM, Tormen M, De Leo M, Carpentiero A, Ugo P. Polycarbonate-based ordered arrays of electrochemical nanoelectrodes obtained by e-beam lithography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:185305. [PMID: 21427473 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/18/185305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ordered arrays of nanoelectrodes for electrochemical use are prepared by electron beam lithography (EBL) using polycarbonate as a novel e-beam resist. The nanoelectrodes are fabricated by patterning arrays of holes in a thin film of polycarbonate spin-coated on a gold layer on Si/Si(3)N(4) substrate. Experimental parameters for the successful use of polycarbonate as high resolution EBL resist are optimized. The holes can be filled partially or completely by electrochemical deposition of gold. This enables the preparation of arrays of nanoelectrodes with different recession degree and geometrical characteristics. The polycarbonate is kept on-site and used as the insulator that separates the nanoelectrodes. The obtained nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs) exhibit steady state current controlled by pure radial diffusion in cyclic voltammetry for scan rates up to approximately 50 mV s( - 1). Electrochemical results showed satisfactory agreement between experimental voltammograms and suitable theoretical models. Finally, the peculiarities of NEAs versus ensembles of nanoelectrodes, obtained by membrane template synthesis, are critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Moretto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Santa Marta 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy
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Fischer F, Bastian C, Happe M, Mabillard E, Schmidt N. Microbial fuel cell enables phosphate recovery from digested sewage sludge as struvite. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:5824-5830. [PMID: 21411312 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Orthophosphate was mobilized from iron phosphate (FePO(4)) contained in digested sewage sludge by microbial fuel cell power. FePO(4) was reduced through electrons and protons obtained from metabolic activity of Escherichia coli. The process yielded up to 82% or 600 mg/l. Optical emission spectroscopy was used for phosphate dosage. (31)P NMR showed a singlet at δ(p)=3.72 ppm indicating that orthophosphate (H(3)PO(4), HPO(4)(-), HPO(4)(2-) and PO(4)(3-)) was recovered. The phosphate containing supernatant solution was reacted with stoichiometric amounts of MgCl(2) and NH(4)OH to precipitate struvite (MgNH(4)PO(4)·6H(2)O). The crystalline fertilizer was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy comprising elemental analysis, revealing a composition accuracy of ∼ 90% and the absence of any toxic metals such as As, Cd, Pb, or Cr. The phosphate extraction is also a means to reduce the volume of digested sewage sludge while increasing the heat of combustion. This study represents a concept for sustainable decentralized phosphate recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Fischer
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Route du Rawyl 64, 1950 Sion, Switzerland.
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Arechederra MN, Addo PK, Minteer SD. Poly(neutral red) as a NAD+ reduction catalyst and a NADH oxidation catalyst: Towards the development of a rechargeable biobattery. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Yeh JI, Shi H. Nanoelectrodes for biological measurements. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:176-88. [PMID: 20073052 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nanoelectrodes are electrodes with a critical dimension in the range of one to hundreds of nanometers and include individual electrodes, nanoelectrode ensembles, and arrays. Metallic nanowires, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, and metal oxide nanowires have been employed to fabricate nanoelectrodes and platforms. In this review, applications of single electrodes, nanoelectrode arrays, and ensembles are briefly evaluated, with emphasis on biological analysis. Nanoelectrodes offer great advantages in numerous areas of biological investigations, particularly in single cells studies, fabrication of microchips, design of coordinated biosensors, and in addressable patterned electrodes. Consequently, nanoelectrodes have immense potential in the development of efficient, specific, sensitive, and intelligent sensors. In conjunction with the rapidly evolving, cost-effective fabrication and materials development approaches, these sensors can be used as direct, point-of-care clinical devices, enabling more personalized medical care. The development and application of nanodevices in biology and medicine will have enormous implications for society and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne I Yeh
- Department of Structural Biology and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, BST3 1040, 3501 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Pal M, Ganesan V. Electrochemical determination of nitrite using silver nanoparticles modified electrode. Analyst 2010; 135:2711-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00289e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Moehlenbrock MJ, Arechederra RL, Sjöholm KH, Minteer SD. Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Enzymatic Biofuel Cells. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9538-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901243s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Zhang Z, Xia S, Leonard D, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Zhang J, Bessueille F, Goepfert Y, Wang X, Chen L, Zhu Z, Zhao J, Almeida MG, Silveira CM. A novel nitrite biosensor based on conductometric electrode modified with cytochrome c nitrite reductase composite membrane. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:1574-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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De Leo M, Moretto L, Buriez O, Ugo P. Electrochemical Behavior of Nanoelectrode Ensembles in the Ionic Liquid [BMIm][BF4]. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Mucelli SP, Zamuner M, Tormen M, Stanta G, Ugo P. Nanoelectrode ensembles as recognition platform for electrochemical immunosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 23:1900-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Ahmed M, Hossain M, Tamiya E. Electrochemical Biosensors for Medical and Food Applications. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Shi H, Xia T, Nel AE, Yeh JI. Part II: coordinated biosensors--development of enhanced nanobiosensors for biological and medical applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2007; 2:599-614. [PMID: 17976023 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.2.5.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize recent developments in nanobiosensors and their applications in biology and potential in medical diagnostics. We first highlight the concept of coordinated nanobiosensors, which integrate desirable properties of the individual components: protein machinery for sensitivity and specificity of binding, peptide or nucleic acid chemistry for aligning the various electron-transducing units and the nanoelectrodes for enhancing sensitivity in electronic detection. The fundamental basis of coordinated nanobiosensing is in applying the precise 3D atomic resolution structural information to rationally design and fabricate biosensors with high specificity and sensitivity. Additionally, we describe several biosensors developed for detecting biologically relevant compounds, including those for hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, glucose, DNA and cytochrome C. Results from these systems highlight the potential advantages of using nanoscale biosensors and how further developments in this area will change biomedical diagnostics and treatments drastically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Shi
- University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Department of Structural Biology, 3501 5th Avenue, BST3 1036, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Shi H, Yeh JI. Part I: recent developments in nanoelectrodes for biological measurements. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2007; 2:587-98. [DOI: 10.2217/17435889.2.5.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosensors are a type of analytical device that use biological molecules to monitor biorecognition events and interactions. Coupled with the progress in nanotechnologies over recent years, the development of a nanobiosensor based on individual nanoelectrodes and nanoelectrode arrays or nanoelectrode ensembles offers unprecedented avenues for screening and detection at ultrahigh sensitivities. These capabilities provide the basis for a paradigmatic change in biomedical diagnostics and treatment. In this review, we highlight recent developments in nanoelectrode platforms and their suitability for integrating with biological components for the fabrication of ultrasensitive nanobiosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Shi
- University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Department of Structural Biology, 3501 5th Avenue, BST3 1036, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Joanne I Yeh
- University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Department of Structural Biology, 3501 5th Avenue, BST3 1036, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Department of Bioengineering, 3501 5th Avenue, BST3 1036, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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El Mhammedi M, Bakasse M, Chtaini A. Square-Wave Voltammetric Determination of Paraquat at Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Hydroxyapatite. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200703927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Zoski CG, Yang N, He P, Berdondini L, Koudelka-Hep M. Addressable Nanoelectrode Membrane Arrays: Fabrication and Steady-State Behavior. Anal Chem 2007; 79:1474-84. [PMID: 17297946 DOI: 10.1021/ac0619534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An addressable nanoelectrode membrane array (ANEMA) based on a Au-filled track-etched polycarbonate membrane was fabricated. The Au-filled membrane was secured to a lithographically fabricated addressable ultramicroelectrode (UME) array patterned with 25 regularly spaced (100 microm center to center spacing), 10 microm diameter recessed Pt UMEs to create 25 microregions of 10 microm diameter nanoelectrode ensembles (NEEs) on the membrane. The steady-state voltammetric behavior of 1.0 mM Ru(NH(3))(6)Cl(3) and 1.0 mM ferrocene methanol in 0.1 M KCl on each of the micro NEEs resulted in sigmoidal-shaped voltammograms which were reproducible across the ANEMA. This reproducibility of the steady-state current was attributed to the overlapping hemispherical diffusion layers at the Au-filled nanopores of each 10 microm diameter NEE of a ANEMA. The track-etched polycarbonate membranes were filled using a gold electroless deposition procedure into the 30 nm diameter pores in the membrane. Electrical connection between the Au-filled template array and the lithographic UME platform array was achieved by potentiostatic electrodeposition of Cu from an acidic copper solution into each of the 25 recessed Pt UMEs on the UME array platform. A multiplexer unit capable of addressing 64 individual micro NEEs on an ANEMA is described. ANEMAs have advantages of high reproducibility, facile fabrication, multitime reuse of lithographically fabricated UME arrays, and purely steady-state behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia G Zoski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, MSC 3C, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA.
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De Leo M, Kuhn A, Ugo P. 3D-Ensembles of Gold Nanowires: Preparation, Characterization and Electroanalytical Peculiarities. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Pereira FC, Moretto LM, De Leo M, Zanoni MVB, Ugo P. Gold nanoelectrode ensembles for direct trace electroanalysis of iodide. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 575:16-24. [PMID: 17723566 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A procedure for the standardization of ensembles of gold nanodisk electrodes (NEE) of 30 nm diameter is presented, which is based on the analytical comparison between experimental cyclic voltammograms (CV) obtained at the NEEs in diluted solutions of redox probes and CV patterns obtained by digital simulation. Possible origins of defects sometimes found in NEEs are discussed. Selected NEEs are then employed for the study of the electrochemical oxidation of iodide in acidic solutions. CV patterns display typical quasi-reversible behavior which involves associated chemical reactions between adsorbed and solution species. The main CV characteristics at the NEE compare with those observed at millimeter sized gold disk electrodes (Au-macro), apart a slight shift in E1/2 values and slightly higher peak to peak separation at the NEE. The detection limit (DL) at NEEs is 0.3 microM, which is more than one order of magnitude lower than DL at the Au-macro (4 microM). The mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation of iodide at NEEs is discussed. Finally, NEEs are applied to the direct determination of iodide at micromolar concentration levels in real samples, namely in some ophthalmic drugs and iodized table salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
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50
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Flow analysis of p-aminophenyl phosphate with a gold nanoelectrode ensemble based detector. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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