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Spallacci C, Görlin M, Kumar A, D'Amario L, Cheah MH. Fabricating high-purity graphite disk electrodes as a cost-effective alternative in fundamental electrochemistry research. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4258. [PMID: 38383697 PMCID: PMC10881485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphite electrodes offer remarkable electrochemical properties, emerging as a viable alternative to glassy carbon (GCE) and other carbon-based electrodes for fundamental electrochemistry research. We report the fabrication and characterization of high-purity graphite disk electrodes (GDEs), made from cost-effective materials and a solvent-free methodology employing readily available laboratory equipment. Analysis of their physical properties via SEM, EDX and XPS reveals no metallic interferences and a notably high porosity, emphasizing their potential. The electrochemical performances of GDEs were found to be comparable to those of GCE. Immobilization of peptides and enzymes, both via covalent coupling and surface adsorption, was used to explore potential applications of GDEs in bioelectrochemistry. Enzyme activity could be addressed both via direct electron transfer and mediated electron transfer mechanism. These results highlight the interesting properties of our GDEs and make them a low-cost alternative to other carbon-based electrodes, with potential for future real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Spallacci
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mikaela Görlin
- Structural Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amol Kumar
- Synthetic Molecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luca D'Amario
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mun Hon Cheah
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
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2
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Brzeska S, Brzeski J, Niedziałkowski P, Zarzeczańska D. Macrocyclic chemosensors with anthraquinone signaling unit built into ionophore. Experimental and computational studies (part I) - synthesis and effect of proton binding on spectrophotometric and electrochemical properties. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 292:122405. [PMID: 36716604 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two macrocyclic chemosensors with anthraquinone signaling unit incorporated into ionophore system (via positions 1 and 8) have been synthesized and subsequently their physicochemical properties became the subject of our extensive research. First ligand, labeled in the paper as AQ-Ncrown is characterized by a cyclic structure of a crown ether, while second one AQ-Ncrypt includes an additional ethoxy bridge, which ensures the bicyclic character of a cryptand. The studied macrocycles possess both oxygen and nitrogen heteroatoms in the ionophore cavity. Dualistic (chromophore and electrophore) signaling nature of described compounds, makes them potentially attractive molecular recognition systems. The aim of our research was to synthesize and analyze the spectroscopic, acid-base and redox properties of aforesaid macrocycles. Furthermore, we have combined experimental approach together with theoretical investigations. The equilibrium structures of AQ-Ncrown and AQ-Ncrypt were determined with the use of DFT calculations. The sensitivity of studied macrocycles towards interactions with protons was scrutinized. The complete pH-spectrophotometric characteristic of studied ligands together with their protolytic forms and corresponding pKa values were determined. The influence of medium (aprotic and protic solvent) on spectral effects was described. Furthermore, the molecular electrostatic potential maps for ligands and differential electron densities for their mono and dianions were calculated. The redox reactions was investigated at different pHs by cyclic voltammetry. Electrochemical results have presented intriguing phenomenon: the specific stabilization of the reduced form of the protonated molecules. The calculations have revealed that this is a consequence of barrierless intramolecular proton transfer (from the macrocycle cavity onto the anthraquinone moiety) that might occur during the reduction process in acidic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Brzeska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub Brzeski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260 Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Paweł Niedziałkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dorota Zarzeczańska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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3
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Lohmeyer L, Werr M, Kaifer E, Himmel H. Interplay and Competition Between Two Different Types of Redox-Active Ligands in Cobalt Complexes: How to Allocate the Electrons? Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201789. [PMID: 35894809 PMCID: PMC9804828 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The field of molecular transition metal complexes with redox-active ligands is dominated by compounds with one or two units of the same redox-active ligand; complexes in which different redox-active ligands are bound to the same metal are uncommon. This work reports the first molecular coordination compounds in which redox-active bisguanidine or urea azine (biguanidine) ligands as well as oxolene ligands are bound to the same cobalt atom. The combination of two different redox-active ligands leads to mono- as well as unprecedented dinuclear cobalt complexes, being multiple (four or six) center redox systems with intriguing electronic structures, all exhibiting radical ligands. By changing the redox potential of the ligands through derivatisation, the electronic structure of the complexes could be altered in a rational way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lohmeyer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Marco Werr
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Elisabeth Kaifer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hans‐Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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4
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Wang H, Ni J, Wang H, Zhang Y. An efficient free radical ester synthesis through a visible light-induced hydrogen atom transfer process. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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5
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Zhen F, Hapiot P. Electrochemical reduction of quinones in ethaline chosen as an example of deep eutectic solvent. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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6
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Construction of anthraquinone functional zinc phthalocyanine sensor platform for ultra-trace amount of water determination in tetrahydrofuran and N,N-Dimethylformamide. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1198:339531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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7
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Asha A, Suma S. Synthesis, electrochemical and anti-microbial study of 2,5-diamino benzoquinones. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Krayz GT, Bittner S, Dhiman A, Becker JY. Electrochemistry of Quinones with Respect to their Role in Biomedical Chemistry. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2332-2343. [PMID: 34107155 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Quinones are ubiquitous in nature and form one of the largest class of antitumor agents approved for clinical use. They are known to be efficient in inhibiting cancer cells growth. Under physiological conditions they can undergo non-enzymatic one-electron reduction to give the moderately toxic species of semiquinone radical-anion. Thus, electrochemical study of quinones might provide a basic knowledge on semi-quinone radicals formation in both in vivo and in vitro under different media. Several processes are outlined briefly and discussed in the present article. Previously we investigated the electrochemical and spectral properties of ω-N-quinonyl amino acids. Such quinone-bearing peptides are known to be cytotoxic and of potential clinical significance. We were able to prove that the ω-amino quinonyl compounds are very effective in producing stable semiquinone radicals. Moreover, a direct relation was found between the first reduction potentials of the quinonyl moiety and their reactivity towards the ω-amino acids. In order to increase our knowledge of such amino quinonyl compounds and enlarge the arsenal of such cytotoxic compounds, a series of N,N-diquinonyl amines (1-6) bearing an internal proton (stems from the NH moiety) were synthesized. Their electron-transfer capabilities were probed by cyclic voltammetry measurements, in dichloromethane. It was found that the acidic NH group linking the two quinonyl moieties undergoes an initial electrochemical reduction step and generates a nitride anion. This step is followed by further reductions to yield quasi-stable semiquinone radicals and polyanions, Since these acidic diquinones (1-6) serve also as a source of internal proton donors even in non-polar medium, they might cause protonation of basic radical-anions and polyanion intermediates during the various electrochemical stages. The processes are demonstrated and discussed by analyzing different mechanistic schemes. The successful generation of relatively stable semiquinone radicals is a prerequisite for the manifestation of site directed antitumor activity by these bis-quinonyl amino derivatives. Based on the values of their redox potentials some of them could be promising candidates for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Temtsin Krayz
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Shmuel Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Anand Dhiman
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - James Y Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
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9
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Rashvand Avei M, Etezadi S, Captain B, Kaifer AE. Visualization and quantitation of electronic communication pathways in a series of redox-active pillar[6]arene-based macrocycles. Commun Chem 2020; 3:117. [PMID: 36703347 PMCID: PMC9814560 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While oxidized pillar[5]arenes with 1-5 benzoquinone units are known, very few examples of oxidized pillar[6]arenes have been reported. We describe here the synthesis, characterization and electrochemical behavior of a series of macrocyclic hosts prepared by the stepwise oxidation of 1,4-diethoxypillar[6]arene, resulting in high-yield and high-purity isolation of two constitutional isomers for each macrocycle, in which two, three or four 1,4-diethoxybenzene units are replaced by benzoquinone residues. A careful structural comparison with their counterparts in the pillar[5]arene framework indicates that the geometries of the macrocycles are better described as non-Euclidean hyperbolic hexagons and elliptic pentagons, respectively. A comprehensive computational study to determine anisotropic induced current density (ACID) allows us to visualize and quantify through-space and through-bond communication pathways along the macrocyclic belt. Experimental and simulated voltammetric data, as well as UV-vis spectra, of the new macrocycles afford insights into the various electronic communication pathways in these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rashvand Avei
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA
| | - Sedigheh Etezadi
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA
| | - Burjor Captain
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA
| | - Angel E. Kaifer
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA
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Ramotowska S, Zarzeczańska D, Dąbkowska I, Wcisło A, Niedziałkowski P, Czaczyk E, Grobelna B, Ossowski T. Hydrogen bonding and protonation effects in amino acids' anthraquinone derivatives - Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 222:117226. [PMID: 31181504 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Six novel amino acid chromophores were synthesized and their spectroscopic, acid-base, and electrochemical properties are discussed in this work. In studied compounds, selected amino acid residues (l-Aspartic acid, l-Glutamic acid, l-Glutamine, l-Histidine, l-Lysine, l-Arginine) are attached to the 1-(piperazine) 9,10-anthraquinone skeleton via the amide bond between the carboxyl group of amino acid and nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring. All derivatives have been characterized using a variety of spectroscopic techniques (mass spectrometry, 1HNMR, UV-Vis, IR spectroscopy), acid-base (electrochemical and UV-Vis) titrations, and cyclic voltammetry methods. Basing on observed experimental effects, supported by quantum chemical simulations, the structure-properties links were established. They are indicative of the specific interactions within and/or in-between amino acid side groups, which are prone to form both, intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds as well as electrostatic interactions with the anthraquinone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ramotowska
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Dorota Zarzeczańska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Iwona Dąbkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Wcisło
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Niedziałkowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Czaczyk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Beata Grobelna
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Ossowski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Ruipérez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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12
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Electroreduction of 8-(thiophen-2-yl)- and 8-(phenyl)- dipyrrometheneboron difluorides. A mechanistic study by cyclic voltammetric digital simulation. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Milić JV, Schneeberger T, Zalibera M, Diederich F, Boudon C, Ruhlmann L. Spectro-electrochemical toolbox for monitoring and controlling quinone-mediated redox-driven molecular gripping. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Wcisło A, Dąbkowska I, Czupryniak J, Ossowski T, Zarzeczańska D. Unusual behavior in di-substituted piperidine and piperazine anthraquinones upon protonation – Spectral, electrochemical, and quantum chemical studies. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Miyashita S, Wakisaka M, Iiyama A, Uchida H. Analysis of the Surface Oxidation Process on Pt Nanoparticles on a Glassy Carbon Electrode by Angle-Resolved, Grazing-Incidence X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8877-8882. [PMID: 28825832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed the surface oxidation process of Pt nanoparticles that were uniformly dispersed on a glassy carbon electrode (Pt/GC), which was adopted as a model of a practical Pt/C catalyst for fuel cells, in N2-purged 0.1 M HF solution by using angle-resolved, grazing-incidence X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy combined with an electrochemical cell (EC-ARGIXPS). Positive shifts in the binding energies of Pt 4f spectra were clearly observed for the surface oxidation of Pt nanoparticles at potentials E > 0.7 V vs RHE, followed by a bulk oxidation of Pt to form Pt(II) at E > 1.1 V. Three types of oxygen species (H2Oad, OHad, and Oad) were identified in the O 1s spectra. It was found for the first time that the surface oxidation process of the Pt/GC electrode at E < ca. 0.8 V (OHad formation) is similar to that of a Pt(111) single-crystal electrode, whereas that in the high potential region (Oad formation) resembles that of a Pt(110) surface or polycrystalline Pt film.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi , 4 Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
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16
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Jana S, Verma A, Kadu R, Kumar S. Visible-light-induced oxidant and metal-free dehydrogenative cascade trifluoromethylation and oxidation of 1,6-enynes with water. Chem Sci 2017; 8:6633-6644. [PMID: 28989690 PMCID: PMC5625288 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02556d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, oxy-trifluoromethylation in olefins is achieved using oxidants and transition metal catalysts. However, labile olefins remain unexplored due to their incompatibility with harsh reaction conditions. Here, unprecedented light-induced oxidant and metal-free tandem radical cyclization-trifluoromethylation and dehydrogenative oxygenation of 1,6-enynes have been achieved using a photoredox catalyst, CF3SO2Na, and phenanthrene-9,10-dione (PQ), Langlois' reagent (CF3SO2Na) and water as the oxygen source. This benign protocol allows for access to various CF3-containing C3-aryloyl/acylated benzofurans, benzothiophenes, and indoles. Moreover, the oxidized undesired products, which are inherently formed by the cleavage of the vinylic carbon and heteroatom bond, have been circumvented under oxidant free conditions. The mechanistic investigations by UV-visible and ESR spectroscopy, electrochemical studies, isotope labelling and density functional theory (DFT) suggest that light induced PQ produced a CF3 radical from CF3SO2Na. The generated CF3 radical adds to the alkene, followed by cyclization, to provide a vinylic radical that transfers an electron to PQ and generates a vinylic cation. Alternatively, electron transfer may occur from the CF3-added alkene moiety, forming a carbocation, which would undergo cationic cyclization to generate a vinylic carbocation. The subsequent addition of water to the vinylic cation, followed by the elimination of hydrogen gas, led to the formation of trifluoromethylated C3-aryloyl/acylated heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhan Jana
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal , Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri , Bhopal-462066 , India . ; http://home.iiserbhopal.ac.in/∼sangitkumar/
| | - Ajay Verma
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal , Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri , Bhopal-462066 , India . ; http://home.iiserbhopal.ac.in/∼sangitkumar/
| | - Rahul Kadu
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal , Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri , Bhopal-462066 , India . ; http://home.iiserbhopal.ac.in/∼sangitkumar/
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal , Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri , Bhopal-462066 , India . ; http://home.iiserbhopal.ac.in/∼sangitkumar/
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Ayla SS, Bahar H, Yavuz S, Hazer B, Ibis C. The synthesis and characterization of novel quinone–amine polymers from the reactions of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone and polyoxypropylenediamines. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2015.1100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Sahinler Ayla
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Bahar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Senol Yavuz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baki Hazer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Bulent Ecevit University, Incivez, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Cemil Ibis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Pushkarevsky NA, Ogienko MA, Smolentsev AI, Novozhilov IN, Witt A, Khusniyarov MM, Cherkasov VK, Konchenko SN. Cooperative reduction by Ln2+ and Cp*− ions: synthesis and properties of Sm, Eu, and Yb complexes with 3,6-di-tert-butyl-o-benzoquinone. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:1269-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03573b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of lantanocenes LnCp2*(thf)n with the title o-quinone result in either dinuclear (Sm3+,Yb3+) or trinuclear mixed-valent (Eu2+/Eu3+) catecholates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay A. Pushkarevsky
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Siberian Division of RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences
| | - Mikhail A. Ogienko
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Siberian Division of RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | - Anton I. Smolentsev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Siberian Division of RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | - Igor N. Novozhilov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Siberian Division of RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
| | - Alexander Witt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Marat M. Khusniyarov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Vladimir K. Cherkasov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of RAS
- 603950 Nizhny Novgorod
- Russia
- N. I. Lobachevsky Nizhny Novgorod State University
- Nizhny Novgorod
| | - Sergey N. Konchenko
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- Siberian Division of RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences
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19
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Moura SL, Santos Júnior JRD, Machado FBC, Kawachi EY, Ferrão LFDA. Conductive organic polymers: An electrochemical route for the polymerization of dapsone. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Dagdevren M, Yilmaz I, Yucel B, Emirik M. A Novel Ferrocenyl Naphthoquinone Fused Crown Ether as a Multisensor for Water Determination in Acetonitrile and Selective Cation Binding. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12464-79. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Metin Dagdevren
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Yilmaz
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baris Yucel
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Emirik
- Department
of Chemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
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21
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Cheng B, Kaifer AE. Cathodic Voltammetric Behavior of Pillar[5]quinone in Nonaqueous Media. Symmetry Effects on the Electron Uptake Sequence. J Am Chem Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beijun Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Supramolecular Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124-0431, United States
| | - Angel E. Kaifer
- Department
of Chemistry and
Center for Supramolecular Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124-0431, United States
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22
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Skara G, Pinter B, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Revealing the thermodynamic driving force for ligand-based reductions in quinoids; conceptual rules for designing redox active and non-innocent ligands. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4109-4117. [PMID: 29218177 PMCID: PMC5707504 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01140j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal and ligand-based reductions have been modeled in octahedral ruthenium complexes revealing metal-ligand interactions as the profound driving force for the redox-active behaviour of orthoquinoid-type ligands. Through an extensive investigation of redox-active ligands we revealed the most critical factors that facilitate or suppress redox-activity of ligands in metal complexes, from which basic rules for designing non-innocent/redox-active ligands can be put forward. These rules also allow rational redox-leveling, i.e. the moderation of redox potentials of ligand-centred electron transfer processes, potentially leading to catalysts with low overpotential in multielectron activation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Skara
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC) , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 , Brussels , Belgium .
| | - B Pinter
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC) , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 , Brussels , Belgium .
| | - P Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC) , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 , Brussels , Belgium .
| | - F De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC) , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 , Brussels , Belgium .
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23
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Dorfner WL, Carroll PJ, Schelter EJ. Substituted Quinoline Quinones as Surrogates for the PQQ Cofactor: An Electrochemical and Computational Study. Org Lett 2015; 17:1850-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter L. Dorfner
- P. Roy
and Diana T. Vagelos
Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231
South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- P. Roy
and Diana T. Vagelos
Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231
South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric J. Schelter
- P. Roy
and Diana T. Vagelos
Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231
South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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24
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Elhabiri M, Sidorov P, Cesar‐Rodo E, Marcou G, Lanfranchi DA, Davioud‐Charvet E, Horvath D, Varnek A. Electrochemical Properties of Substituted 2‐Methyl‐1,4‐Naphthoquinones: Redox Behavior Predictions. Chemistry 2014; 21:3415-24. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Elhabiri
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Medicinale, UMR7509 CNRS‐Université de Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F‐67087 Strasbourg (France), Fax: (+33) 3‐68‐85‐27‐42
| | - Pavel Sidorov
- Laboratoire de Chemoinformatique, UMR 7140 CNRS‐Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg 67000 (France)
- Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan (Russia)
| | - Elena Cesar‐Rodo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Medicinale, UMR7509 CNRS‐Université de Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F‐67087 Strasbourg (France), Fax: (+33) 3‐68‐85‐27‐42
| | - Gilles Marcou
- Laboratoire de Chemoinformatique, UMR 7140 CNRS‐Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg 67000 (France)
| | - Don Antoine Lanfranchi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Medicinale, UMR7509 CNRS‐Université de Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F‐67087 Strasbourg (France), Fax: (+33) 3‐68‐85‐27‐42
| | - Elisabeth Davioud‐Charvet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Medicinale, UMR7509 CNRS‐Université de Strasbourg, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25 Rue Becquerel, F‐67087 Strasbourg (France), Fax: (+33) 3‐68‐85‐27‐42
| | - Dragos Horvath
- Laboratoire de Chemoinformatique, UMR 7140 CNRS‐Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg 67000 (France)
| | - Alexandre Varnek
- Laboratoire de Chemoinformatique, UMR 7140 CNRS‐Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg 67000 (France)
- Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan (Russia)
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25
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Staley PA, Newell CM, Pullman DP, Smith DK. The effect of glassy carbon surface oxides in non-aqueous voltammetry: the case of quinones in acetonitrile. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10917-24. [PMID: 25279716 DOI: 10.1021/ac503176d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glassy carbon (GC) electrodes are well-known to contain oxygenated functional groups such as phenols, carbonyls, and carboxylic acids on their surface. The effects of these groups on voltammetry in aqueous solution are well-studied, but there has been little discussion of their possible effects in nonaqueous solution. In this study, we show that the acidic functional groups, particularly phenols, are likely causes of anomalous features often seen in the voltammetry of quinones in nonaqueous solution. These features, a too small second cyclic voltammetric wave and extra current between the two waves that sometimes appears to be a small, broad third voltammetric wave, have previously been attributed to different types of dimerization. In this work, concentration-dependent voltammetry in acetonitrile rules out dimerization with a series of alkyl-benzoquinones because the anomalous features get larger as the concentration decreases. At low concentrations, solution bimolecular reactions will be relatively less important than reactions with surface groups. Addition of substoichiometric amounts of naphthol at higher quinone concentrations produces almost identical behavior as seen at low quinone concentrations with no added naphthol. This implicates hydrogen bonding and proton transfer from the surface phenolic groups as the cause of the anomalous features in quinone voltammetry at GC electrodes. This conclusion is supported by the perturbation of surface oxide coverage on GC electrodes through different electrode pretreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Staley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University , San Diego, California 92182-1030, United States
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26
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Kibena E, Marandi M, Sammelselg V, Tammeveski K, Jensen BBE, Mortensen AB, Lillethorup M, Kongsfelt M, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Electrochemical Behaviour of HOPG and CVD-Grown Graphene Electrodes Modified with Thick Anthraquinone Films by Diazonium Reduction. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Liehn C, Bouvet M, Meunier-Prest R. Proton Transfer versus Hydrogen Bonding: The Reduction of Ubiquinone Q 2Incorporated in a Self-Assembled Monolayer in Unbuffered Aqueous Solution. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Ibis C, Ayla SS, Yavuz S. The Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Investigation of Novel Thio- and Alkoxy-Substituted Benzoquinone Derivatives. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2013.829833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Ibis
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Istanbul University , 34320 , Avcilar , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Sibel Sahınler Ayla
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Istanbul University , 34320 , Avcilar , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Senol Yavuz
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Istanbul University , 34320 , Avcilar , Istanbul , Turkey
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29
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Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on glassy carbon electrodes modified with anthraquinone moieties. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Munir S, Shah A, Rana UA, Shakir I, Zia-ur-Rehman, Shah SM. Probing of the pH-Dependent Redox Mechanism of a Biologically Active Compound, 5,8-Dihydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The redox behaviour of a potential anticancer organic compound, 5,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione (DND), was investigated in 1 : 1 buffered aqueous ethanol using cyclic, differential pulse, and square wave voltammetry. The redox processes were found to occur in a pH-dependent diffusion-controlled manner. Presence of an α-hydroxyl group stabilised semiquinone radical of DND, formed by the gain of 1 e– and 1 H+, prevented the second step reduction, which is in contrast to the general mechanism previously reported for quinines in protic and aprotic media. In addition, our results supported an independent oxidation and reduction process. Square wave voltammetry provided evidence about the reversible and quasi-reversible nature of oxidation and reduction peaks. Based on the voltammetric results, the electrode reaction mechanism of DND was proposed. Parameters including pKa, transfer coefficient, diffusion coefficient, and electron transfer rate constant were evaluated. The values of pKa obtained from cyclic voltammetry and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy not only agreed with each other, but also with reported values of structurally related compounds evaluated by other techniques.
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31
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Zhang C, Aoki KJ, Chen J, Nishiumi T. Blocking of two-electron reduction of non-charged species in the absence of supporting electrolyte at nanoelectrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Ibis C, Ayla SS, Asar H. Synthesis and Spectral and Electrochemical Characterization of Novel Substituted 1,4-Naphthoquinone Derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.793774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Ibis
- a Department of Chemistry , Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Sibel Sahinler Ayla
- a Department of Chemistry , Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Hatice Asar
- a Department of Chemistry , Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering , Istanbul , Turkey
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33
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Synthesis, redox properties, and basicity of substituted 1-aminoanthraquinones: spectroscopic, electrochemical, and computational studies in acetonitrile solutions. Struct Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-013-0332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Nikitina VA, Gruber F, Jansen M, Tsirlina GA. Subsequent redox transitions as a tool to understand solvation in ionic liquids. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Gomis-Berenguer A, Gómez-Mingot M, García-Cruz L, Thiemann T, Banks CE, Montiel V, Iniesta J. The electrochemistry of arylated anthraquinones in room temperature ionic liquids. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Gomis-Berenguer
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Electrochemistry; University of Alicante; E-03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Maria Gómez-Mingot
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Electrochemistry; University of Alicante; E-03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Leticia García-Cruz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Electrochemistry; University of Alicante; E-03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Thies Thiemann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; United Arab Emirates University; Al Ain United Arab Emirates
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Manchester Metropolitan University; Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD Lancs United Kingdom
| | - Vicente Montiel
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Electrochemistry; University of Alicante; E-03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Jesús Iniesta
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Electrochemistry; University of Alicante; E-03080 Alicante Spain
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36
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Song N, Gagliardi CJ, Binstead RA, Zhang MT, Thorp H, Meyer TJ. Role of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in the Redox Interconversion between Benzoquinone and Hydroquinone. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18538-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ja308700t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599-3290, United States
| | - Christopher J. Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599-3290, United States
| | - Robert A. Binstead
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599-3290, United States
| | - Ming-Tian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599-3290, United States
| | - Holden Thorp
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599-3290, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
27599-3290, United States
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37
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Bhat MA. Mechanistic, kinetic and electroanalytical aspects of quinone–hydroquinone redox system in N-alkylimidazolium based room temperature ionic liquids. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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38
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Electrochemical analysis of cyclopentadienylmetal carbonyl dimer complexes: Insight into the design of hydrogen-producing electrocatalysts. J Organomet Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Zhao SF, Lu JX, Bond AM, Zhang J. Remarkable sensitivity of the electrochemical reduction of benzophenone to proton availability in ionic liquids. Chemistry 2012; 18:5290-301. [PMID: 22422606 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of benzophenone was investigated in five different ionic liquids by using transient cyclic voltammetry, near steady-state voltammetry, and numerical simulation. Two reversible, well-resolved one-electron-reduction processes were observed in dry (≤20 ppm water, ca. 1 mM)) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Bmpyrd][NTf(2)]) and 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Bmpipd][NTf(2)]), which did not contain any readily available proton source. Upon addition of water, the second process became chemically irreversible and shifted to a more positive potential by approximately 600 mV; moreover, the two reduction processes merged into a single two-electron proton-coupled process when about 0.6 M H(2)O was present. This large dependence of potential on water content, which was not observed in molecular solvents (electrolyte), was explained by a reaction mechanism that incorporated protonation and hydrogen-bonding interactions of the benzophenone dianion with as many as seven water molecules. In the three imidazolium-based ionic liquids used herein, the first benzophenone-reduction process was again reversible, whilst the second reduction process became chemically irreversible owing to the availability of the C2-H imidazolium protons in these ionic liquids. The reversible potentials for benzophenone reduction were remarkably independent of the identity of the ionic liquids, thereby implying either weak interactions with the ionic liquids or relatively insignificant differences in the levels of ion-pairing. Thus, the magnitude of the separation of the potentials of the reversible first and irreversible second reduction processes mainly reflected the proton availability from either the ionic liquid itself or from adventitious water. Consequently, voltammetric reduction of benzophenone provides a sensitive tool for the determination of proton availability in ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800 Australia
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40
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Evans DH, René A. Reinvestigation of a former concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET), the reduction of a hydrogen-bonded complex between a proton donor and the anion radical of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:4844-8. [PMID: 22301672 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp00021k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2001, Lehmann and Evans (J. Phys. Chem. B, 2001, 105, 8877-8884) reported that the electrochemical reduction of a hydrogen-bonded complex between a proton donor and the anion radical of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone in acetonitrile proceeded by a concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET) reaction in which electron transfer from the electrode and proton transfer from proton donor to the quinone moiety occurred concertedly. Support for this conclusion was based upon ruling out both of the competing two-step processes, electron transfer followed by proton transfer (EP) and proton transfer followed by electron transfer (PE). In the course of studies of related compounds it was decided to reinvestigate the reduction of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-1,2-benzoquinone. It was discovered that the earlier conclusion that a CPET reaction was occurring was tenable only for the particular electrolyte that was used, tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate and for lower concentrations of the quinone. Even the small change of carrying out the reduction of the quinone in the presence of water with tetramethylammonium hexafluorophosphate as electrolyte, produced voltammograms with clear signatures that the process was EP rather than CPET. Even more dramatic effects were seen with cesium, potassium or sodium ions in the electrolyte. A general reaction scheme to explain results with all electrolytes will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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41
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Webster RD. Voltammetry of the liposoluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) in organic solvents. CHEM REC 2011; 12:188-200. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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42
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Ma W, Zhou H, Ying YL, Li DW, Chen GR, Long YT, Chen HY. In situ spectroeletrochemistry and cytotoxic activities of natural ubiquinone analogues. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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43
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Quantitative Structure-Reduction Potential Relationship Study of Some Quinones in Five Solvents. J SOLUTION CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-010-9646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Hui Y, Webster RD. Absorption of Water into Organic Solvents Used for Electrochemistry under Conventional Operating Conditions. Anal Chem 2011; 83:976-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102734a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Hui
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Richard D. Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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45
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Guin PS, Das S, Mandal PC. Electrochemical Reduction of Quinones in Different Media: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.4061/2011/816202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The electron transfer reactions involving quinones, hydroquinones, and catechols are very important in many areas of chemistry, especially in biological systems. The therapeutic efficiency as well as toxicity of anthracycline anticancer drugs, a class of anthraquinones, is governed by their electrochemical properties. Other quinones serve as important functional moiety in various biological systems like electron-proton carriers in the respiratory chain and their involvement in photosynthetic electron flow systems. The present paper summarizes literatures on the reduction of quinones in different solvents under various conditions using different electrochemical methods. The influence of different reaction conditions including pH of the media, nature of supporting electrolytes, nature of other additives, intramolecular or intermolecular hydrogen bonding, ion pair formation, polarity of the solvents, stabilization of the semiquinone and quinone dianion, catalytic property, and adsorption at the electrode surface, are discussed and relationships between reaction conditions and products formed have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Sarathi Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Shibpur Dinobundhoo Institution (College), 412/1 G. T. Road (South), Howrah 711102, India
| | - Saurabh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - P. C. Mandal
- Chemical Sciences Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF-Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
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46
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Nikitina VA, Nazmutdinov RR, Tsirlina GA. Quinones Electrochemistry in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2010; 115:668-77. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1095807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya A. Nikitina
- Department of Electrochemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-str. 3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, and Kazan State Technological University, K. Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Renat R. Nazmutdinov
- Department of Electrochemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-str. 3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, and Kazan State Technological University, K. Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Galina A. Tsirlina
- Department of Electrochemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-str. 3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation, and Kazan State Technological University, K. Marx Str., 68, 420015 Kazan, Republic Tatarstan, Russian Federation
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47
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Costentin C, Robert M, Savéant JM. Update 1 of: Electrochemical Approach to the Mechanistic Study of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. Chem Rev 2010; 110:PR1-40. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100038y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Costentin
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université, CNRS No. 7591, Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Jean de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2008, 108 (7), 2145−2179, DOI: 10.1021/cr068065t; Published (Web) July 11, 2008. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Marc Robert
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université, CNRS No. 7591, Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Jean de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2008, 108 (7), 2145−2179, DOI: 10.1021/cr068065t; Published (Web) July 11, 2008. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Jean-Michel Savéant
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université, CNRS No. 7591, Université Paris Diderot, 15 rue Jean de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev. 2008, 108 (7), 2145−2179, DOI: 10.1021/cr068065t; Published (Web) July 11, 2008. Updates to the text appear in red type
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48
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Hernández-Muñoz LS, González FJ, González I, Goulart MO, Abreu FCD, Ribeiro AS, Ribeiro RT, Longo RL, Navarro M, Frontana C. Revisiting the electrochemical formation, stability and structure of radical and biradical anionic structures in dinitrobenzenes. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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49
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Hui Y, Chng ELK, Chua LPL, Liu WZ, Webster RD. Voltammetric Method for Determining the Trace Moisture Content of Organic Solvents Based on Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions with Quinones. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1928-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9026719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Hui
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Elaine Lay Khim Chng
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Louisa Pei-Lyn Chua
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Wan Zhen Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Richard D. Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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50
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Clare LA, Rojas-Sligh LE, Maciejewski SM, Kangas K, Woods JE, Deiner LJ, Cooksy A, Smith DK. The Effect of H-bonding and Proton Transfer on the Voltammetry of 2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in Acetonitrile. An Unexpectedly Complex Mechanism for a Simple Redox Couple. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2010; 114:8938-8949. [PMID: 25937857 PMCID: PMC4416659 DOI: 10.1021/jp100079q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The voltammetry of 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, H2PD, has been studied and compared to that of its isomer N,N,N'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, Me2PD. Both undergo two reversible electron transfer processes in acetonitrile that nominally correspond to 1e- oxidation to the radical cations, Me2PD+ and H2PD+, and a second 1e- oxidation at more positive potentials to the quinonediimine dications, Me2PD2+ and H2PD2+. While the voltammetry of Me2PD agrees with this simple mechanism, that of H2PD does not. The second voltammetric wave is too small. UV/Vis spectroelectrochemical experiments indicate that the second wave does correspond to oxidation of H2PD+ to H2PD2+ in solution. The fact that the second wave is not present at all at the lowest concentrations (5 µM), and that it increases at longer times and higher concentrations, indicates that H2PD+ is not the initial solution product of the first oxidation. A number of lines of evidence suggest instead that the initial product is a mixed valent, H-bonded dimer between one H2PD in the the full reduced, fully protonated state, H4PD2+, and another in the fully oxidized, fully deprotonated state, PD. A mechanism is proposed in which this dimer is formed on the electrode surface through proton transfer and H-bonding. Once desorbed into solution, it breaks apart via reaction with other H2PD's, to give 2 H2PD+, which is the thermodynamically favored species in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Diane K Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030
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