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Suprun EV, Karpova EV, Khmeleva SA, Radko SP, Karyakin AA. Advanced electrochemical detection of nitrogenous bases, synthetic oligonucleotides, and single-stranded DNA through flow injection analysis and catalytic oxidation on Prussian Blue. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alawad A, Latapie L, Evrard D, Gros P, Istamboulie G, Noguer T, Calas‐Blanchard C. SECM for Studying the Immobilization and Repartition of a Redox Anti‐tetracycline Aptamer on Screen‐printed Carbon Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alawad
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Biocapteurs-Analyse-Environnement 66860 Perpignan France
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes USR 3579 Sorbonne Universités (UPMC) Paris 6 et CNRS Observatoire Océanologique 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer France
| | - Laure Latapie
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS Toulouse France
| | - David Evrard
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS Toulouse France
| | - Pierre Gros
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS Toulouse France
| | - Georges Istamboulie
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Biocapteurs-Analyse-Environnement 66860 Perpignan France
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes USR 3579 Sorbonne Universités (UPMC) Paris 6 et CNRS Observatoire Océanologique 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer France
| | - Thierry Noguer
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Biocapteurs-Analyse-Environnement 66860 Perpignan France
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes USR 3579 Sorbonne Universités (UPMC) Paris 6 et CNRS Observatoire Océanologique 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer France
| | - Carole Calas‐Blanchard
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Biocapteurs-Analyse-Environnement 66860 Perpignan France
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes USR 3579 Sorbonne Universités (UPMC) Paris 6 et CNRS Observatoire Océanologique 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer France
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Cheong LZ, Zhao W, Song S, Shen C. Lab on a tip: Applications of functional atomic force microscopy for the study of electrical properties in biology. Acta Biomater 2019; 99:33-52. [PMID: 31425893 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrical properties, such as charge propagation, dielectrics, surface potentials, conductivity, and piezoelectricity, play crucial roles in biomolecules, biomembranes, cells, tissues, and other biological samples. However, characterizing these electrical properties in delicate biosamples is challenging. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), the so called "Lab on a Tip" is a powerful and multifunctional approach to quantitatively study the electrical properties of biological samples at the nanometer level. Herein, the principles, theories, and achievements of various modes of AFM in this area have been reviewed and summarized. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Electrical properties such as dielectric and piezoelectric forces, charge propagation behaviors play important structural and functional roles in biosystems from the single molecule level, to cells and tissues. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as an ideal toolkit to study electrical property of biology. Herein, the basic principles of AFM are described. We then discuss the multiple modes of AFM to study the electrical properties of biological samples, including Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM), Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM), Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (CAFM), Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) and Scanning ElectroChemical Microscopy (SECM). Finally, the outlook, prospects, and challenges of the various AFM modes when studying the electrical behaviour of the samples are discussed.
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Doménech-Carbó A, Cebrián-Torrejón G, Montoya N, Ueberschaar N, Scotti MT, Benfodda Z, Hertweck C. Electrochemical monitoring of ROS generation by anticancer agents: the case of chartreusin. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of ROS by anticancer agents is monitored using solid state electrochemical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noemí Montoya
- Departament de Química Analítica
- Facultat de Química
- Universitat de València
- Valencia
- Spain
| | - Nico Ueberschaar
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)
- Jena
- Germany
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Department of Engineering and the Environment
- Federal University of Paraíba
- Rio Tinto
- Brazil
| | | | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI)
- Jena
- Germany
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Electrochemical DNA biosensor for the detection of human papillomavirus E6 gene inserted in recombinant plasmid. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Estrada-Vargas A, Jambrec D, Kayran YU, Kuznetsov V, Schuhmann W. Differentiation between Single- and Double-Stranded DNA through Local Capacitance Measurements. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Estrada-Vargas
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Daliborka Jambrec
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Yasin Ugur Kayran
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Volodymyr Kuznetsov
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany
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Moradi N, Noori A, Mehrgardi MA, Mousavi MF. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Electrochemical Detection of Single-base Mismatches by Tagging Ferrocenecarboxylic Acid as a Redox Probe to DNA. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Holzinger A, Steinbach C, Kranz C. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM): Fundamentals and Applications in Life Sciences. ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622529-00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has made significant contributions to the life sciences. Innovative developments focusing on high-resolution imaging, developing novel operation modes, and combining SECM with complementary optical or scanning probe techniques renders SECM an attractive analytical approach. This chapter gives an introduction to the essential instrumentation and operation principles of SECM for studying biologically-relevant systems. Particular emphasis is given to applications aimed at imaging the activity of biochemical constituents such as enzymes, antibodies, and DNA, which play a pivotal role in biomedical diagnostics. Furthermore, the unique advantages of SECM and combined techniques for studying live cells is highlighted by discussion of selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Holzinger
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Charlotte Steinbach
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
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Furst AL, Hill MG, Barton JK. A Multiplexed, Two-Electrode Platform for Biosensing Based on DNA-Mediated Charge Transport. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6554-6562. [PMID: 26042916 PMCID: PMC4587567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a thin layer, multiplexed biosensing platform that features two working-electrode arrays for detecting small molecules, nucleic acid sequences, and DNA-binding proteins. DNA duplexes are patterned onto the primary electrode array, while a secondary electrode array is used both to initiate DNA monolayer formation and for electrochemical readout via DNA-mediated charge transport (DNA CT) chemistry. Electrochemical reduction of Cu(phendione)2(2+) (phendione is 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione) at the secondary electrodes induces covalent attachment via click chemistry of ethynyl-labeled DNA probe duplexes onto the primary electrodes that have been treated with azide-terminated alkylthiols. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry confirm that catalyst activation at the secondary electrode is essential to maintain the integrity of the DNA monolayer. Electrochemical readout of DNA CT processes that occur at the primary electrode is accomplished also at the secondary electrode. The two-electrode system enables the platform to function as a collector-generator using either ferrocyanide or ferricyanide as mediators with methylene blue and DNA charge transport. Electrochemical measurements at the secondary electrode eliminate the need for large background corrections. The resulting sensitivity of this platform enables the reliable and simultaneous detection of femtomoles of the transcription factors TATA-binding protein and CopG on a single multiplexed device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L. Furst
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Michael G. Hill
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041
| | - Jacqueline K. Barton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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Mohamad NR, Marzuki NHC, Buang NA, Huyop F, Wahab RA. An overview of technologies for immobilization of enzymes and surface analysis techniques for immobilized enzymes. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015; 29:205-220. [PMID: 26019635 PMCID: PMC4434042 DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1008192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 707] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The current demands of sustainable green methodologies have increased the use of enzymatic technology in industrial processes. Employment of enzyme as biocatalysts offers the benefits of mild reaction conditions, biodegradability and catalytic efficiency. The harsh conditions of industrial processes, however, increase propensity of enzyme destabilization, shortening their industrial lifespan. Consequently, the technology of enzyme immobilization provides an effective means to circumvent these concerns by enhancing enzyme catalytic properties and also simplify downstream processing and improve operational stability. There are several techniques used to immobilize the enzymes onto supports which range from reversible physical adsorption and ionic linkages, to the irreversible stable covalent bonds. Such techniques produce immobilized enzymes of varying stability due to changes in the surface microenvironment and degree of multipoint attachment. Hence, it is mandatory to obtain information about the structure of the enzyme protein following interaction with the support surface as well as interactions of the enzymes with other proteins. Characterization technologies at the nanoscale level to study enzymes immobilized on surfaces are crucial to obtain valuable qualitative and quantitative information, including morphological visualization of the immobilized enzymes. These technologies are pertinent to assess efficacy of an immobilization technique and development of future enzyme immobilization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Royhaila Mohamad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Haziqah Che Marzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Aziah Buang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Fahrul Huyop
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai81310, Johor, Malaysia
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Martini M, Albelda MT, Inclán M, Valle-Algarra FM, García-España E, Doménech-Carbó A. Voltammetry of microparticles, scanning electrochemical microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy applied to the study of dsDNA binding and damage by scorpiand-like polyamine receptors. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Tan L, Lin P, Chisti MM, Rehman A, Zeng X. Real time analysis of binding between Rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody) and B lymphoma cells. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8543-51. [PMID: 23926879 DOI: 10.1021/ac400062v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CD20, expressed on greater than 90% of B-lymphocytic lymphomas, is an attractive target for antibody therapy. Rituximab is a chimeric murine/human-engineered monoclonal antibody which can selectively deplete CD20-expressing cells in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. The immobilization of B-lymphoblast-like Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cells on the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) gold electrode surface using arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) tripeptide was electrochemically confirmed. The real-time processes of attachment of Raji cells on the gold electrode and the subsequent binding of Rituximab to the cells were studied using a QCM biosensor. The interaction between Rituximab and Raji cells led to the increased resonant frequency shifts (Δf0) in the studied antibody concentration range from 5 to 250 μg mL(-1) following the Langmuir adsorption model. From these observations, the apparent binding constant between a single-layer of Rituximab and Raji cells was calculated to be 1.6 × 10(6) M(-1). Control experiments using other therapeutic antibodies (i.e., Trastuzumab and Bevacizumab) and different cells (i.e., T cells and endothelial cells) proved the specific interaction between Rituximab and B cells. The effects of Ca(2+) and Mn(2+) ions on the Rituximab-Raji cell interaction were also studied providing the enhanced QCM signals, in particular with Ca(2+), further indicating that CD20 is a calcium ion channel that can transport these metal ions into the cells and accelerate the cell lysis induced by Rituximab. Thus, the real time capability of QCM and its simplicity of operation are shown to be highly suitable for multipurpose studies on living cells including cell-immobilization, cytotoxicity of drugs, and the cell action mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tan
- Chemistry Department, Oakland University , Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States
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Zhang D, Zhang Y, Zheng L, Zhan Y, He L. Graphene oxide/poly-l-lysine assembled layer for adhesion and electrochemical impedance detection of leukemia K562 cancercells. Biosens Bioelectron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Fan H, Jiao F, Chen H, Zhang F, Wang Q, He P, Fang Y. Qualitative and quantitative detection of DNA amplified with HRP-modified SiO2 nanoparticles using scanning electrochemical microscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 47:373-8. [PMID: 23608538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative detection of DNA was achieved by a "sandwich" DNA sensor through SG/TC (substrate generation and tip collection) mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The "sandwich" DNA structure was formed by the hybridization of thiol-tethered oligodeoxynucleotide probes (capture probe), assembled on the gold substrate surface, with target DNA and biotinylated indicator probe. HRP (horseradish peroxidase)-wrapped SiO2 nanoparticles were linked to the sandwich structure through biotin-streptavidin interaction. Hydroquinone (H2Q) was oxidized to benzoquinone (BQ) at the modified substrate surface where sequence-specific hybridization had occurred through the HRP-catalyzed reaction in the presence of H2O2. The detection was based on the reduction of BQ generated on the modified substrate by SECM tip. For SECM imaging experiment, we structured the microsensor platform through localized desorption of 1-dodecanethiol monolayer. Approach curves were employed for quantitative detection of DNA concentration. The detection limit of complementary DNA was as low as 0.8pM. This technique is promising for the application on electrochemical DNA chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Fan
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
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Mureşan L, Nistor M, Gáspár S, Popescu IC, Csöregi E. Monitoring of glucose and glutamate using enzyme microstructures and scanning electrochemical microscopy. Bioelectrochemistry 2009; 76:81-6. [PMID: 19520620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nakano K, Nakamura K, Iwamoto K, Soh N, Imato T. Positive-feedback-mode scanning electrochemical microscopy imaging of redox-active DNA–poly(1,4-benzoquinone) conjugate film deposited on carbon fiber electrode for micrometer-sized hybridization biosensor applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Diakowski PM, Kraatz HB. Detection of single-nucleotide mismatches using scanning electrochemical microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:1189-91. [PMID: 19240869 DOI: 10.1039/b819876d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Probing ds-DNA films in the presence of Zn(2+) ions by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) allows the unequivocal detection of a single-nucleotide mismatch and provides information about its position within the duplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Michal Diakowski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5B7
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Gorodetsky AA, Hammond WJ, Hill MG, Slowinski K, Barton JK. Scanning electrochemical microscopy of DNA monolayers modified with Nile Blue. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:14282-14288. [PMID: 19053641 PMCID: PMC2668266 DOI: 10.1021/la8029243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is used to probe long-range charge transport (CT) through DNA monolayers containing the redox-active Nile Blue (NB) intercalator covalently affixed at a specific location in the DNA film. At substrate potentials negative of the formal potential of covalently attached NB, the electrocatalytic reduction of Fe(CN)6(3-) generated at the SECM tip is observed only when NB is located at the DNA/solution interface; for DNA films containing NB in close proximity to the DNA/electrode interface, the electrocatalytic effect is absent. This behavior is consistent with both rapid DNA-mediated CT between the NB intercalator and the gold electrode as well as a rate-limiting electron transfer between NB and the solution phase Fe(CN)6(3-). The DNA-mediated nature of the catalytic cycle is confirmed through sequence-specific and localized detection of attomoles of TATA-binding protein, a transcription factor that severely distorts DNA upon binding. Importantly, the strategy outlined here is general and allows for the local investigation of the surface characteristics of DNA monolayers both in the absence and in the presence of DNA binding proteins. These experiments highlight the utility of DNA-modified electrodes as versatile platforms for SECM detection schemes that take advantage of CT mediated by the DNA base pair stack.
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Teles F, Fonseca L. Applications of polymers for biomolecule immobilization in electrochemical biosensors. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Hu HL, Jiang H, Wang XM, Chen BA. Detection and distinguishability of leukemia cancer cells based on Au nanoparticles modified electrodes. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Solanki PR, Prabhakar N, Pandey MK, Malhotra BD. Self-assembled monolayer for toxicant detection using nucleic acid sensor based on surface plasmon resonance technique. Biomed Microdevices 2008; 10:757-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-008-9188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wain AJ, Zhou F. Scanning electrochemical microscopy imaging of DNA microarrays using methylene blue as a redox-active intercalator. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:5155-5160. [PMID: 18355100 DOI: 10.1021/la703922v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has been employed in the imaging of DNA microarrays fabricated on gold substrates using methylene blue (MB) as a redox-active intercalator and ferrocyanide as the SECM mediator in solution. MB intercalated between base pairs of immobilized ds-DNA is electrochemically reduced via electron transfer from the underlying gold substrate, and the product is reoxidized in solution by SECM tip-generated ferricyanide. The resulting feedback current allows a heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constant for the MB-intercalated DNA to be deduced. Moreover, DNA microarray spots can be imaged at a detection level of 14 fmol/spot for ds-DNA consisting of 15 base pairs. Microarrays prepared using 20 microM DNA solutions are easily visualized, and the feasibility of detecting base pair mismatches is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA
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Wang J, Liu G, Wu H, Lin Y. Sensitive electrochemical immunoassay for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene based on functionalized silica nanoparticle labels. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 610:112-8. [PMID: 18267147 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We present a poly(guanine)-functionalized silica nanoparticle (NP) label-based electrochemical immunoassay for sensitively detecting 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). This immunoassay takes advantage of magnetic bead-based platform for competitive displacement immunoreactions and separation, and use electroactive nanoparticles as labels for signal amplification. For this assay, anti-TNT-coated magnetic beads interacted with TNT analog-conjugated poly(guanine)-silica NPs and formed analog-anti-TNT immunocomplexes on magnetic beads. The immunocomplexes coated magnetic beads were exposed to TNT samples, which resulted in displacing the analog conjugated poly(guanine) silica NPs into solution by TNT. In contrast, there are no guanine residues releasing into the solution in the absence of TNT. The reaction solution was then separated from the magnetic beads and transferred to the electrode surface for electrochemical measurements of guanine oxidation with Ru(bpy)3(2+) as mediator. The sensitivity of this TNT assay was greatly enhanced through dual signal amplifications: (1) a large amount of guanine residues on silica nanoparticles are introduced into the test solution by displacement immunoreactions and (2) a Ru(bpy)3(2+)-induced guanine catalytic oxidation further enhances the electrochemical signal. Some experimental parameters for the nanoparticle label-based electrochemical immunoassay were studied and the performance of this assay was evaluated. The method is found to be very sensitive and the detection limit of this assay is approximately 0.1 ng mL(-1) TNT. The electrochemical immunoassay based on the poly[guanine]-functionalized silica NP label offers a new approach for sensitive detection of explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
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Roberts WS, Lonsdale DJ, Griffiths J, Higson SPJ. Advances in the application of scanning electrochemical microscopy to bioanalytical systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:301-18. [PMID: 17869090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful surface characterisation technique that allows for the electrochemical profiling of surfaces with sub micrometer resolution. While SECM has been most widely used to electrochemically study and profile non-biological surfaces and processes, the technique has in recent years, been increasingly used for the study of biological systems - and this is the focus of this review. An overview of SECM and how the technique may be applied to the study of biological systems will first be given. SECM and its application to the study of cells, enzymes and DNA will each be considered in detail. The review will conclude with a discussion of future directions and scope for further developments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Roberts
- Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Barton Road, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, United Kingdom
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Palchetti I, Laschi S, Marrazza G, Mascini M. Electrochemical Imaging of Localized Sandwich DNA Hybridization Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7206-13. [PMID: 17696405 DOI: 10.1021/ac070474h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Imaging of localized hybridization of nucleic acids immobilized on gold-DNA chip was performed by means of the feedback mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Thiol-tethered oligodeoxynucleotide (HS-ODN) probes, spotted on a gold surface, were hybridized with unmodified target sequence via sandwich hybridization with a biotinylated signaling probe. Spots where sequence-specific hybridization had occurred were developed by adding a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate and biocatalyzed precipitation of an insoluble and insulating product. As a consequence, the surface conductivity of the spotted region of the chip where hybridization had taken place changed. These changes in conductivity were sensitively detected by the SECM tip. The proposed method allows imaging of a DNA array in a straightforward way. Analysis of real samples was also performed coupling this method with polymerase chain reaction. The imaging of 60 nM PCR amplicon (255 bp) was demonstrated.
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Nunes Kirchner C, Szunerits S, Wittstock G. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) Based Detection of Oligonucleotide Hybridization and Simultaneous Determination of the Surface Concentration of Immobilized Oligonucleotides on Gold. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200703862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Wittstock G, Burchardt M, Pust SE, Shen Y, Zhao C. Scanning electrochemical microscopy for direct imaging of reaction rates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1584-617. [PMID: 17285666 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Not only in electrochemistry but also in biology and in membrane transport, localized processes at solid-liquid or liquid-liquid interfaces play an important role at defect sites, pores, or individual cells, but are difficult to characterize by integral investigation. Scanning electrochemical microscopy is suitable for such investigations. After two decades of development, this method is based on a solid theoretical foundation and a large number of demonstrated applications. It offers the possibility of directly imaging heterogeneous reaction rates and locally modifying substrates by electrochemically generated reagents. The applications range from classical electrochemical problems, such as the investigation of localized corrosion and electrocatalytic reactions in fuel cells, sensor surfaces, biochips, and microstructured analysis systems, to mass transport through synthetic membranes, skin and tissue, as well as intercellular communication processes. Moreover, processes can be studied that occur at liquid surfaces and liquid-liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Reine und Angewandte Chemie und Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
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29
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Lie LH, Mirkin MV, Hakkarainen S, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Electrochemical detection of lateral charge transport in metal complex-DNA monolayers synthesized on Si(111) electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Wang J, Liu G, Engelhard MH, Lin Y. Sensitive immunoassay of a biomarker tumor necrosis factor-alpha based on poly(guanine)-functionalized silica nanoparticle label. Anal Chem 2007; 78:6974-9. [PMID: 17007523 DOI: 10.1021/ac060809f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) based on poly(guanine)-functionalized silica nanoparticles (NPs) label is presented. The detection of mouse TNF-alpha via immunological reaction is based on a dual signal amplification: (1) a large amount of guanine residues introduced on the electrode surface through sandwich immunoreaction and poly(guanine)-functionalized silica NP label; (2) Ru(bpy)3(2+)-induced catalytic oxidation of guanine, which results in great enhancement of anodic current. The synthesized silica NP conjugates were characterized with atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. These experiments confirmed that poly(guanine) and avidin were immobilized on the surface of silica NPs. The performance of the electrochemical immunosensor was evaluated and some experiment parameters (e.g., concentration of Ru(bpy)3(2+), incubation time of TNF-alpha, etc.) were optimized. The detection limit for TNF-alpha is found to be 5.0 x 10(-11) g mL(-1) (2.0 pM), which corresponds to 60 amol of TNF-alpha in 30 microL of sample. This immunosensor based on the poly(guanine)-functionalized silica NP label offers great promise for rapid, simple, cost-effective analysis of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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31
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Wittstock G, Burchardt M, Pust S, Shen Y, Zhao C. Elektrochemische Rastermikroskopie zur direkten Abbildung von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Wittstock G, Burchardt M, Kirchner CN. Chapter 37 Scanning electrochemical microscopy in biosensor research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(06)49037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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33
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Detection of proteins on membranes and in microchannels using copper staining combined with scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Sun P, Laforge FO, Mirkin MV. Scanning electrochemical microscopy in the 21st century. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:802-23. [PMID: 17287874 DOI: 10.1039/b612259k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fundamentals of and recent advances in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) are described. The focus is on applications of this method to studies of systems and processes of active current interest ranging from nanoelectrochemistry to electron transfer reactions and electrocatalysis to biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
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35
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36
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Wang J, Liu G, Lin Y. Electroactive silica nanoparticles for biological labeling. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2006; 2:1134-8. [PMID: 17193577 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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37
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Babkina SS, Budnikov GK. Electrochemical biosensors based on nucleic acids and their use in bioaffinity assays for determining DNA and and its effectors. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934806080028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Arora K, Chand S, Malhotra BD. Recent developments in bio-molecular electronics techniques for food pathogens. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 568:259-74. [PMID: 17761267 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Food borne illnesses contribute to the majority of infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Detection of these pathogens originating from different sources has led to increased interest of researchers. New bio-molecular techniques for food pathogen detection are being developed to improve the sensor characteristics such as sensitivity, reusability, simplicity and economic viability. Present article deals with the various methods of food pathogen detection with special emphasis on bio-molecular electronics techniques such as biosensors, microarrays, electronic nose, and nano-materials based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Arora
- Biomolecular Electronics and Conducting Polymer Research Group, National Physical Laboratory, K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India.
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39
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Arora K, Chaubey A, Singhal R, Singh RP, Pandey MK, Samanta SB, Malhotra BD, Chand S. Application of electrochemically prepared polypyrrole–polyvinyl sulphonate films to DNA biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:1777-83. [PMID: 16226454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Double stranded calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was physisorbed onto polypyrrole-polyvinyl sulphonate (PPY-PVS) films electrochemically deposited onto indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass plates. These DNA immobilized PPY-PVS films optimized for various conditions, such as polymerization potential, pH of buffer, DNA concentration and scan rate were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques, respectively. The amperometric response studies of these DNA/PPY-PVS electrodes were carried out as a function of 2-aminoantharcene (2-AA, 0.01-20 ppm) and o-chlorophenol (OCP, 0.1-30 ppm) concentration, respectively at 25 degrees C. The observed amperometric current arising due to oxidation of guanine in the DNA/PPY-PVS films decreased linearly with the increase in the concentration of 2-AA and OCP. It has been revealed that 10 ppm of 2-AA is sufficient to reduce the observed guanine oxidation peak current by approximately -95+/-10% as compared to the reported values. A 25 ppm of OCP was capable enough to reduce the guanine oxidation current to zero. These DNA/PPY-PVS electrodes were found to have a shelf life of about 4 months when stored at 25 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Arora
- Biomolecular Electronics and Conducting Polymer Research Group, National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
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40
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Fortin E, Mailley P, Lacroix L, Szunerits S. Imaging of DNA hybridization on microscopic polypyrrole patterns using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM): the HRP bio-catalyzed oxidation of 4-chloro-1-naphthol. Analyst 2006; 131:186-93. [PMID: 16440081 DOI: 10.1039/b504711k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We illustrate in this paper the successful combination of the direct and feedback mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) for the writing of oligonucleotide patterns on thin gold films alongside the imaging of DNA hybridization. The patterning process was achieved using the direct mode of SECM, where the electrical field established between the SECM tip and the gold interface was used to drive the local deposition of micrometre sized polypyrrole spots to which a 15(mer) oligonucleotide (ODN) strand was linked covalently. Imaging of the deposited polypyrrole-ODNs was achieved by means of the feedback mode of SECM using Ru(NH(3))(6)(3+) as the mediator. The detection of the hybridization reaction of the ODN probes with their biotinylated complementary strands using SECM was possible after subsequent reactions with streptavidin and biotinylated horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The HRP-biocatalyzed oxidation of 4-chloro-1-naphthol (1) in the presence of H(2)O(2), and the precipitation of the insoluble product 4-chloro-1-naphthon (2) on the hybridized areas on the gold film caused a local alteration of conductivity. Such a change in conductivity was sensitively detected by the SECM tip and allowed imaging of DNA arrays in a fast and straightforward way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Fortin
- Groupe CREAG, UMR CNRS/CEA/UJF 5819, DRFMC/SI3M, CEA, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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41
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Du D, Liu S, Chen J, Ju H, Lian H, Li J. Colloidal gold nanoparticle modified carbon paste interface for studies of tumor cell adhesion and viability. Biomaterials 2005; 26:6487-95. [PMID: 15951013 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A non-toxic biomimetic interface for immobilization of living cells and electrochemical exogenous effect study of cell viability was constructed by mixing colloidal gold nanoparticles in carbon paste. A new approach to study the effects of anti-tumor drug and other exogenous factors on cell viability was proposed. The nanoparticles were efficient for preserving the activity of immobilized living cells and preventing their leakage from the electrode surface. The immobilized living AsPC-1 cells (pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells derived from ascites) exhibited an irreversible voltammetric response related to the oxidation of guanine. The presence of guanine was verified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The contents of guanine in cytoplasm of each AsPC-1 and normal pancreatic cell were detected to be 370 and 22amol, respectively. The cytotoxic effect of adriamycin resulted in a decrease in peak current of guanine. The optimal exogenous factors that affected cell viability, including pH, temperature and salt concentration of electrolyte, were just consistent with cell growth conditions in culture. This simple and rapid method could be applied for the electrochemical investigation of exogenous effect and characterization of the viability of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Du
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Education Ministry of China), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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42
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Chen J, Du D, Yan F, Ju HX, Lian HZ. Electrochemical Antitumor Drug Sensitivity Test for Leukemia K562 Cells at a Carbon-Nanotube-Modified Electrode. Chemistry 2005; 11:1467-72. [PMID: 15651023 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The change in electrochemical behavior of tumor cells induced by antitumor drugs was detected by using a multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)-modified glass carbon electrode (GCE). Based on the changes observed, a simple, in vitro, electrochemical antitumor drug sensitivity test was developed. MWNTs promoted electron transfer between the electroactive centers of cells and the electrode. Leukemia K562 cells exhibited a well-defined anodic peak of guanine at +0.823 V at 50 mV s(-1). HPLC assay with ultraviolet detection was used to elucidate the reactant responsible for the electrochemical response of the tumor cells. The guanine content within the cytoplasm of each K562 cell was detected to be 920 amol. For the drug sensitivity tests, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and several clinical antitumor drugs, such as vincristine, adriamycin, and mitomycin C, were added to cell culture medium. As a result, the electrochemical responses of the K562 cells decreased significantly. The cytotoxicity curves and results obtained corresponded well with the results of MTT assays. In comparison to conventional methods, this electrochemical test is highly sensitive, accurate, inexpensive, and simple. The method proposed could be developed as a convenient means to study the sensitivity of tumor cells to antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Education Ministry of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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43
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Wang K, Zhang D, Zhou T, Xia XH. A Dual-Electrode Approach for Highly Selective Detection of Glucose Based on Diffusion Layer Theory: Experiments and Simulation. Chemistry 2005; 11:1341-7. [PMID: 15643665 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A dual-electrode configuration for the highly selective detection of glucose in the diffusion layer of the substrate electrode is presented. In this approach, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE, substrate) modified with a conductive layer of glucose oxidase/Nafion/graphite (GNG) was used to create an interference-free region in its diffusion layer by electrochemical depletion of interfering electroactive species. A Pt microelectrode (tip, 5 microm in radius) was located in the diffusion layer of the GNG-modified GCE (GNG-G) with the help of scanning electrochemical microscopy. Consequently, the tip of the electrode could sense glucose selectively by detecting the amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formed from the oxidization of glucose on the glucose oxidase layer. The influences of parameters, including tip-substrate distance, substrate potential, and electrolyzing time, on the interference-removing efficiency of this dual-electrode approach have been investigated systematically. When the electrolyzing time was 30 s, the tip-substrate distance was 1.8 a (9.0 microm) (where a is the radius of the tip electrode), the potentials of the tip and substrate electrodes were 0.7 V and 0.4 V, respectively, and a mixture of ascorbic acid (0.3 mM), uric acid (0.3 mM), and 4-acetaminophen (0.3 mM) had no influence on the glucose detection. In addition, the current-time responses of the tip electrode at different tip-substrate distances in a solution containing interfering species were numerically simulated. The results from the simulation are in good agreement with the experimental data. This research provides a concept of detection in the diffusion layer of a substrate electrode, as an interference-free region, for developing novel microelectrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Life Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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44
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Gyurcsányi RE, Jágerszki G, Kiss G, Tóth K. Chemical imaging of biological systems with the scanning electrochemical microscope. Bioelectrochemistry 2004; 63:207-15. [PMID: 15110274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Revised: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A brief overview on recent advances in the application of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to the investigation of biological systems is presented. Special emphasis is given to the mapping of local enzyme activity by SECM, which is exemplified by relevant original systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert E Gyurcsányi
- Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt. Gellért tér 4, Budapest, 1111-Hungary.
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Ge
- International Joint Lab, Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Science, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhong Guan Cun, Bei Yi Jie No.2, Beijing 100080, China
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46
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Gore MR, Szalai VA, Ropp PA, Yang IV, Silverman JS, Thorp HH. Detection of Attomole Quantitites of DNA Targets on Gold Microelectrodes by Electrocatalytic Nucleobase Oxidation. Anal Chem 2003; 75:6586-92. [PMID: 14640732 DOI: 10.1021/ac034918v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical detection of nucleic acid targets at low concentrations has a number of applications in diagnostics and pharmaceutical research. Self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiol-derivatized oligonucleotides on gold electrodes provide a useful platform for such detectors, and the electrocatalytic oxidation of nucleobases included in the DNA targets is a particularly sensitive method of electrochemical detection. A strategy has been developed for combining these two aspects by substituting either 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8G) or 5-aminouridine (5U) into DNA targets. Upon hybridization of targets containing these modified nucleobases, electrocatalytic signals at probe-modified gold electrodes are observed in the presence of Os(bpy)(3)(2+), which oxidizes both 8G and 5U upon oxidation to the Os(III) state. Self-assembled monolayers were prepared on both macro (1.6 mm) and micro (25 microm) gold electrodes using published procedures involving C6-terminated alkanethiol oligonucleotides and mercaptohexanol as the diluent. The extent of electrode modification by the modified probe was assessed using radiolabeling and a standard chronocoulometry method; both approaches gave loading levels within expected ranges ((1-6) x 10(12) molecules/cm(2)). Hybridization of the modified targets where the non-native nucleobase was incorporated by solid-phase synthesis produced electrocatalytic signals from strands that were independently detected using radiolabeling and chronocoulometry. This result was used as a basis to develop an on-electrode amplification scheme where Taq polymerase was used to extend the immobilized DNA probes from solution-phase polymeric templates using modified nucleotriphosphates. This reaction produced an electrode that was modified with extended DNA containing the appropriate modified nucleotide. Radiolabeled nucleotide triphosphates were used to confirm the desired on-electrode DNA synthesis. When these electrodes were cycled in the presence of Os(bpy)(3)(2+), electrocatalytic signals were observed when as little as 40 amol (400 fM) of the desired target was present in the hybridization solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R Gore
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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