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Lucia-Tamudo J, Cárdenas G, Anguita-Ortiz N, Díaz-Tendero S, Nogueira JJ. Computation of Oxidation Potentials of Solvated Nucleobases by Static and Dynamic Multilayer Approaches. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:3365-3380. [PMID: 35771991 PMCID: PMC9326891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The determination
of the redox properties of nucleobases is of
paramount importance to get insight into the charge-transfer processes
in which they are involved, such as those occurring in DNA-inspired
biosensors. Although many theoretical and experimental studies have
been conducted, the value of the one-electron oxidation potentials
of nucleobases is not well-defined. Moreover, the most appropriate
theoretical protocol to model the redox properties has not been established
yet. In this work, we have implemented and evaluated different static
and dynamic approaches to compute the one-electron oxidation potentials
of solvated nucleobases. In the static framework, two thermodynamic
cycles have been tested to assess their accuracy against the direct
determination of oxidation potentials from the adiabatic ionization
energies. Then, the introduction of vibrational sampling, the effect
of implicit and explicit solvation models, and the application of
the Marcus theory have been analyzed through dynamic methods. The
results revealed that the static direct determination provides more
accurate results than thermodynamic cycles. Moreover, the effect of
sampling has not shown to be relevant, and the results are improved
within the dynamic framework when the Marcus theory is applied, especially
in explicit solvent, with respect to the direct approach. Finally,
the presence of different tautomers in water does not affect significantly
the one-electron oxidation potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Lucia-Tamudo
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo Cárdenas
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Anguita-Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Nogueira
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Synthesis and photophysical properties of zinc myoglobin appending an ethidium ion as a DNA intercalator. J Biol Inorg Chem 2007; 13:171-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-007-0309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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3
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Crespo-Hernandez CE, Close DM, Gorb L, Leszczynski J. Determination of Redox Potentials for the Watson−Crick Base Pairs, DNA Nucleosides, and Relevant Nucleoside Analogues. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:5386-95. [PMID: 17447808 DOI: 10.1021/jp0684224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Redox potentials for the DNA nucleobases and nucleosides, various relevant nucleoside analogues, Watson-Crick base pairs, and seven organic dyes are presented based on DFT/B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) and B3YLP/6-311+G(2df,p)//B3LYP/6-31+G* levels of calculations. The values are determined from an experimentally calibrated set of equations that correlate the vertical ionization (electron affinity) energy of 20 organic molecules with their experimental reversible oxidation (reduction) potential. Our results are in good agreement with those estimated experimentally for the DNA nucleosides in acetonitrile solutions (Seidel et al. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 5541). We have found that nucleosides with anti conformation exhibit lower oxidation potentials than the corresponding syn conformers. The lowering in the oxidation potential is due to the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction between the 5'-OH group of the sugar and the N3 of the purine bases or C2=O of the pyrimidine bases in the syn conformation. Pairing of adenine or guanine with its complementary pyrimidine base decreases its oxidation potential by 0.15 or 0.28 V, respectively. The calculated energy difference between the oxidation potential for the G.C base pair and that of the guanine base is in good agreement with the experimental value estimated recently (0.34 V: Caruso, T.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 15040). The complete and consistent set of reversible redox values determined in this work for the DNA constituents is expected to be of considerable value to those studying charge and electronic energy transfer in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Crespo-Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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4
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Elias B, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A. Photo-reduction of polyazaaromatic Ru(II) complexes by biomolecules and possible applications. Coord Chem Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Vaidyanathan VG, Nair BU. Synthesis, characterization and DNA binding studies of a ruthenium(II) complex. J Inorg Biochem 2002; 91:405-12. [PMID: 12161310 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(02)00448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[Ru(bzimpy)(2)]Cl(2), where bzimpy is 2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl) pyridine was synthesized and characterized by ESI-MS, UV-Visible, (1)H NMR and fluorescence spectra. Absorption titration and thermal denaturation experiments indicate that the complex binds to DNA with moderate strength. Viscosity measurement shows that the mode of binding could be surface binding. Fluorescence study shows that the fluorescence intensity of the complex decreases with increasing concentrations of DNA, which is due to the photoelectron transfer from guanine base to (3)MLCT of the complex. Photoexcitation of the complex in the MLCT region in the presence of plasmid DNA has been found to give rise to nicking of DNA.
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7
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Zhou A, Liu M, Baciu C, Glück B, Berg H. Membrane electroporation increases photodynamic effects. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Distance dependence of electron transfer in acridine-intercalated DNA. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(99)00063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Kojima H, Spataru N, Kawata Y, Yano SI, Vartires I. Long-Ranged Electron Interaction between Carboxytetramethylrhodamine and Fluoresceinisothiocyanate Bound Covalently to DNA, As Evidenced by Fluorescence Quenching. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982844z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kojima
- Osaka National Research Institute, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda-shi, Osaka 563, Japan
| | - Nicolae Spataru
- Osaka National Research Institute, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda-shi, Osaka 563, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kawata
- Osaka National Research Institute, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda-shi, Osaka 563, Japan
| | - Sin-ichi Yano
- Osaka National Research Institute, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda-shi, Osaka 563, Japan
| | - Iuliana Vartires
- Osaka National Research Institute, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Midorigaoka 1-8-31, Ikeda-shi, Osaka 563, Japan
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Chirvony VS, Galievsky VA, Kruk NN, Dzhagarov BM, Turpin PY. Photophysics of cationic 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-N-methylpyridyl) porphyrin bound to DNA, [poly(dA-dT)]2 and [poly(dG-dC)]2: on a possible charge transfer process between guanine and porphyrin in its excited singlet state. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(97)00043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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11
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Adam W, Groer P, Mielke K, Saha-Möller CR, Hutterer R, Kiefer W, Nagel V, Schneider FW, Ballmaier D, Schleger Y, Epe B. Photochemical and photobiological studies with acridine and phenanthridine hydroperoxides in cell-free DNA. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 66:26-33. [PMID: 9230701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The acridine and phenanthridine hydroperoxides 3 and 7 were synthesized as photochemical hydroxyl radical sources for oxidative DNA damage studies. The generation of hydroxyl radicals upon UVA irradiation (lambda = 350 nm) was verified by trapping experiments with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide and benzene. The enzymatic assays of the damage in cell-free DNA from bacteriophage PM2 caused by the acridine and phenanthridine hydroperoxides 3 and 7 under near-UVA irradiation revealed a wide range of DNA modifications. Particularly, extensive single-strand break formation and DNA base modifications sensitive to formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg protein) were observed. In the photooxidation of calf thymus DNA, up to 0.69 +/- 0.03% 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine was formed by the hydroperoxides 3 and 7 on irradiation, whose yield was reduced up to 40% in the presence of the hydroxyl radical scavengers mannitol and tert-butanol. The acridine and phenanthridine hydroperoxides 3 and 7 also induce DNA damage through the type I photooxidation process, for which photoinduced electron transfer from 2'-deoxyguanosine to the singlet states of 3 and 7 was estimated by the Rehm-Weller equation to possess a negative Gibb's free energy of ca -5 kcal/ mol. Control experiments with the sensitizers acridine 1 and the acridine alcohol 4 in calf thymus and PM2 DNA confirmed the photosensitizing propensity of the UVA-absorbing chromophores. The present study emphasizes that for the development of selective and efficient photochemical hydroxyl radical sources, chromophores with low photosensitizing ability must be chosen to avoid type I and type II photooxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Adam
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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12
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Adam W, Mielke K, Saha-Möller CR, Möller M, Stopper H, Hutterer R, Schneider FW, Ballmaier D, Epe B, Gasparro FF, Chen X, Kagan J. Photochemical and photobiological studies of a furonaphthopyranone as a benzo-spaced psoralen analog in cell-free and cellular DNA. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 66:46-54. [PMID: 9230704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Photobiological activities of the benzo-spaced psoralen analog furonaphthopyranone 3 have been investigated in cell-free and cellular DNA. The molecular geometry parameters of 3 suggest that it should not form interstrand crosslinks with DNA. With cell-free DNA no evidence for crosslinking but also not for monoadduct formation was obtained; rather, the unnatural furocoumarin 3 induces oxidative DNA modifications under near-UVA irradiation. The enzymatic assay of the photosensitized damage in cell-free PM2 DNA revealed the significant formation of lesions sensitive to formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg protein). In the photooxidation of calf thymus DNA by the furonaphthopyranone 3, 0.29 +/- 0.02% 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua) was observed. With 2'-deoxyguanosine (dGuo), the guanidine-releasing photooxidation products oxazolone and oxoimidazolidine were formed predominately, while 8-oxodGuo and 4-HO-8-oxodGuo were obtained in minor amounts. The lack of a significant D2O effect in the photooxidation of DNA and dGuo reveals that singlet oxygen (type II process) plays a minor role; control experiments with tert-butanol and mannitol confirm the absence of hydroxyl radicals as oxidizing species. The furonaphthopyranone 3 (Ered = -1.93 +/- 0.03V) should act in its singlet-excited state as electron acceptor for the photooxidation of dGuo (delta GET ca -6 kcal/mol), which corroborates photoinduced electron transfer (type I) as a major DNA-oxidizing mechanism. A comet assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) AS52 cells demonstrated that the psoralen analog 3 damages cellular DNA upon near-UVA irradiation; however, no photosensitized mutagenicity was observed in CHO AS52 cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Adam
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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13
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Abstract
The possibility has been considered for almost forty years that the DNA double helix, which contains a pi-stacked array of heterocyclic base pairs, could be a suitable medium for the migration of charge over long molecular distances. This notion of high charge mobility is a critical consideration with respect to DNA damage. We have previously found that the DNA double helix can serve as a molecular bridge for photo-induced electron transfer between metallointercalators, with fast rates (> or = 10(10)s-1) and with quenching over a long distance (>40 A). Here we use a metallointercalator to introduce a photoexcited hole into the DNA pi-stack at a specific site in order to evaluate oxidative damage to DNA from a distance. Oligomeric DNA duplexes were prepared with a rhodium intercalator covalently attached to one end and separated spatially from 5'-GG-3' doublet sites of oxidation. Rhodium-induced photo-oxidation occurs specifically at the 5'-G in the 5'-GG-3' doublets and is observed up to 37 A away from the site of rhodium intercalation. We find that the yield of oxidative damage depends sensitively upon oxidation potential and pi-stacking, but not on distance. These results demonstrate directly that oxidative damage to DNA may be promoted from a remote site as a result of hole migration through the DNA pi-stack.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Hall
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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14
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Arkin MR, Stemp ED, Holmlin RE, Barton JK, Hörmann A, Olson EJ, Barbara PF. Rates of DNA-mediated electron transfer between metallointercalators. Science 1996; 273:475-80. [PMID: 8662532 DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5274.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast emission and absorption spectroscopies were used to measure the kinetics of DNA-mediated electron transfer reactions between metal complexes intercalated into DNA. In the presence of rhodium(III) acceptor, a substantial fraction of photoexcited donor exhibits fast oxidative quenching (>3 x 10(10) per second). Transient-absorption experiments indicate that, for a series of donors, the majority of back electron transfer is also very fast (approximately 10(10) per second). This rate is independent of the loading of acceptors on the helix, but is sensitive to sequence and pi stacking. The cooperative binding of donor and acceptor is considered unlikely on the basis of structural models and DNA photocleavage studies of binding. These data show that the DNA double helix differs significantly from proteins as a bridge for electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Arkin
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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15
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Holmlin RE, Stemp EDA, Barton JK. Os(phen)2dppz2+ in Photoinduced DNA-Mediated Electron Transfer Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja953941y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Erik Holmlin
- Contribution from the Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Eric D. A. Stemp
- Contribution from the Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Jacqueline K. Barton
- Contribution from the Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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16
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Seidel CAM, Schulz A, Sauer MHM. Nucleobase-Specific Quenching of Fluorescent Dyes. 1. Nucleobase One-Electron Redox Potentials and Their Correlation with Static and Dynamic Quenching Efficiencies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp951507c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 805] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Mesmaeker AKD, Lecomte JP, Kelly JM. Photoreactions of metal complexes with DNA, especially those involving a primary photo-electron transfer. ELECTRON TRANSFER II 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-60110-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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New fluorescent dyes in the red region for biodiagnostics. J Fluoresc 1995; 5:247-61. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00723896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/1994] [Revised: 12/14/1994] [Accepted: 12/16/1994] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tuite EM, Kelly JM. Photochemical interactions of methylene blue and analogues with DNA and other biological substrates. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1993; 21:103-24. [PMID: 8301408 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(93)80173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The light-induced reactions of methylene blue and related phenothiazinium dyes with biological substrates are described. The properties of the excited states of the dyes, their reactions with nucleic acids and their photosensitised chemical modifications of nucleic acid bases are examined. Reports on phenothiazinium dye-induced damage to proteins, lipids, biological membranes, organelles, viruses, bacteria, mammalian cells and carcinomas are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Tuite
- Chemistry Department, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Paillous N, Vicendo P. Mechanisms of photosensitized DNA cleavage. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(93)80152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Tossi AB, Görner H. Photoinduced interaction of Ru(bpy)3 2+ with nucleotides and nucleic acids in the presence of S2O8 2-; a transient conductivity study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1993; 17:115-25. [PMID: 8459316 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(93)80004-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical reactions of Ru(bpy)3(2+) with single- and double-stranded DNA, polynucleotides and purine-containing nucleotides in argon-saturated aqueous solution in the presence of S2O8(2-) were studied using time-resolved absorption and conductivity methods. The conversion of Ru(bpy(3(3+) to Ru(bpy)3(2+), monitored spectroscopically either after rapid mixing with substrate or after laser flash excitation (lambda exc = 353 nm) is quantitative at nucleotide-to-sensitizer ratios [N]/[S] of 1-2 for DNA and other guanine-containing compounds. Conductivity measurements following the laser pulse revealed a fast conductivity increase (rise time, less than 0.1 ms) due to the formation of protons and, to a lesser degree, to charged species of much lower ion mobility. A slower component in the 0.01-1 s range was observed for nucleic acids; its amplitude is markedly reduced at pH 6-9. In buffered neutral solution the signal is replaced by a slight decrease in conductivity. Electronically excited Ru(bpy)3(2+) bound to DNA reacts with S2O8(2-) to form Ru(bpy)3(3+) and SO4(.-) as primary oxidizing species both of which react with bases. The resulting base radicals react subsequently with Ru(bpy)3(3+) and Ru(bpy)3(2+) or the ligands in the ruthenium complex, producing protons which give rise to the slower conductivity increase. The formation of single-strand breaks and the ensuing release of condensed counterions does not appear to contribute significantly to the slow component. The transient conductivity behaviour is sensitive to the single- or double-stranded nature of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Tossi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Germany
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Lecomte JP, Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A, Kelly JM, Tossi AB, Görner H. Photo-induced electron transfer from nucleotides to ruthenium-tris-1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene: model for photosensitized DNA oxidation. Photochem Photobiol 1992; 55:681-9. [PMID: 1528981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb08511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The luminescence quenching of ruthenium-tris-1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene [Ru(tap)3(2+)] by nucleotides approaches the diffusion rate only with guanosine-5'-monophosphate (GMP), the most reducing nucleotide, and leads to an electron transfer with the production of the monoreduced complex and the oxidized base. The resulting deprotonated GMP(-H).radical recombines with the monoreduced complex according to a bimolecular equimolar process. The pH dependence of the decay of the transient reduced complex, in the presence of an oxidant (oxygen or benzoquinone) indicates the formation of Ru(tap)2(tapH)2+, i.e. the reduced protonated species, subsequent to the electron transfer, with a pKa of 7.6 as confirmed from pulse radiolysis experiments. As the non-protonated reduced complex, Ru(tap)2(tap-.)+, has a higher reducing power than the protonated one, oxygen is able to reoxidize only the non-protonated species, whereas benzoquinone reoxidizes both species but with different rate constants. The flash photolysis of Ru(tap)3(2+) in the presence of DNA and the effect of Mg2+ ions and GMP as supplementary additives also show the existence of a photo-induced electron transfer with the nucleic acid, which can be correlated to the photosensitized cleavage of DNA by this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Lecomte
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Chimie Organique CP 165, Belgium
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Coudret C, Harriman A. Complexation of nucleotides via multiple π-stacking and photoionisation of the resultant complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1039/c39920001755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schulte-Frohlinde D, Simic MG, Görner H. Laser-induced strand break formation in DNA and polynucleotides. Photochem Photobiol 1990; 52:1137-51. [PMID: 2087501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb08453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kirsch-De Mesmaeker A, Orellana G, Barton JK, Turro NJ. Ligand-dependent interaction of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes with DNA probed by emission spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol 1990; 52:461-72. [PMID: 2284340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb01787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the interaction in buffered aqueous solution of several homo and heteroleptic ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes containing 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 2,2'-bipyrazine (bpz), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dip), 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (tmp), 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene (tap), and 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene (hat) with calf thymus DNA and poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) (pdAT) has been investigated by steady-state spectroscopy and emission lifetime measurements. Those complexes containing two or more tap/hat ligands photo-oxidize the guanine base upon binding to DNA with efficiencies that parallel their excited state redox potentials, but display "normal" behavior (increase of both the emission intensity and lifetime) when bound to pdAT. However Ru(tap)(hat)2+2 and Ru(hat)2+3 even photooxidize the adenine base of pdAT, so that their excited states are also quenched in the presence of either polynucleotide. The electron transfer quenching mechanism has been confirmed previously by detection of the monoreduced complex in laser flash photolysis experiments in the presence of mononucleotides. Most of the complexes investigated appear to bind to DNA, at least in part via intercalation, with affinities being dependent on the nature of the largest ligand (hat shows the highest ability in heteroleptic complexes). From lifetime quenching experiments, in the presence of moderate amounts of NaCl, surface binding does not appear to be a general mode for the complexes investigated, and it has been demonstrated unequivocally only for Ru(phen)2+3. In addition, the intercalation of complexes into DNA increases as the ionic strength of the medium decreases, the DNA/Ru ratio increases, or when water is partially replaced by glycerol.
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Beddard GS, Kelly JM, van der Putten WJM. Picosecond study of the luminescence and transient absorption of methylene blue–polynucleotide complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1039/c39900001346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tossi AB, Görner H, Schulte-Frohlinde D. Photosensitized reactions of poly(U) with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) and peroxydisulfate. Photochem Photobiol 1989; 50:585-97. [PMID: 2623050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb04313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of polyuridylic acid [poly(U)] with Ru(bpy)3(3+) [Ru(III)] and SO4.-, following UV and visible light irradiation of Ru(bpy)3(2+) [Ru(II)] in the presence of S2O8(2-), were studied in an argon-saturated aqueous solution using time-resolved absorption and conductivity methods. The kinetics of the Ru(III) conversion to Ru(II) in the presence of poly(U) was monitored spectroscopically either in the absence of SO4.- [rapid mixing with Ru(III)] or in its presence (after laser flash excitation, lambda exc = 353 nm). The conversion of Ru(III) to Ru(II) is complete at a [nucleotide]/[sensitizer] (N/S) ratio greater than or equal to 10 (rate constant k = 12 s-1) for rapid mixing and at N/S greater than or equal to 6 (k = 15 s-1 at N/S = 10) after laser pulsing. Conductivity measurements following the laser pulse revealed a fast conductivity increase (risetime less than 10 micros), due to the formation of charged species and protons. A slower increase in the 0.1-0.5 s range was observed for poly(U) but it is considerably smaller for poly(dU) and absent in uracil containing monounits. The slow increase is unaffected by pH changes in the 3.5-7 range, markedly reduced in the 7-9 range and is replaced by a slight decrease in conductivity in buffered solutions. An explanation is that poly(U)-bound excited Ru(II) reacts with S2O8(2-) forming Ru(III) and SO4.- as oxidizing species both of which react with poly(U) bases. The resulting base radicals react with Ru(III) or the ligands in the ruthenium complex, producing protons which give rise to the slow conductivity increase (k = 15 s-1 at N/S = 10). The formation of single-strand breaks and the ensuing release of condensed counterions does not appear to contribute significantly to the slow conductivity signal. At N/S less than 10 the observed rate and extent of Ru(III)--Ru(II) conversion and of the slow proton production vary markedly with the N/S ratio.
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Tossi AB, Kelly JM. A study of some polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes as DNA binders and photocleavage reagents. Photochem Photobiol 1989; 49:545-56. [PMID: 2755989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb08423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the binding of several ruthenium polypyridyl complexes containing 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (DMB), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DPP), 2,2',2"-terpyridine (terpy), 2,2'-biquinoline (biq), 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene (TAP) and 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene (HAT), with calf thymus DNA, poly[d(A-T)] and poly[d(G-C)] were studied by absorption and emission spectroscopy, DNA melting techniques, and emission lifetime measurements. In low ionic strength phosphate buffer, spectroscopic changes and DNA stabilization depended on the polypyridyl ligands present, and indicated binding that varied from substantially electrostatic to intercalative. Ru(bipy)2(HAT)2+ and Ru(phen)3(2+), which bind by partial intercalation, also show a strong preference for poly[d(A-T)]. The emission quantum yields for most complexes were increased in the presence of DNA. An exception was Ru(TAP)3(2+) which has a markedly reduced emission quantum yield and lifetime in the presence of poly[d(G-C)] or CT-DNA, due to photoredox interaction with quanines. Emission decays of the complexes generally showed multiexponential behaviour. The ability of the ruthenium complexes to sensitise DNA cleavage was determined using pBR322 plasmid DNA. Ru(TAP)3(2+) is the most efficient sensitiser while uncharged complexes and complexes with very short-lived excited states do not cleave DNA.
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Crawford PW, Lumme P, Elo H, Ryan MD, Kovacic P. Charge transfer-oxy radical mechanism for anticancer agents: mAMSA derivatives, rhodamine 123, and nickel salicylaldoximate. FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1987; 3:347-56. [PMID: 3508450 DOI: 10.3109/10715768709088075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The proposal is advanced that many anticancer agents may function via redox reactions resulting in generation of toxic oxy radicals which destroy neoplastic cells. Cyclic voltammetry was performed with some of the main types: iminium ions (protonated mAMSA derivatives), quinone derivatives (rhodamine 123) and metal complexes (nickel(II) salicylaldoximate). In addition, relevant literature data are provided. A rationale is offered that relates electrochemical data to physiological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 53201
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Praseuth D, Gaudemer A, Verlhac JB, Kraljic I, Sissoëff I, Guillé E. Photocleavage of DNA in the presence of synthetic water-soluble porphyrins. Photochem Photobiol 1986; 44:717-24. [PMID: 3562570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1986.tb05529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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