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Transition metal complexes as promoters of direct electron transfer from gold electrodes to cytochrome c. J CHEM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-01960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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2
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Jacquet M, Izzo M, Osella S, Kozdra S, Michałowski PP, Gołowicz D, Kazimierczuk K, Gorzkowski MT, Lewera A, Teodorczyk M, Trzaskowski B, Jurczakowski R, Gryko DT, Kargul J. Development of a universal conductive platform for anchoring photo- and electroactive proteins using organometallic terpyridine molecular wires. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:9773-9787. [PMID: 34027945 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The construction of an efficient conductive interface between electrodes and electroactive proteins is a major challenge in the biosensor and bioelectrochemistry fields to achieve the desired nanodevice performance. Concomitantly, metallo-organic terpyridine wires have been extensively studied for their great ability to mediate electron transfer over a long-range distance. In this study, we report a novel stepwise bottom-up approach for assembling bioelectrodes based on a genetically modified model electroactive protein, cytochrome c553 (cyt c553) and an organometallic terpyridine (TPY) molecular wire self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Efficient anchoring of the TPY derivative (TPY-PO(OH)2) onto the ITO surface was achieved by optimising solvent composition. Uniform surface coverage with the electroactive protein was achieved by binding the cyt c553 molecules via the C-terminal His6-tag to the modified TPY macromolecules containing Earth abundant metallic redox centres. Photoelectrochemical characterisation demonstrates the crucial importance of the metal redox centre for the determination of the desired electron transfer properties between cyt and the ITO electrode. Even without the cyt protein, the ITO-TPY nanosystem reported here generates photocurrents whose densities are 2-fold higher that those reported earlier for ITO electrodes functionalised with the photoactive proteins such as photosystem I in the presence of an external mediator, and 30-fold higher than that of the pristine ITO. The universal chemical platform for anchoring and nanostructuring of (photo)electroactive proteins reported in this study provides a major advancement for the construction of efficient (bio)molecular systems requiring a high degree of precise supramolecular organisation as well as efficient charge transfer between (photo)redox-active molecular components and various types of electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Jacquet
- Solar Fuels Laboratory, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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3
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Zhou N, Wang T, Chen S, Hu Q, Cheng X, Sun D, Vupputuri S, Qiu B, Liu H, Guo Z. Conductive polyaniline hydrogel enhanced methane production from anaerobic wastewater treatment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 581:314-322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Clarkson University; Potsdam, NY 13699-5810 USA
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Bostick CD, Mukhopadhyay S, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D, Lederman D. Protein bioelectronics: a review of what we do and do not know. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:026601. [PMID: 29303117 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa85f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We review the status of protein-based molecular electronics. First, we define and discuss fundamental concepts of electron transfer and transport in and across proteins and proposed mechanisms for these processes. We then describe the immobilization of proteins to solid-state surfaces in both nanoscale and macroscopic approaches, and highlight how different methodologies can alter protein electronic properties. Because immobilizing proteins while retaining biological activity is crucial to the successful development of bioelectronic devices, we discuss this process at length. We briefly discuss computational predictions and their connection to experimental results. We then summarize how the biological activity of immobilized proteins is beneficial for bioelectronic devices, and how conductance measurements can shed light on protein properties. Finally, we consider how the research to date could influence the development of future bioelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Bostick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States of America. Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, United States of America
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6
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Adamson H, Bond AM, Parkin A. Probing biological redox chemistry with large amplitude Fourier transformed ac voltammetry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:9519-9533. [PMID: 28804798 PMCID: PMC5708363 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03870d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological electron-exchange reactions are fundamental to life on earth. Redox reactions underpin respiration, photosynthesis, molecular biosynthesis, cell signalling and protein folding. Chemical, biomedical and future energy technology developments are also inspired by these natural electron transfer processes. Further developments in techniques and data analysis are required to gain a deeper understanding of the redox biochemistry processes that power Nature. This review outlines the new insights gained from developing Fourier transformed ac voltammetry as a tool for protein film electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Adamson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Alan M Bond
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Alison Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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7
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Friebe VM, Millo D, Swainsbury DJK, Jones MR, Frese RN. Cytochrome c Provides an Electron-Funneling Antenna for Efficient Photocurrent Generation in a Reaction Center Biophotocathode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:23379-23388. [PMID: 28635267 PMCID: PMC5520101 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The high quantum efficiency of photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) makes them attractive for bioelectronic and biophotovoltaic applications. However, much of the native RC efficiency is lost in communication between surface-bound RCs and electrode materials. The state-of-the-art biophotoelectrodes utilizing cytochrome c (cyt c) as a biological wiring agent have at best approached 32% retained RC quantum efficiency. However, bottlenecks in cyt c-mediated electron transfer have not yet been fully elucidated. In this work, protein film voltammetry in conjunction with photoelectrochemistry is used to show that cyt c acts as an electron-funneling antennae that shuttle electrons from a functionalized rough silver electrode to surface-immobilized RCs. The arrangement of the two proteins on the electrode surface is characterized, revealing that RCs attached directly to the electrode via hydrophobic interactions and that a film of six cyt c per RC electrostatically bound to the electrode. We show that the additional electrical connectivity within a film of cyt c improves the high turnover demands of surface-bound RCs. This results in larger photocurrent onset potentials, positively shifted half-wave reduction potentials, and higher photocurrent densities reaching 100 μA cm-2. These findings are fundamental for the optimization of bioelectronics that utilize the ubiquitous cyt c redox proteins as biological wires to exploit electrode-bound enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M. Friebe
- Department of Physics
and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Millo
- Department of Physics
and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - David J. K. Swainsbury
- School
of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University
Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K.
| | - Michael R. Jones
- School
of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University
Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K.
| | - Raoul N. Frese
- Department of Physics
and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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8
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Sugimoto Y, Kitazumi Y, Shirai O, Yamamoto M, Kano K. Role of 2-mercaptoethanol in direct electron transfer-type bioelectrocatalysis of fructose dehydrogenase at Au electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Wang GX, Yang Z, Li ZH, Zhao BT. Electrochemical Behavior of Cytochrome C as a Self-Assembled Monolayer on a Porous Gold Electrode. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.968926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Sugimoto Y, Kitazumi Y, Tsujimura S, Shirai O, Yamamoto M, Kano K. Electrostatic interaction between an enzyme and electrodes in the electric double layer examined in a view of direct electron transfer-type bioelectrocatalysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 63:138-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Bioelectrocatalysis at mesoporous antimony doped tin oxide electrodes—Electrochemical characterization and direct enzyme communication. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Abstract
The results from a final-year undergraduate project led to an $876M sale of a spin-out company 19 years later: the 1977 communication from Mark Eddowes and Allen Hill seeded the rich field of protein electrochemistry, the technology that underpins commercial glucose biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Blanford
- School of Materials and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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13
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Paulo TDF, de Sousa TP, de Abreu DS, Felício NH, Bernhardt PV, Lopes LGDF, Sousa EHS, Diógenes ICN. Electrochemistry, surface plasmon resonance, and quartz crystal microbalance: an associative study on cytochrome c adsorption on pyridine tail-group monolayers on gold. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:8673-80. [PMID: 23819458 DOI: 10.1021/jp400694k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and electrochemistry techniques were used to study the electron-transfer (ET) reaction of cytochrome c (Cyt c) on gold surfaces modified with thionicotinamide, thioisonicotinamide, 4-mercaptopyridine, 5-(4-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol, 5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol, 4,4'-bipyridine, and 4,4'-dithiopyridine. The electrochemical results showed that the ET process is complex, being chiefly diffusional with steps depending on the orientation of the pyridine or phenyl tail group of the modifiers. The correlation between the electrochemical results and those acquired by SPR and QCM indicated the presence of an adlayer of Cyt c adsorbed on the thiolate SAMs. This adlayer, although being not electroactive, is essential to assess the ET reaction of Cyt c in solution. The results presented in this work are consistent with the statement (Feng, Z. Q.; Imabayashi, S.; Kakiuchi, T.; Niki, K. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1995, 394, 149-154) that the ET reaction of Cyt c can be explained in terms of the through-bond tunneling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tércio de F Paulo
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Cx. Postal 6021, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil 60455-970
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14
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Bosserdt M, Gajovic-Eichelman N, Scheller FW. Modulation of direct electron transfer of cytochrome c by use of a molecularly imprinted thin film. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6437-44. [PMID: 23660694 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe the preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer film (MIP) on top of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) on gold, where the template cytochrome c (cyt c) participates in direct electron transfer (DET) with the underlying electrode. To enable DET, a non-conductive polymer film is electrodeposited from an aqueous solution of scopoletin and cyt c on to the surface of a gold electrode previously modified with MUA. The electroactive surface concentration of cyt c was 0.5 pmol cm(-2). In the absence of the MUA layer, no cyt c DET was observed and the pseudo-peroxidatic activity of the scopoletin-entrapped protein, assessed via oxidation of Ampliflu red in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, was only 30% of that for the MIP on MUA. This result indicates that electrostatic adsorption of cyt c by the MUA-SAM substantially increases the surface concentration of cyt c during the electrodeposition step, and is a prerequisite for the productive orientation required for DET. After template removal by treatment with sulfuric acid, rebinding of cyt c to the MUA-MIP-modified electrode occurred with an affinity constant of 100,000 mol(-1) L, a value three times higher than that determined by use of fluorescence titration for the interaction between scopoletin and cyt c in solution. The DET of cyt c in the presence of myoglobin, lysozyme, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) reveals that the MIP layer suppresses the effect of competing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bosserdt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Golm, Germany
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15
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Wang F, Liu X, Willner I. Integration of photoswitchable proteins, photosynthetic reaction centers and semiconductor/biomolecule hybrids with electrode supports for optobioelectronic applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:349-377. [PMID: 22933337 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Light-triggered biological processes provide the principles for the development of man-made optobioelectronic systems. This Review addresses three recently developed topics in the area of optobioelectronics, while addressing the potential applications of these systems. The topics discussed include: (i) the reversible photoswitching of the bioelectrocatalytic functions of redox proteins by the modification of proteins with photoisomerizable units or by the integration of proteins with photoisomerizable environments; (ii) the integration of natural photosynthetic reaction centers with electrodes and the construction of photobioelectrochemical cells and photobiofuel cells; and (iii) the synthesis of biomolecule/semiconductor quantum dots hybrid systems and their immobilization on electrodes to yield photobioelectrochemical and photobiofuel cell elements. The fundamental challenge in the tailoring of optobioelectronic systems is the development of means to electrically contact photoactive biomolecular assemblies with the electrode supports. Different methods to establish electrical communication between the photoactive biomolecular assemblies and electrodes are discussed. These include the nanoscale engineering of the biomolecular nanostructures on surfaces, the development of photoactive molecular wires and the coupling of photoinduced electron transfer reactions with the redox functions of proteins. The different possible applications of optobioelectronic systems are discussed, including their use as photosensors, the design of biosensors, and the construction of solar energy conversion and storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuan Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Center of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Minerva Center for Biohybrid Complex Systems, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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17
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Wang GX, Qian Y, Cao XX, Xia XH. Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c on a graphene/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanocomposite modified electrode. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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18
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Calcium phosphate–gold nanoparticles nanocomposite for protein adsorption and mediator-free H2O2 biosensor construction. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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19
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Wang GX, Bao WJ, Wang M, Xia XH. Heme plane orientation dependent direct electron transfer of cytochrome c at SAMs/Au electrodes with different wettability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10859-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35819k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Comparative electrochemical study of superoxide reductases. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2011; 41:209-15. [PMID: 22143105 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-011-0777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide reductases are involved in relevant biological electron transfer reactions related to protection against oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species. The electrochemical features of metalloproteins belonging to the three different classes of enzymes were studied by potentio-dynamic techniques (cyclic and square wave voltammetry): desulfoferrodoxin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough, class I superoxide reductases and neelaredoxin from Desulfovibrio gigas and Treponema pallidum, namely class II and III superoxide reductases, respectively. In addition, a small protein, designated desulforedoxin from D. gigas, which has high homology with the N-terminal domain of class I superoxide reductases, was also investigated. A comparison of the redox potentials and redox behavior of all the proteins is presented, and the results show that SOR center II is thermodynamically more stable than similar centers in different proteins, which may be related to an intramolecular electron transfer function.
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21
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Ray M, Chatterjee S, Das T, Bhattacharyya S, Ayyub P, Mazumdar S. Conjugation of cytochrome c with hydrogen titanate nanotubes: novel conformational state with implications for apoptosis. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:415705. [PMID: 21918298 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/41/415705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We show that hydrogen titanate (H(2)Ti(3)O(7)) nanotubes form strongly associated reversible nano-bio-conjugates with the vital respiratory protein, cytochrome c. Resonance Raman spectroscopy along with direct electrochemical studies indicate that in this nano-bio-conjugate, cytochrome c exists in an equilibrium of two conformational states with distinctly different formal redox potentials and coordination geometries of the heme center. The nanotube-conjugated cytochrome c also showed enhanced peroxidase activity similar to the membrane-bound protein that is believed to be an apoptosis initiator. This suggests that such a nanotube-cytochrome c conjugate may be a good candidate for cancer therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Ray
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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22
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Nöll T, Nöll G. Strategies for “wiring” redox-active proteins to electrodes and applications in biosensors, biofuel cells, and nanotechnology. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3564-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15030h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Mediated electrochemistry of dimethyl sulfoxide reductase promoted by carbon nanotubes. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-4162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Zhang L, Geng WC, Qiao SZ, Zheng HJ, Lu GQM, Yan ZF. Fabrication and biosensing with CNT/aligned mesostructured silica core-shell nanowires. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:2767-2772. [PMID: 20873810 DOI: 10.1021/am100351k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/mesostructured silica core-shell nanowires via an interfacial surfactant templating approach. The nanowires possess perpendicularly aligned and uniform accessible mesopores, high surface area and large pore volume. When dimethyl sulfoxide reductase (DMSOR) enzyme is immobilized on the core-shell nanowires, the complex can enhance the electrical communication between the active sites of the enzyme and the electrode surface in the presence of a mediator. The unique properties of the CNTs and the uniform accessible mesopores of the nanowires have made this material promising in the applications as carbon nanotubes field-effect transistors, electrochemical detection, and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266555, China
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26
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Li GX, Liao XM, Fang HQ, Chen HY. Application of silver electrode to the electrochemical studies of hemoglobin. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.19950130406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Frasca S, von Graberg T, Feng JJ, Thomas A, Smarsly B, Weidinger I, Scheller F, Hildebrandt P, Wollenberger U. Mesoporous Indium Tin Oxide as a Novel Platform for Bioelectronics. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Liu M, Qi Y, Zhao G. Carboxyphenyl Covalent Immobilization of Heme Proteins and its Favorable Biocompatible Electrochemical and Electrocatalytic Characteristics. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Moghaddam AB, Ganjali MR, Dinarvand R, Razavi T, Saboury AA, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Norouzi P. Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c on electrodeposited nickel oxide nanoparticles. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Protein electrodes with direct electrochemical communication. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 109:19-64. [PMID: 17928972 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry using direct electron transfer between an electrode and a protein or an enzyme has developed into a means for studying biological redox reactions and for bioanalytics, biosynthesis and bioenergetics. This review summarizes recent work on direct protein electrochemistry with special emphasis on our results in bioelectrocatalysis using isolated enzymes and enzyme-protein couples.
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Parthasarathy M, Pillai VK, Mulla IS, Shabab M, Khan M. ‘All-solid-state’ electrochemistry of a protein-confined polymer electrolyte film. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 364:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Surface electric field manipulation of the adsorption kinetics and biocatalytic properties of cytochrome c on a 3D macroporous Au electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:333-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Takahashi I, Inomata T, Funahashi Y, Ozawa T, Masuda H. Electron-Transfer Reactions through the Associated Interaction between Cytochromec and Self-Assembled Monolayers of Optically Active Cobalt(III) Complexes: Molecular Recognition Ability Induced by the Chirality of the Cobalt(III) Units. Chemistry 2007; 13:8007-17. [PMID: 17616958 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of optically active Co(III) complexes ((S)-2/(R)-2) that contain (S)- or (R)-phenylalanine derivatives as a molecular recognition site were constructed on Au electrodes ((S)-2-Au/(R)-2-Au). Molecular recognition characteristics induced by the S and R configurations were investigated by measurements of electron-transfer reactions with horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c). The electrochemical studies indicate that the maximum current of cyt c reduction is obtained when the Au electrode is modified by 2 with a moderate coverage of approximately 4.0 x 10(-11) mol cm(-2). Since the Au electrode is not densely packed with the Co(III) units at this concentration, we conclude that the penetrative association process between cyt c and the Co(III) unit plays an important role in this electron-transfer system. The differences in the electron-transfer rates of (S)-2-Au and (R)-2-Au increase with increasing scan rates, a result indicating that the chiral ligand has an influence on the rate of association of the complexes with cyt c. 3-Au has a mixed monolayer composed of 2 and hexanethiol and exhibits electron-transfer behavior comparable to 2-Au. The difference in the association rates of (S)-3-Au and (R)-3-Au is larger than that between (S)-2-Au and (R)-2-Au, which indicates that the molecular recognition ability of 3-Au has been enhanced by filling the gap between molecules of 2 with hexanethiols. The differences in the oxidation rates of cyt c(II) between (S)-2-Au and (R)-2-Au and between (S)-3-Au and (R)-3-Au were larger than the differences in the rates of the reduction of cyt c(III); this suggests that the size of the heme crevice varies according to the oxidation state of cyt c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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Moghaddam AB, Ganjali MR, Dinarvand R, Saboury AA, Razavi T, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Norouzi P. Fundamental studies of the cytochrome c immobilization by the potential cycling method on nanometer-scale nickel oxide surfaces. Biophys Chem 2007; 129:259-68. [PMID: 17628321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the performance of cytochrome c/nickel oxide nanoparticles/glassy carbon electrode, prepared by the electrochemical deposition of the nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) on the glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface and the cytochrome c immobilization on the nickel oxide nanoparticle surfaces. An extensive sample examination with the help of the SEM and AFM presented the existence of different geometrical shapes of the nickel oxide particles. These geometrical structures could lead to the better immobilization of proteins on their surfaces. The resulting electrode displayed an excellent behavior for the redox of the cytochrome c. Also, the resulting heme protein exhibited a direct electrical contact with the electrode because of the structural alignment of the heme protein on the nanometer-scale nickel oxide surfaces. This method could be suitable for applications to nanofabricated devices. In the end, it was concluded that the cytochrome c could be tethered to the nanometer-scale nickel oxide surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolmajid Bayandori Moghaddam
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, P. O. Box: 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
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Stura E, Bruzzese D, Valerio F, Grasso V, Perlo P, Nicolini C. Anodic porous alumina as mechanical stability enhancer for LDL-cholesterol sensitive electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:655-60. [PMID: 17766101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, to improve the mechanical stability of electrodes based on P450scc for LDL-cholesterol detection and measure, anodic porous alumina (APA) was used. This inorganic matrix, which pores can be tuned in diameter modifying the synthesis parameters, was realized with cavities 275 nm wide and 160 microm deep (as demonstrated with AFM and SEM measurement), to allow the immobilization of P450scc macromolecules preserving their electronic sensitivity to its native substrate, cholesterol. Even if the sensitivity of the APA+P450scc system was slightly reduced with respect to the pure P450scc system, the readout was stable for a much longer period of time, and the measures remained reproducible inside a proper confidentiality band, as demonstrated with several cyclic voltammetry measures. To optimize the adhesion of P450scc to APA, a layer of poly-L-lysine, a poly-cathion, was successfully implemented as intermediate organic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Stura
- Fondazione Elba, Piazza SS Apostoli 66, 00100, Rome, Italy
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SERRS study of [Ru(CN)5(pyS)]4− SAM and cytochrome c: A suggestion toward the heterogeneous molecular recognition. J Solid State Electrochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-007-0366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Matsuno T, Morishita N, Yamazaki K, Inoue N, Sato Y, Ichise N, Hara I, Hoshino T, Matsuyama H, Yoshimune K, Yumoto I. Cytochrome c-552 from gram-negative alkaliphilic Pseudomonas alcaliphila AL15-21T alters the redox properties at high pH. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 103:247-54. [PMID: 17434428 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.103.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A soluble class I cytochrome c of an alkaliphile was purified and characterized, and its primary structure was determined. This is the first example of a soluble class I cytochrome c in alkaliphiles. Cells the alkaliphilic gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas alcaliphila AL15-21(T) grown at pH 10 had a soluble cytochrome c content that was more than twofold that of strain AL15-21(T) cells grown at pH 7 under air-limited conditions. Cytochrome c-552, a soluble cytochrome c with a low molecular weight, was purified from strain AL15-21(T) cells grown at pH 10 under air-limited conditions. Cytochrome c-552 had a molecular mass of 7.5 kDa and exhibited an almost fully reduced state in the resting form, which exhibited absorption maxima at wavelengths of 552, 523 and 417 nm. In the oxidized state, it exhibited an absorption maximum at 412 nm when it was oxidized by ferricyanide, its isoelectric point (pI) was 4.3 and it contained one heme c as a prosthetic group. Cytochrome c-552 was autoreduced at pH 10, and the autoreduction was reproducible. On the other hand, the autoreduction of cytochrome c-552 was not observed at pH 7.0. When pH was increased from 7.0 to 8.3, its midpoint redox potentials (E(m) values) increased from +228 mV to +276 mV as determined by redox titrations, and from +217 mV to +275 mV as determined by cyclic voltammetric measurements. The amino acid sequence deduced by cytochrome c-552 gene analysis revealed that the sequence consists of 96 residues, including 19 residues as an amino-terminal signal peptide. A phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequence indicated that the protein belongs to group 4, cytochrome c(5) in class I cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Matsuno
- Research Institute of Genome-based Biofactory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan
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Zhang T, Zeng Y, Chen S, Ai X, Yang H. Improved performances of E. coli-catalyzed microbial fuel cells with composite graphite/PTFE anodes. Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Jin W, Weng Q, Wu J. Selective Determination of Cytochromecby Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Amperometric Detection at a L-Cysteine-Modified Gold Microdisk Array Electrode. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719708006422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Sagara T, Kubo Y, Hiraishi K. Estimation of the Orientation of Heme in Cytochrome c Immobilized on a Carboxylate-Terminated Alkanethiol Monolayer on a Au Electrode by the Use of Electroreflectance Spectroscopy with Polarized Light Incidence. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:16550-8. [PMID: 16913789 DOI: 10.1021/jp0629240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electroreflectance (ER) spectroscopy was used for the estimation of the orientation of heme in a horse heart cytochrome c molecule immobilized on a self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid on both polycrystalline gold (Au) and single crystalline Au(111) electrodes. The intensity ratio of the ER signal of p-polarized incident light against s-polarized incident light as a function of the incident angle of the light was analyzed in two ways: a doubly degenerate transition for the Soret absorption band of the heme was assumed in one, and the anisotropy of the two orthogonal transitions was taken into account in the other. The doubly degenerate model failed in the expression of the experimental data, pointing to the existence of the anisotropy. Two orthogonal in-plane linear electric dipoles with different magnitudes were assumed to be responsible for the Soret band absorption in a new analysis procedure. This enabled us to fit the experimental data closely to the simulated data. The result revealed that the heme plane is near-vertical to the electrode surface. The need of clarification of the anisotropic heme transition was invoked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Sagara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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Yoshimoto S. Molecular Assemblies of Functional Molecules on Gold Electrode Surfaces Studied by Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Relationship between Function and Adlayer Structures. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2006. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.79.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bortolotti CA, Battistuzzi G, Borsari M, Facci P, Ranieri A, Sola M. The Redox Chemistry of the Covalently Immobilized Native and Low-pH Forms of Yeast Iso-1-cytochromec. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:5444-51. [PMID: 16620116 DOI: 10.1021/ja0573662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry experiments were carried out on native Saccharomyces cerevisiae iso-1-cytochrome c and its C102T/N62C variant immobilized on bare polycrystalline gold electrode through the S-Au bond formed by a surface cysteine. Experiments were carried out at different temperatures (5-65 degrees C) and pH values (1.5-7). The E degrees ' value at pH 7 (+370 mV vs SHE) is approximately 100 mV higher than that for the protein in solution. This difference is enthalpic in origin and is proposed to be the result of the electrostatic repulsion among the densely packed molecules onto the electrode surface. Two additional electrochemical waves are observed upon lowering the pH below 5 (E degrees ' = +182 mV) and 3 (E degrees ' = +71 mV), which are attributed to two conformers (referred to as "intermediate" and "acidic", respectively) featuring an altered heme axial ligation. This is the first determination of the reduction potential for low-pH conformers of cytochrome c in the absence of denaturants. Since the native form of cytochrome c can be restored, bringing back the pH to neutrality, the possibility offered by this transition to reversibly modulate the redox potential of cytochrome c is appealing for bioelectronic applications. The immobilized C102T/N62C variant, which differs from the native protein in the orientation of the heme group with respect to the electrode, shows very similar reduction thermodynamics. For both species, the rate constant for electron transfer between the heme and the electrode increases for the acidic conformer, which is also found to act as a biocatalytic interface for dioxygen reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Augusto Bortolotti
- Department of Chemistry and SCS Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, I-41100 Modena, Italy
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Abstract
Oxidoreductase enzymes catalyze single- or multi-electron reduction/oxidation reactions of small molecule inorganic or organic substrates, and they are integral to a wide variety of biological processes including respiration, energy production, biosynthesis, metabolism, and detoxification. All redox enzymes require a natural redox partner such as an electron-transfer protein (e.g. cytochrome, ferredoxin, flavoprotein) or a small molecule cosubstrate (e.g. NAD(P)H, dioxygen) to sustain catalysis, in effect to balance the substrate/product redox half-reaction. In principle, the natural electron-transfer partner may be replaced by an electrochemical working electrode. One of the great strengths of this approach is that the rate of catalysis (equivalent to the observed electrochemical current) may be probed as a function of applied potential through linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry, and insight to the overall catalytic mechanism may be gained by a systematic electrochemical study coupled with theoretical analysis. In this review, the various approaches to enzyme electrochemistry will be discussed, including direct and indirect (mediated) experiments, and a brief coverage of the theory relevant to these techniques will be presented. The importance of immobilizing enzymes on the electrode surface will be presented and the variety of ways that this may be done will be reviewed. The importance of chemical modification of the electrode surface in ensuring an environment conducive to a stable and active enzyme capable of functioning natively will be illustrated. Fundamental research into electrochemically driven enzyme catalysis has led to some remarkable practical applications. The glucose oxidase enzyme electrode is a spectacularly successful application of enzyme electrochemistry. Biosensors based on this technology are used worldwide by sufferers of diabetes to provide rapid and accurate analysis of blood glucose concentrations. Other applications of enzyme electrochemistry are in the sensing of macromolecular complexation events such as antigen–antibody binding and DNA hybridization. The review will include a selection of enzymes that have been successfully investigated by electrochemistry and, where appropriate, discuss their development towards practical biotechnological applications.
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Pinheiro SO, de Sousa JR, Santiago MO, Carvalho IM, Silva AL, Batista AA, Castellano EE, Ellena J, Moreira ÍS, Diógenes IC. Synthesis, characterization and structure of ruthenium(II) phosphine complexes with N-heterocyclic thiolate ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2005.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ding X, Li J, Hu J, Li Q. Electrochemical study of the interaction between cytochrome c and DNA at a modified gold electrode. Anal Biochem 2005; 339:46-53. [PMID: 15766709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The direct electron transfer of surface-confined horse heart cytochrome c (Cyt c) was achieved using COOH-terminated alkanethiolate-modified gold electrode. Later DNA was immobilized on the two-layer modified electrode. The quantitative determination of DNA was explored and the interaction between cytochrome c and DNA was studied. The binding site sizes were determined to be 15 bp per Cyt c molecule with double-stranded (ds) DNA and 30 nucleotides binding one Cyt c molecule with single-stranded (ss) DNA. At the dsDNA/Cyt c/MUA/Au electrode, the rate constant of oxidation electron transfer k(s,ox)=1.59x10(-3)cms-1 was obtained, at the ssDNA/Cyt c/MUA/Au electrode, the value was 2.43x10(-3)ms-1 when the scan rate was 1.0V/s. The different electrodes were characterized with electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoQin Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Shumyantseva VV, Bulko TV, Archakov AI. Electrochemical reduction of cytochrome P450 as an approach to the construction of biosensors and bioreactors. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 99:1051-63. [PMID: 15833328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present review an attempt was made to present an up-to-date amount of the data on electrochemical reduction of the hemoprotein cytochrome P450. The concept and potentialities of enzyme electrodes--transducers--as the main element for construction of electrochemical biosensors were discussed. Different types of electrodes for bioelectrochemistry were analysed. New nanotechnological approaches to cytochrome P450 immobilisation were reported. It was shown that nanobiotechnology in electrochemistry has potential application in manufacturing biosensors and bioreactors for clinical medicine and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria V Shumyantseva
- Laboratory of Microsomal Oxidation, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Pogodinskaya Str., 10, Moscow 119121, Russia.
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Rikhie J, Sampath S. Reversible Electrochemistry of Cytochrome c on Recompressed, Binderless Exfoliated Graphite Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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