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Lyu Y, Zheng J, Wang S. Photoelectrochemical Lithium Extraction from Waste Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301526. [PMID: 38538545 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
The amount of global hybrid-electric and all electric vehicle has increased dramatically in just five years and reached an all-time high of over 10 million units in 2022. A good deal of waste lithium (Li)-containing batteries from dead vehicles are invaluable unconventional resources with high usage of Li. However, the recycle of Li by green approaches is extremely inefficient and rare from waste batteries, giving rise to severe environmental pollutions and huge squandering of resources. Thus, in this mini review, we briefly summarized a green and promising route-photoelectrochemical (PEC) technology for extracting the Li from the waste lithium-containing batteries. This review first focuses on the critical factors of PEC performance, including light harvesting, charge-carrier dynamics, and surface chemical reactions. Subsequently, the conventional and PEC technologies applying in the area of Li recovery processes are analyzed and discussed in depth, and the potential challenges and future perspective for rational and healthy development of PEC Li extraction are provided positively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Lyu
- School of Physical and Chemistry, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jianyun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
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Alvarez AO, Ravishankar S, Fabregat-Santiago F. Combining Modulated Techniques for the Analysis of Photosensitive Devices. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100661. [PMID: 34927925 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Small-perturbation techniques such as impedance spectroscopy (IS), intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS), and intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS) are useful tools to characterize and model photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical devices. While the analysis of the impedance spectra is generally carried out using an equivalent circuit, the intensity-modulated spectroscopies are often analyzed through the measured characteristic response times. This makes the correlation between the two methods of analysis generally unclear. In this work, by taking into consideration the absorptance and separation efficiency, a unified theoretical framework and a procedure to combine the spectral analysis of the three techniques are proposed. Such a joint analysis of IS, IMPS, and IMVS spectra greatly reduces the sample space of possible equivalent circuits to model the device and allows obtaining parameters with high reliability. This theoretical approach is applied in the characterization of a silicon photodiode to demonstrate the validity of this methodology, which shows great potential to improve the quality of analysis of spectra obtained from frequency domain small-perturbation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin O Alvarez
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, 12006, Spain
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Peter LM, Walker AB, Bein T, Hufnagel AG, Kondofersky I. Interpretation of photocurrent transients at semiconductor electrodes: Effects of band-edge unpinning. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bertoluzzi L, Bisquert J. Investigating the Consistency of Models for Water Splitting Systems by Light and Voltage Modulated Techniques. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:172-180. [PMID: 27958744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The optimization of solar energy conversion devices relies on their accurate and nondestructive characterization. The small voltage perturbation techniques of impedance spectroscopy (IS) have proven to be very powerful to identify the main charge storage modes and charge transfer processes that control device operation. Here we establish the general connection between IS and light modulated techniques such as intensity modulated photocurrent (IMPS) and photovoltage spectroscopies (IMVS) for a general system that converts light to energy. We subsequently show how these techniques are related to the steady-state photocurrent and photovoltage and the external quantum efficiency. Finally, we express the IMPS and IMVS transfer functions in terms of the capacitive and resistive features of a general equivalent circuit of IS for the case of a photoanode used for solar fuel production. We critically discuss how much knowledge can be extracted from the combined use of those three techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bertoluzzi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan Bisquert
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Universitat Jaume I , 12006 Castelló, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Efficient direct solar-to-hydrogen conversion by in situ interface transformation of a tandem structure. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8286. [PMID: 26369620 PMCID: PMC4579846 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is nature's route to convert intermittent solar irradiation into storable energy, while its use for an industrial energy supply is impaired by low efficiency. Artificial photosynthesis provides a promising alternative for efficient robust carbon-neutral renewable energy generation. The approach of direct hydrogen generation by photoelectrochemical water splitting utilizes customized tandem absorber structures to mimic the Z-scheme of natural photosynthesis. Here a combined chemical surface transformation of a tandem structure and catalyst deposition at ambient temperature yields photocurrents approaching the theoretical limit of the absorber and results in a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 14%. The potentiostatically assisted photoelectrode efficiency is 17%. Present benchmarks for integrated systems are clearly exceeded. Details of the in situ interface transformation, the electronic improvement and chemical passivation are presented. The surface functionalization procedure is widely applicable and can be precisely controlled, allowing further developments of high-efficiency robust hydrogen generators.
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Celorrio V, Bradley K, Weber OJ, Hall SR, Fermín DJ. Photoelectrochemical Properties of LaFeO3Nanoparticles. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Energetics and kinetics of light-driven oxygen evolution at semiconductor electrodes: the example of hematite. J Solid State Electrochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-012-1957-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu C, Sun J, Tang J, Yang P. Zn-doped p-type gallium phosphide nanowire photocathodes from a surfactant-free solution synthesis. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:5407-11. [PMID: 23025657 DOI: 10.1021/nl3028729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Gallium phosphide (GaP) nanowire photocathodes synthesized using a surfactant-free solution-liquid-solid (SLS) method were investigated for their photoelectrochemical evolution of hydrogen. Zinc as a p-type dopant was introduced into the nanowires during synthesis to optimize the photocathode's response. Investigation of the electrical properties of Zn-doped GaP nanowires confirmed their p-type conductivity. After optimization of the nanowire diameter and Zn doping concentration, higher absorbed photon-to-current efficiency (APCE) over the spectrum was achieved. The versatility of the SLS synthesis and the capability to control the electrical properties suggest that our approach could be generalized to other III-V and II-VI semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Lee SM, Ikeda S, Otsuka Y, Septina W, Harada T, Matsumura M. Homogeneous electrochemical deposition of in on a Cu-covered Mo substrate for fabrication of efficient solar cells with a CuInS2 photoabsorber. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kaiser B, Fertig D, Ziegler J, Klett J, Hoch S, Jaegermann W. Solar Hydrogen Generation with Wide-Band-Gap Semiconductors: GaP(100) Photoelectrodes and Surface Modification. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:3053-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Döscher H, Supplie O, May MM, Sippel P, Heine C, Muñoz AG, Eichberger R, Lewerenz HJ, Hannappel T. Epitaxial III-V Films and Surfaces for Photoelectrocatalysis. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:2899-909. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Preparation and Characterization of GaP Semiconductor Electrodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2012.05.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Upul Wijayantha K, Saremi-Yarahmadi S, Peter LM. Kinetics of oxygen evolution at α-Fe2O3 photoanodes: a study by photoelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5264-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02408b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Theory of the impedance of charge transfer via surface states in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Jung C, Kolb DM. Subbandgap Photocurrent of a Ru-Covered n-GaAs|Acidic-Electrolyte Junction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19900940809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vanmaekelbergh D, Heide RPT, Kruijt W. Study of the Electrical Admittance due to Electron-Hole Recombination in N-GaAs and N-GaP Electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19890931011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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van Dorp D, Hijnen N, Di Vece M, Kelly JJ. SiC: A Photocathode for Water Splitting and Hydrogen Storage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Peter LM, Vanmaekelbergh D. Time and Frequency Resolved Studies of Photoelectrochemical Kinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527616800.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Collet-Lacoste J. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and associated transfer functions. Electrochim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Peter LM, Ushiroda S. Microwave Reflectance Studies of Photoelectrochemical Kinetics at Semiconductor Electrodes. 3. Photolectrochemical Reduction of Ru(NH3)63+ at p-Si. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0311963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M. Peter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Shin Ushiroda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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Cass MJ, Duffy NW, Peter LM, Pennock SR, Ushiroda S, Walker AB. Microwave Reflectance Studies of Photoelectrochemical Kinetics at Semiconductor Electrodes. 1. Steady-State, Transient, and Periodic Responses. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp030088d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Cass
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Noel W. Duffy
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence M. Peter
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R. Pennock
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Shin Ushiroda
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Alison B. Walker
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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26
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Cass MJ, Duffy NW, Peter LM, Pennock SR, Ushiroda S, Walker AB. Microwave Reflectance Studies of Photoelectrochemical Kinetics at Semiconductor Electrodes. 2. Hydrogen Evolution at p-Si in Ammonium Fluoride Solution. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0300896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Cass
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Noel W. Duffy
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence M. Peter
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R. Pennock
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Shin Ushiroda
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Alison B. Walker
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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27
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Applications of microwave reflectance methods to the study of p-Si in fluoride solutions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)01141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Ogata Y, Ikeda T, Sakka T, Kobayashi T. Influence of dissolved oxygen on intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) at a silicon–hydrofluoric acid interface. Electrochim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(00)00326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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A kinetic study of CdS photocorrosion by intensity modulated photocurrent and photoelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Oekermann T, Schlettwein D, Jaeger N. Role of surface states and adsorbates in time-resolved photocurrent measurements and photovoltage generation at phthalocyaninatozinc(II)-photocathodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Chaparro AM. Frequency dependent electrolyte electroreflectance at semiconductor∣electrolyte interfaces. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Peter LM. Photoelectrochemical Kinetics at Semiconductor Electrodes. APPLICATIONS OF KINETIC MODELLING 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0069-8040(99)80013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Schwarzburg K, Willig F. Modeling of Electrical Transients in the Semiconductor/Electrolyte Cell for Photogeneration of Charge Carriers in the Bulk. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962726g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Schwarzburg
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der MPG, Physical Chemistry, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Willig
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der MPG, Physical Chemistry, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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35
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Rajeshwar K, de Tacconi NR. Electrodeposition and characterization of nanocrystalline semiconductor films. SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCLUSTERS - PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND CATALYTIC ASPECTS 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(97)81109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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36
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Flaisher H, Tenne R, Halmann M. Photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions on p-GaP electrodes: an a.c. impedance study with phase-sensitive detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)04255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Meulenkamp E, De Wit A. Suppression of hole injection from Ce4+ and Fe(CN)3−6 at p-Type semiconductors by illumination. Electrochim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00275-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Neutron irradiation induced changes of the electrochemical properties of n-GaAs. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)03995-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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On the increase of the photocurrent quantum efficiency of GaP photoanodes due to (photo)anodic pretreatments. Electrochim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(94)00349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Goossens A, Macdonald DD. A photoelectrochemical impedance spectroscopic study of passive tungsten. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)80255-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Herrasti P, Peat R, Peter L. Characterisation of the n-CdS/polysulphide interface by intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80566-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Surface States on Semiconductors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3376-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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43
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Minks B, Verhaegh N, Kelly J, Stumper J, Peter L. High quantum yield photoreduction of iodate in basic solution at p-GaAs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(91)85135-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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44
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Frequency response analysis of intensity modulated photocurrents at semiconductor electrodes. Electrochim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(90)80022-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Landsberg R, Majoros G, Heckner KH, Janietz P. Dissolution experiments at irradiated GaP electrodes by means of labelled phosphorous. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(90)85070-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Anodic film formation on illuminated n-GaAs electrodes studied by time-resolved photoelectrochemistry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(89)87033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Chapter 8 Photocurrent Spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0069-8040(08)70323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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50
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Uosaki K, Shigematsu Y, Kita H. Photoluminescence Proof of the Increase of Surface Recombination Velocity atp-GaAs Electrode by Pt Treatment. CHEM LETT 1988. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1988.1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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