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Lv Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Li J, Wang J, Xiao X, Zhang M. Strategy of In Situ Electrochemical Regulation for Highly Enhanced Nonenzymatic Sensing of Carbaryl. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4015-4023. [PMID: 36802553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Specific and sensitive sensing of most pesticide residues relies on enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase and advanced materials, which need to be loaded on the surface of working electrodes, leading to instability, uneven surface, tedious process, and high cost. Meanwhile, employing certain potential or current in electrolyte solution could also modify the surface in situ and overcome these drawbacks. However, this method is only regarded as electrochemical activation widely applied in the pretreatment of electrodes. In this paper, by means of regulating the electrochemical technique and its parameters, we prepared a proper sensing interface and derivatized the carbaryl (a carbamate pesticide) hydrolyzed form (1-naphthol) to enhance sensing by 100 times within several minutes. After regulation I by chronopotentiometry with 0.2 mA for 20 s or chronoamperometry with 2 V for 10 s, abundant oxygen-containing groups form and the ordered carbon structure is destroyed. Sweeping from -0.5 to 0.9 V through cyclic voltammetry for only one segment, following regulation II, the composition of oxygen-containing groups changes and the disordered structure is alleviated. Finally, on the constructed sensing interface, test by regulation III through differential pulse voltammetry from 0.8 to -0.4 V, resulting in derivatization of 1-naphthol during 0.8-0 V, followed by electroreduction of the derivative at around -0.17 V. Compared with the electro-oxidation peak at 0.5 V in previous reports, it is essential to improve specificity, even toward several other carbamate pesticides with similar structures. Hence, the in situ electrochemical regulation strategy has demonstrated great potential for effective sensing of electroactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yunyin Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingyan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, No. 11 Huaihai Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xilin Xiao
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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2
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Wang Q, Si H, Zhang L, Li L, Wang X, Wang S. A fast and facile electrochemical method for the simultaneous detection of epinephrine, uric acid and folic acid based on ZrO 2/ZnO nanocomposites as sensing material. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1104:69-77. [PMID: 32106959 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical sensor based on ZrO2 and ZnO hybrid nanocomposites was developed for simultaneous determination of epinephrine (EA), uric acid (UA) and folic acid (FA) with the highly selective and ultrasensitive. The nanocomposites have been synthesized by chemical precipitation and thermal calcine method with economical, eco-friendly and practical nature. Their structure and electrochemical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical techniques. The results reveal that the ZrO2/ZnO nanocomposites can possesses highly exposed catalytic sites, favorable conductivity, and the sensor excellent signal response for EP, UA and FA under the optimal condition. The electrochemical sensing platform has a low detection limit of 0.039 μM, 0.29 μM and 0.037 μM and a wide detection range of 0.8-420 μM, 10-2400 μM and 2-480 μM, respectively. It was also tested with a human blood serum sample at physiological pH with recovery 97.3-103.8% and relation standard deviation less than 5%. It indicates that the electrochemical sensors has a hopeful capacity of extensive applications in bioanalysis and diseases diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Street 5268, Changchun, 130024, PR China
| | - Haipei Si
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Street 5268, Changchun, 130024, PR China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Street 5268, Changchun, 130024, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Street 5268, Changchun, 130024, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Street 5268, Changchun, 130024, PR China
| | - Shengtian Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Renmin Street 5268, Changchun, 130024, PR China.
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3
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Vomero M, Castagnola E, Ordonez JS, Carli S, Zucchini E, Maggiolini E, Gueli C, Goshi N, Ciarpella F, Cea C, Fadiga L, Ricci D, Kassegne S, Stieglitz T. Incorporation of Silicon Carbide and Diamond‐Like Carbon as Adhesion Promoters Improves In Vitro and In Vivo Stability of Thin‐Film Glassy Carbon Electrocorticography Arrays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vomero
- Institute of Microsystem Technology (IMTEK) Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology Georges‐Koehler‐Allee 102 D‐79110 Freiburg Germany
- Cluster of Excellence BrainLinks‐BrainTools Georges‐Koehler‐Allee 80 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- MEMS Research Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego CA 92182‐1323 USA
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (CSNE) Box 37, 1414 NE 42nd St., Suite 204 Seattle WA 98105–6271 USA
| | - Juan S. Ordonez
- Institute of Microsystem Technology (IMTEK) Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology Georges‐Koehler‐Allee 102 D‐79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Stefano Carli
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Elena Zucchini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Emma Maggiolini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Calogero Gueli
- Institute of Microsystem Technology (IMTEK) Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology Georges‐Koehler‐Allee 102 D‐79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Noah Goshi
- MEMS Research Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego CA 92182‐1323 USA
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (CSNE) Box 37, 1414 NE 42nd St., Suite 204 Seattle WA 98105–6271 USA
| | - Francesca Ciarpella
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Claudia Cea
- MEMS Research Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego CA 92182‐1323 USA
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (CSNE) Box 37, 1414 NE 42nd St., Suite 204 Seattle WA 98105–6271 USA
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 44121 Ferrara Italy
- Section of Human Physiology University of Ferrara Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Davide Ricci
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Sam Kassegne
- MEMS Research Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego CA 92182‐1323 USA
- Center for Sensorimotor Neural Engineering (CSNE) Box 37, 1414 NE 42nd St., Suite 204 Seattle WA 98105–6271 USA
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Institute of Microsystem Technology (IMTEK) Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology Georges‐Koehler‐Allee 102 D‐79110 Freiburg Germany
- Cluster of Excellence BrainLinks‐BrainTools Georges‐Koehler‐Allee 80 79110 Freiburg Germany
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4
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Simultaneous detection of hydroquinone and catechol on electrochemical-activated glassy carbon electrode by simple anodic and cathodic polarization. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Determination of p-chloronitrobenzene by voltammetry with an electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Electropolymerization of curcumin on glassy carbon electrode and its electrocatalytic application for the voltammetric determination of epinephrine and p-acetoaminophenol. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:674-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Highly selective determination of ascorbic acid, epinephrine, and uric acid by differential pulse voltammetry using poly(Adizol Black B)-modified glassy carbon electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Lin MS, Wang JS, Chen PY, Yeh HH. Improvement of Pulse Amperometric Detection Integrated Automated Flow Injection Analysis of Ethylenethiourea Determination. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200400187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Ballesta-Claver J, Rodríguez-Gómez R, Capitán-Vallvey L. Disposable biosensor based on cathodic electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) for uric acid determination. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 770:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Thanh DV, Chen HC, Li LJ, Chu CW, Wei KH. Plasma electrolysis allows the facile and efficient production of graphite oxide from recycled graphite. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Surface modification of pyrolyzed carbon fibres by cyclic voltammetry and their characterization with XPS and dye adsorption. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Wildgoose GG, Abiman P, Compton RG. Characterising chemical functionality on carbon surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b821027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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O’Mullane AP, Zhang J, Brajter-Toth A, Bond AM. Higher Harmonic Large-Amplitude Fourier Transformed Alternating Current Voltammetry: Analytical Attributes Derived from Studies of the Oxidation of Ferrocenemethanol and Uric Acid at a Glassy Carbon Electrode. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4614-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ac0715221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P. O’Mullane
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Anna Brajter-Toth
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Alan M. Bond
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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14
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Qiao JX, Luo HQ, Li NB. Electrochemical behavior of uric acid and epinephrine at an electrochemically activated glassy carbon electrode. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 62:31-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Covalent modification of glassy carbon electrode with cysteine for the determination of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid. Mikrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-007-0800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Shi K, Hu K, Wang S, Lau CY, Shiu KK. Structural studies of electrochemically activated glassy carbon electrode: Effects of chloride anion on the redox responses of copper deposition. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Gu HY, Yu AM, Chen HY. ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR AND SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN B2, B6, AND C AT ELECTROCHEMICALLY PRETREATED GLASSY CARBON ELECTRODE. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/al-100107301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Shi K, Shiu KK. Adsorption of copper and lead species at electrochemically activated glassy carbon electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Quijada C, Vázquez J. Electrochemical reactivity of aqueous SO2 on glassy carbon electrodes in acidic media. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Zhang L, Lin X. Electrochemical behavior of a covalently modified glassy carbon electrode with aspartic acid and its use for voltammetric differentiation of dopamine and ascorbic acid. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:1669-77. [PMID: 15997381 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aspartic acid was covalently grafted on to a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by amine cation radical formation in the electrooxidation of the amino-containing compound. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) measurement and cyclic voltammetric experiments proved the aspartic acid was immobilized as a monolayer on the GCE. Electron transfer to Fe(CN)6(4-) in solution of different pH was studied by cyclic voltammetry. Changes in solution pH resulted in the variation of the charge state of the terminal group; surface pK(a) values were estimated on the basis of these results. Because of electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged groups on the electrode surface and dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA), the modified electrode was used for electrochemical differentiation between DA and AA. The peak current for DA at the modified electrode was greatly enhanced and that for AA was significantly reduced, which enabled determination of DA in the presence of AA. The differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) peak current was linearly dependent on DA concentration over the range 1.8 x 10(-6)-4.6 x 10(-4) mol L(-1) with slope (nA micromol(-1) L) and intercept (nA) of 47.6 and 49.2, respectively. The detection limit (3delta) was 1.2 x 10(-6) mol L(-1). The high selectivity and sensitivity for dopamine was attributed to charge discrimination and analyte accumulation. The modified electrode has been used for determination of DA in samples, in the presence of AA, with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China,
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21
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Jin GP, Lin XQ. Voltammetric behavior and determination of estrogens at carbamylcholine modified paraffin-impregnated graphite electrode. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Lin XQ, Jin GP. Monolayer modification of glassy carbon electrode by using propionylcholine for selective detection of uric acid. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Shi K, Shiu KK. Adsorption of some quinone derivatives at electrochemically activated glassy carbon electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Ramesh P, Bhagyalakshmi S, Sampath S. Preparation and physicochemical and electrochemical characterization of exfoliated graphite oxide. J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 274:95-102. [PMID: 15120282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2003.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Accepted: 11/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Exfoliated graphite oxide (EGO) is prepared by oxidizing exfoliated graphite (EG) using a mixture of KMnO(4)/H(2)SO(4). The physicochemical characterization of the EGO has been carried out using FT-Raman, FT-IR, XPS, NMR, and diffraction techniques. Colloidal form of EGO is subsequently prepared by ultrasonicating EGO in water. Thin films of EGO on a glassy carbon/gold surface are formed and the electrochemical and ion exchange properties have been studied using various redox systems such as K(4)[Fe(CN)(6)], ascorbic acid, and dopamine. The charge-based adsorption properties can be made use of, to either suppress or catalyze ascorbic acid oxidation. Adsorption and preconcentration of dopamine on the EGO film has been shown to electrocatalyze the oxidation of NADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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25
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The electrochemical behavior and amperometric determination of tyrosine and tryptophan at a glassy carbon electrode modified with butyrylcholine. Electrochem commun 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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26
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Voltammetric behaviour of oligonucleotide lipoplexes adsorbed onto glassy carbon electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Shi K, Shiu KK. Scanning tunneling microscopic and voltammetric studies of the surface structures of an electrochemically activated glassy carbon electrode. Anal Chem 2002; 74:879-85. [PMID: 11866068 DOI: 10.1021/ac010734+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic surface structures of electrochemically activated glassy carbon have been examined by scanning tunneling microscopy. Experimental results demonstrate that there are two different types of electrode surface sites, corresponding to the bundles and bundle edges of the fibrous graphite microcrystallities. Electrochemical activation results in the formation of new void spaces of different sizes, and the structures are affected by the electrochemical activation procedures employed. The void volume resulting from cyclic polarization is usually smaller than that obtained by potentostatic activation. Electrochemical behaviors of the activated electrode are related to both the new void structures and the size of the electroactive species employed. On the basis of the STM voltammetric results, the microscopic structure of the activated electrode is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon.
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28
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29
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Maruyama J, Abe I. Influence of anodic oxidation of glassy carbon surface on voltammetric behavior of Nafion®-coated glassy carbon electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(01)00539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Komura T, Isogai S, Yamaguchi T, Takahashi K. Voltammetric behavior of 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinones attached to glassy carbon electrodes and their surface complexation with copper. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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Song FY, Lee FSC, Shiu KK. Preconcentration and Electrochemical Determination of Nitropyrene at Electrochemically Activated Glassy Carbon Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(200002)12:2<128::aid-elan128>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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33
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34
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Dai HP, Shiu KK. Voltammetric behavior of alizarin red S adsorbed on electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrodes. Electrochim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(97)10185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Shiu KK, Song FY. Preconcentration and Electroanalysis of Copper Species at Electrochemically Activated Glassy Carbon Electrodes Adsorbed with Alizarin Red S. ELECTROANAL 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199804)10:4<256::aid-elan256>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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