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Delpech S, Carrière C, Chmakoff A, Martinelli L, Rodrigues D, Cannes C. Corrosion Mitigation in Molten Salt Environments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:581. [PMID: 38591421 PMCID: PMC10856529 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present methods for corrosion mitigation in molten salt environments. The corrosion of structural materials depends directly on the redox potential of the salt. When the redox potential of the salt is higher than the standard potentials of the elements constituting the structural materials, corrosion occurs. If the reverse is true, no corrosion is observed. Herein, a methodology for calculating the theoretical potential of a molten salt is provided and compared with experimental measurements. Three ways to mitigate corrosion by modifying the salt redox potential are proposed: (i) using a soluble/soluble redox system; (ii) using a potentiostatic method; and (iii) using an amphoteric compound such as UCl3, TiCl2, or TiCl3. Immersion tests were conducted under the above conditions to validate the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Delpech
- IJCLab, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (C.C.); (A.C.); (D.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Charly Carrière
- IJCLab, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (C.C.); (A.C.); (D.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Alexandre Chmakoff
- IJCLab, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (C.C.); (A.C.); (D.R.); (C.C.)
- Service de Recherche en Corrosion et Comportement des Matériaux, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Laure Martinelli
- Service de Recherche en Corrosion et Comportement des Matériaux, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Davide Rodrigues
- IJCLab, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (C.C.); (A.C.); (D.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Céline Cannes
- IJCLab, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (C.C.); (A.C.); (D.R.); (C.C.)
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Jiao H, Qu Z, Jiao S, Gao Y, Li S, Song WL, Chen H, Zhu H, Zhu R, Fang D. A 4D x-ray computer microtomography for high-temperature electrochemistry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5678. [PMID: 35138887 PMCID: PMC8827660 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature electrochemistry is widely used in many fields. However, real-time observations and an in-depth understanding of the inside evolution of this system from an experimental perspective remain limited because of harsh reaction conditions and multiphysics fields. Here, we tackled this challenge with a high-temperature electrolysis facility developed in-house. This facility permits in situ x-ray computer microtomography (μ-CT) for nondestructive and quantitative three-dimensional (3D) imaging. In an electrorefining system, the μ-CT probed the dynamic evolution of 3D morphology and components of electrodes (4D). Subsequently, this 4D process was visually presented via reconstructed images. The results monitor the efficiency of the process, explore the dynamic mechanisms, and even offer real-time optimization. This 4D analysis platform is notable for in-depth combinations of traditional electrochemistry with digital twin technologies owing to its multiscale visualization and high efficiency of data extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handong Jiao
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Zhaoliang Qu
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Shuqiang Jiao
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Shijie Li
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Wei-Li Song
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Haosen Chen
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hongmin Zhu
- Tohoku University, 6-6-02, Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aobo-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Rongqi Zhu
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Daining Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
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Atomic-level understanding layer-by-layer formation process of TiCx on carbon film. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gussone J, Vijay CRY, Watermeyer P, Milicevic K, Friedrich B, Haubrich J. Electrodeposition of titanium–vanadium alloys from chloride-based molten salts: influence of electrolyte chemistry and deposition potential on composition, morphology and microstructure. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-019-01385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrate co-deposition of titanium and vanadium from a eutectic LiCl–KCl electrolyte enriched with VCl3 and TiCl2 at 700 K. While the addition of metallic titanium to the electrolyte caused vanadium depletion by a displacement reaction, metallic vanadium addition created and stabilized divalent vanadium ions in the melt, which are supposed to positively affect the deposition process. Various electrochemical experiments were carried out with different electrolyte concentrations, and a relationship between applied potential, electrolyte concentration and composition of the deposit was established. The composition and the morphology of the obtained deposits were strongly affected by the electrolysis conditions. Electrodeposited vanadium-rich Ti–V alloys were found to grow as dendrites, whereas the titanium-rich alloys exhibited a dense cauliflower-like surface morphology. In contrast to deposits of the single elements, which are composed of comparably large faceted crystals, the Ti–V alloys obtained in this study were very fine grained, especially those with vanadium contents around 10–15 at%. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that, depending on the composition of the deposit, either a biphasic α + β microstructure in the case of low vanadium contents or β-(V,Ti) with small amounts of ω phase for high vanadium contents were found.
Graphic abstract
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JIAO H, WANG J, TIAN D, JIAO S. Electrochemical Behaviour of K 2TiF 6 at Liquid Metal Cathodes in the LiF–NaF–KF Eutectic Melt. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.18-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Handong JIAO
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing
| | - Junxiang WANG
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing
| | - Donghua TIAN
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing
| | - Shuqiang JIAO
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing
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Song J, Huang X, Wu J, Zhang X. Electrochemical behaviors of Ti(III) in molten NaCl-KCl under various contents of fluoride. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Thermodynamic analysis on the direct preparation of metallic vanadium from NaVO3 by molten salt electrolysis. Chin J Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Song J, Mukherjee A. Influence of F− on the electrochemical properties of titanium ions and Al–Ti alloy electrodeposition in molten AlCl3–NaCl. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18417k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study reports the electrochemical properties of titanium ions in molten AlCl3–NaCl with various concentrations of fluoride anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Song
- Department of Materials Engineering
- K. U. Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Abhishek Mukherjee
- Department of Materials Engineering
- K. U. Leuven
- Belgium
- Fusion Reactor Materials Section
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
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Yan BL, Yan YD, Zhang ML, Ye YF. Electrochemical formation of titanium-aluminum alloys from Ti 2 O 3 in-situ chloridized by AlCl 3 in chloride melts. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.11.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Novoselova AV, Smolenskii VV. Electrochemical study of the properties of Nd(III) and Nd(II) ions in molten LiCl-KCl-CsCl eutectic and individual CsCl. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193513100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Novoselova AV, Smolenskii VV. Electrochemical study of the reduction of Tm(III) ions in a molten NaCl-2CsCl eutectic. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427212020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
The present work deals with the investigation of an electrolytic method for titanium production that uses TiO2 enriched titania slag as raw material. The process involves two steps: i) carbothermal reduction of the slag to form titanium oxycarbide powder; and ii) electrolysis in a molten chloride-based electrolyte using a titanium oxycarbide consumable anode.
Electrochemical studies show the stability of the different Ti species in the equimolar NaCl-KCl melt at 850oC. These results, together with previous work about the anodic oxidation mechanism of a consumable titanium oxycarbide anode in molten chlorides, allow us to optimize the anode and cathode voltages in the electrolysis experiments.
The results show that best quality titanium deposits are obtained when the reduction occurs in a single electrochemical step, i.e. directly from di-valent titanium species to Ti metal. Then, the complete conversion of the Ti(III) ions released from the consumable oxycarbide anode to Ti(II) species by adding Ti sponge to the electrolyte, must be fulfilled.
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Direct electrolytic reduction of solid alumina using molten calcium chloride-alkali chloride electrolytes. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-009-9808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Smolenskii VV, Novoselova AV, Osipenko AG. Electrochemical study of the redox reaction Yb(III) + e ⇄ Yb(II) in a molten LiCl-KCl eutectic. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427208100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Aurbach D, Gofer Y, Chusid O, Eshel H. On nonaqueous electrochemical behavior of titanium and Ti4+ compounds. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Castrillejo Y, Bermejo M, Barrado A, Pardo R, Barrado E, Martínez A. Electrochemical behaviour of dysprosium in the eutectic LiCl–KCl at W and Al electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Toward optimisation of electrolytic reduction of solid chromium oxide to chromium powder in molten chloride salts. Electrochim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2003.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Solubilization of rare earth oxides in the eutectic LiCl–KCl mixture at 450°C and in the equimolar CaCl2–NaCl melt at 550°C. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(03)00092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Castrillejo Y, Bermejo M, Pardo R, Martı́nez A. Use of electrochemical techniques for the study of solubilization processes of cerium–oxide compounds and recovery of the metal from molten chlorides. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)00717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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