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Howard EL, Österholm AM, Shen DE, Panchumarti LP, Pinheiro C, Reynolds JR. Cost-Effective, Flexible, and Colorful Dynamic Displays: Removing Underlying Conducting Layers from Polymer-Based Electrochromic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:16732-16743. [PMID: 33788540 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochromic (EC) materials and devices provide a user-controlled, dynamic way of displaying information using low power, making them interesting for a range of applications in numerous markets, including logistics, retail, consumer goods, and health care. To optimize the cost while simplifying the production, expanding the color space, and enhancing the contrast and vibrancy of EC displays aimed for cost-sensitive products, we sought to reduce the number of layers as well as remove the underlying conducting layer that accounts for a substantial fraction of the cost of a printed label. Here, we show how conjugated electrochromic polymers, which are inherently semiconducting, can be used to accomplish this goal and afford printable EC displays with a flexible form factor. Using a combination of electrochemical probes, in situ spectroscopy, solid-state conductivity, and in situ conductance measurements, we have studied and compared five different EC polymers with conductivities spanning multiple orders of magnitude and colors that span most of the visible range, identifying polymers and properties that allow for switching from the colored to the clear state without an underlying conducting layer. Finally, we incorporate these EC polymers into optimized flexible devices without an underlying conductor and demonstrate that they are able to provide on-demand, reversible colored-to-clear switching on the order of seconds to minutes, with operating voltages below ±1 V, optical memories exceeding 60 min, and a shelf-life exceeding 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin L Howard
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Ynvisible Interactive Inc., Engesserstrasse 4a, 79108 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Anna M Österholm
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - D Eric Shen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - L Prerana Panchumarti
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Carlos Pinheiro
- Ynvisible Interactive Inc., Engesserstrasse 4a, 79108 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Shirinskaya A, Horowitz G, Rivnay J, Malliaras GG, Bonnassieux Y. Numerical Modeling of an Organic Electrochemical Transistor. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8040103. [PMID: 30384434 PMCID: PMC6316735 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We develop a numerical model for the current-voltage characteristics of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on steady-state Poisson’s, Nernst’s and Nernst–Planck’s equations. The model starts with the doping–dedoping process depicted as a moving front, when the process at the electrolyte–polymer interface and gradually moves across the film. When the polymer reaches its final state, the electrical potential and charge density profiles largely depend on the way the cations behave during the process. One case is when cations are trapped at the polymer site where dedoping occurs. In this case, the moving front stops at a point that depends on the applied voltage; the higher the voltage, the closer the stopping point to the source electrode. Alternatively, when the cations are assumed to move freely in the polymer, the moving front eventually reaches the source electrode in all cases. In this second case, cations tend to accumulate near the source electrode, and most of the polymer is uniformly doped. The variation of the conductivity of the polymer film is then calculated by integrating the density of holes all over the film. Output and transfer curves of the OECT are obtained by integrating the gate voltage-dependent conductivity from source to drain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shirinskaya
- Laboratory of Physics of Interfaces and Thin Films (LPICM), Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau CEDEX, France.
| | - Gilles Horowitz
- Laboratory of Physics of Interfaces and Thin Films (LPICM), Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau CEDEX, France.
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines CMP-EMSE MOC, 13541 Gardanne, France.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3109, USA.
| | - George G Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines CMP-EMSE MOC, 13541 Gardanne, France.
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK.
| | - Yvan Bonnassieux
- Laboratory of Physics of Interfaces and Thin Films (LPICM), Ecole Polytechnique, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau CEDEX, France.
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Ai Y, Nguyen VQ, Ghilane J, Lacaze PC, Lacroix JC. Plasmon-Induced Conductance Switching of an Electroactive Conjugated Polymer Nanojunction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27817-27824. [PMID: 28767223 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A plasmonic molecular electronic device, consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanowires bridging an ultramicroelectrode and an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate covered by gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), has been developed. Light irradiation of this device has a dramatic impact on its conductance. Polymer strands, maintained electrochemically in their oxidized, conducting state, reversibly switch to their insulating state upon irradiation by visible-wavelength light, resulting in a sharp decrease in the conductance. The high-conductance state is restored when the light is turned off. Switching depends on the wavelength and the intensity of the incident light. It is due to reversible reduction of the nanosized region of PEDOT nanowires in contact with a gold NP and is attributed to plasmon-induced hot-electron injection into the PEDOT. The high/low conductance ratio can be as great as 1000, and switching requires low light intensity (220 W/m2). These results could open the way to the design of a new family of optoelectronic switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ai
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot , 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Van Quynh Nguyen
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot , 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Department of Advanced Material Science and Nanotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jalal Ghilane
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot , 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Pierre-Camille Lacaze
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot , 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot , 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Feicht SE, Degen GD, Khair AS. Moving ion fronts in mixed ionic-electronic conducting polymer films. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Feicht
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | - George D. Degen
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | - Aditya S. Khair
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA 15213
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Guo S, Fabian O, Chang YL, Chen JT, Lackowski WM, Barbara PF. Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Conjugated Polymer Films from Patterned Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:11994-2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja200123b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Omar Fabian
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ya-Lan Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jiun-Tai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30050
| | - William M. Lackowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Paul F. Barbara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Nano and Molecular Science and Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Kannappan K, Bogle G, Travas-Sejdic J, Williams DE. Computational design of mixers and pumps for microfluidic systems, based on electrochemically-active conducting polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5450-61. [PMID: 21350739 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02659j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a theoretical description of the propagation of composition waves along a strip of electrochemically-active conducting polymer, upon electrochemical stimulation. We develop an efficient solution of the electro-neutral Nernst-Plank equations in 2-D for electromigration and diffusional transport in the solution based on an extension of the methods of Scharfetter and Gummel [D. L. Scharfetter and H. K. Gummel, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 1969, ED16, 64-77.] and of Cohen and Cooley [H. Cohen and J. W. Cooley, Biophys. J., 1965, 5, 145-162.], and demonstrate important effects of the geometry of the cell. Under some circumstances, waves reflecting back from the end of the strip are predicted. We then demonstrate theoretically how such waves, associated as they are with expansion of the polymer, could be employed to enhance mixing or induce pumping in microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Kannappan
- University of Auckland, Department of Chemistry, Auckland, New Zealand
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Randriamahazaka H, Bonnotte T, Noël V, Martin P, Ghilane J, Asaka K, Lacroix JC. Medium Effects on the Nucleation and Growth Mechanisms during the Redox Switching Dynamics of Conducting Polymers: Case of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). J Phys Chem B 2010; 115:205-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1094432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyacinthe Randriamahazaka
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS-UMR 7086, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), AIST, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Thomas Bonnotte
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS-UMR 7086, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), AIST, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Vincent Noël
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS-UMR 7086, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), AIST, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Pascal Martin
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS-UMR 7086, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), AIST, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Jalal Ghilane
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS-UMR 7086, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), AIST, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Kinji Asaka
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS-UMR 7086, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), AIST, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), CNRS-UMR 7086, Université Paris-Diderot, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France, and Research Institute for Cell Engineering (RICE), AIST, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
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Near infrared electrochromic variable optical attenuator fabricated by layer-by-layer assembly. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-010-1007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Beaujuge PM, Reynolds JR. Color Control in π-Conjugated Organic Polymers for Use in Electrochromic Devices. Chem Rev 2010; 110:268-320. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1408] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M. Beaujuge
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - John R. Reynolds
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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Inganäs O. Hybrid electronics and electrochemistry with conjugated polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:2633-42. [DOI: 10.1039/b918146f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chen H, Chen J, Aoki K, Nishiumi T. Electrochemically instantaneous reduction of conducting polyaniline-coated latex particles dispersed in acidic solution. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Warren M, Madden J. Electrochemical switching of conducting polymers: A variable resistance transmission line model. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gao Y, Chen J. Redox reaction of hemin-immobilized polyallylamine–polystyrene latex suspensions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Aoki K. An interpretation of small values of the transfer coefficient at conducting polymers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Use of dynamically adaptive grid techniques for the solution of electrochemical kinetic equations. Patch-adaptive simulation of moving fronts in non-linear diffusion models of the switching of conductive polymers. Electrochem commun 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(01)00123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Anderson JL, Coury LA, Leddy J. Dynamic electrochemistry: methodology and application. Anal Chem 2000; 72:4497-520. [PMID: 11008788 DOI: 10.1021/ac0007837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2556, USA
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Influence of the local electric field on ionic transport during redox switching of conducting polymers. Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(00)00073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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