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García-Jareño JJ, Agrisuelas J, Vicente F. Overview and Recent Advances in Hyphenated Electrochemical Techniques for the Characterization of Electroactive Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4226. [PMID: 37374409 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A hyphenated electrochemical technique consists of the combination of the coupling of an electrochemical technique with a non-electrochemical technique, such as spectroscopical and optical techniques, electrogravimetric techniques, and electromechanical techniques, among others. This review highlights the development of the use of this kind of technique to appreciate the useful information which can be extracted for the characterization of electroactive materials. The use of time derivatives and the acquisition of simultaneous signals from different techniques allow extra information from the crossed derivative functions in the dc-regime to be obtained. This strategy has also been effectively used in the ac-regime, reaching valuable information about the kinetics of the electrochemical processes taking place. Among others, molar masses of exchanged species or apparent molar absorptivities at different wavelengths have been estimated, increasing the knowledge of the mechanisms for different electrode processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Juan García-Jareño
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Agrisuelas
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco Vicente
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, University of Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Et Taouil A, Lallemand F, Hihn JY, Hallez L, Moutarlier V, Blondeau-Patissier V. Relation between structure and ions mobility in polypyrrole electrosynthesized under high frequency ultrasound irradiation. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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3
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Spectroscopy at Electrochemical Interfaces. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-49829-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Garay F, Iglesias RA, Barbero CA. Charge neutralization process of mobile species developed during potentiodynamic conditions. Part 2: Simulation and fit of probe beam deflection experiments. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Montella C. LSV modelling of electrochemical systems through numerical inversion of Laplace transforms. I – The GS–LSV algorithm. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shi P, Fromondi I, Shi Q, Wang Z, Scherson DA. Simultaneous in Situ Reflectance and Probe Beam Deflection Measurements at Solid Electrode−Aqueous Electrolyte Interfaces. Anal Chem 2006; 79:202-7. [PMID: 17194140 DOI: 10.1021/ac061452i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method is herein described for performing simultaneous in situ normal incidence reflectance spectroscopy (DeltaR/R, lambda = 633 nm) and probe beam deflection (PBD) measurements at solid electrodes in aqueous electrolytes, while scanning the potential linearly between two prescribed limits. Results obtained for Au in 0.1 M HClO4 and for Pt in both 0.1 M HClO4 and 0.1 M NaOH were found to be in excellent agreement with those reported in the literature for each individual spectroelectrochemical technique under otherwise similar conditions. Data collected for Pt electrodes in CO-saturated 0.1 M HClO4 revealed rather sudden changes in both DeltaR/R and PBD signals in the voltammetric region where the characteristic sharp peak associated with the oxidation of adsorbed CO occurs. This behavior was ascribed, respectively, to oxide formation (DeltaR/R) and to changes in the electrolyte composition in region neighboring the electrode, involving predominantly the acid concentration (PBD). In contrast, CO oxidation on Pt in 0.1 M NaOH yielded a PBD response consistent with formation of solution-phase carbonate via the reaction of the product, CO2, with hydroxyl ion. The exquisite sensitivity of DeltaR/R and PBD to interfacial phenomena was further illustrated using a monolayer of hemin irreversibly adsorbed on glassy carbon surfaces in 0.1 M Na2B4O7 (pH approximately 9.2). For this system, DeltaR/R was found to be proportional to the relative fractions of hemin and its reduced counterpart, while the PBD signal could be correlated with corresponding variations in the electrolyte concentration induced by the surface-bound redox process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7078, USA
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Garay F, Barbero CA. Charge Neutralization Process of Mobile Species at Any Distance from the Electrode/Solution Interface. 2. Concentration Gradients during Potential Pulse Experiments. Anal Chem 2006; 78:6740-6. [PMID: 17007492 DOI: 10.1021/ac0603680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The theoretical model presented in part 1 of this work is employed to simulate and fit experimental probe beam deflection (PBD) data of Fe(CN)6(3-)/Fe(CN)6(4-) and Fe3+/Fe2+ couples. Current and beam deviation dependency on time at constant potential (chronoamperometry and chronodeflectometry) is analyzed via a new treatment based on the migration and diffusion properties of all the species involved. The diffusion coefficients of electroactive species are obtained by fitting chronoamperometric curves. Those coefficients are then employed to simulate the respective chronodeflectometric profiles. The experimental data and the theoretical function are fitted by the minimum squares Simplex algorithm. The effect of working with systems in which both electroactive species are charged is discussed in detail. Specifically, the possibility of quantitative analysis of nonspecific techniques data is analyzed when a relative high concentration of supporting electrolyte is used. Such analysis widens the scope of techniques as PBD since in many cases the effect of supporting electrolyte species could be negligible as compared to the response of electroactive species. The variation of the refraction index with the concentration gradient of each soluble species is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Garay
- INFIQC, Departamento de Físico Química, Fac. de Ciencias Químicas, UNC, Pab. Argentina.
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An examination of the conditions resulting in a temporal convolution related to electrochemical processes. J Solid State Electrochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-006-0169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Salavagione H, Arias-Pardilla J, Pérez J, Vázquez J, Morallón E, Miras M, Barbero C. Study of redox mechanism of poly(o-aminophenol) using in situ techniques: evidence of two redox processes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Johanson U, Marandi M, Tamm T, Tamm J. Comparative study of the behavior of anions in polypyrrole films. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Barbero CA. Ion exchange at the electrode/electrolyte interface studied by probe beam deflection techniques. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:1885-99. [DOI: 10.1039/b419382b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Amatore C, Chovin A, Garrigue P, Servant L, Sojic N, Szunerits S, Thouin L. Remote Fluorescence Imaging of Dynamic Concentration Profiles with Micrometer Resolution Using a Coherent Optical Fiber Bundle. Anal Chem 2004; 76:7202-10. [PMID: 15595861 DOI: 10.1021/ac049017g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic concentration profiles within the diffusion layer of an electrode were imaged in situ using fluorescence detection through a multichannel imaging fiber. In this work, a coherent optical fiber bundle is positioned orthogonal to the surface of an electrode and is used to report spatial and temporal micrometric changes in the fluorescence intensity of an initial fluorescent species. The fluorescence signal is directly related to the local concentration of a redox fluorescent reagent, which is electrochemically modulated by the electrode. Fluorescence images are collected through the optical fiber bundle during the oxidation of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) to ruthenium(III) at a diffusion-limited rate and allow the concentration profiles of Ru(II) reagent to be monitored in situ as a function of time. Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) is excited at 485 nm and emits fluorescence at 605 nm, whereas the Ru(III) oxidation state is not fluorescent. Our experiments emphasize the influence of two parameters on the micrometer spatial resolution: the numerical aperture of optical fibers within the bundle and the Ru(II) bulk concentration. The extent of the volume probed by each individual fiber of the bundle is discussed qualitatively in terms of a primary inner-filter effect and refractive index gradient. Experimentally measured fluorescence intensity profiles were found to be in very good agreement with concentration profiles predicted upon considering planar diffusion and thus validate the concept of this new application of imaging fibers. The originality of this remote approach is to provide a global view of the entire diffusion layer at a given time through one single image and to allow the time expansion of the diffusion layer to be followed quantitatively in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Amatore
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR CNRS 8640 'PASTEUR', 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Correia JP, Vieil E, Abrantes LM. Electropolymerization of 3-methylthiophene studied by multiflux convolution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Constant-current unsupported electrolysis in a thin cell: a comparative study of analytical and simulative modelling. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Investigating mechanisms of anodic film formation by electrochemical probe beam deflection (EPBD). Electrochim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2003.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Brolo A, Sharma S. Using probe beam deflection (PBD) to investigate the electrochemical oxidation of silver in perchlorate media in the presence and absence of chloride ions. Electrochim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ion and solvent transfer discrimination at a nickel hydroxide film exposed to LiOH by combined electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and probe beam deflection (PBD) techniques. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Anderson JL, Coury LA, Leddy J. Dynamic electrochemistry: methodology and application. Anal Chem 2000; 72:4497-520. [PMID: 11008788 DOI: 10.1021/ac0007837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2556, USA
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Influence of the local electric field on ionic transport during redox switching of conducting polymers. Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(00)00073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Léger C, Elezgaray J, Argoul F. Probing interfacial dynamics by phase-shift interferometry in thin cell electrodeposition. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Amatore* C, Bonhomme F, Bruneel JL, Servant* L, Thouin L. Mapping dynamic concentration profiles with micrometric resolution near an active microscopic surface by confocal resonance Raman microscopy. Application to diffusion near ultramicroelectrodes: first direct evidence for a conproportionation reaction. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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