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Cho G, Azzouzi S, Zucchi G, Lebental B. Electrical and Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes for the Monitoring of Chemicals in Water-A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:218. [PMID: 35009763 PMCID: PMC8749835 DOI: 10.3390/s22010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) combine high electrical conductivity with high surface area and chemical stability, which makes them very promising for chemical sensing. While water quality monitoring has particularly strong societal and environmental impacts, a lot of critical sensing needs remain unmet by commercial technologies. In the present review, we show across 20 water monitoring analytes and 90 references that carbon nanotube-based electrochemical sensors, chemistors and field-effect transistors (chemFET) can meet these needs. A set of 126 additional references provide context and supporting information. After introducing water quality monitoring challenges, the general operation and fabrication principles of CNT water quality sensors are summarized. They are sorted by target analytes (pH, micronutrients and metal ions, nitrogen, hardness, dissolved oxygen, disinfectants, sulfur and miscellaneous) and compared in terms of performances (limit of detection, sensitivity and detection range) and functionalization strategies. For each analyte, the references with best performances are discussed. Overall, the most frequently investigated analytes are H+ (pH) and lead (with 18% of references each), then cadmium (14%) and nitrite (11%). Micronutrients and toxic metals cover 40% of all references. Electrochemical sensors (73%) have been more investigated than chemistors (14%) or FETs (12%). Limits of detection in the ppt range have been reached, for instance Cu(II) detection with a liquid-gated chemFET using SWCNT functionalized with peptide-enhanced polyaniline or Pb(II) detection with stripping voltammetry using MWCNT functionalized with ionic liquid-dithizone based bucky-gel. The large majority of reports address functionalized CNTs (82%) instead of pristine or carboxyl-functionalized CNTs. For analytes where comparison is possible, FET-based and electrochemical transduction yield better performances than chemistors (Cu(II), Hg(II), Ca(II), H2O2); non-functionalized CNTs may yield better performances than functionalized ones (Zn(II), pH and chlorine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gookbin Cho
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France; (G.C.); (S.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Sawsen Azzouzi
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France; (G.C.); (S.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gaël Zucchi
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France; (G.C.); (S.A.); (G.Z.)
| | - Bérengère Lebental
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France; (G.C.); (S.A.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratoire Instrumentation, Simulation et Informatique Scientifique (LISIS), Département Composants et Systèmes (COSYS), Université Gustave Eiffel, 77447 Marne-La-Vallée, France
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Water soluble bifunctional complex of tetrapyridino porphyrazinato zinc(II) as highly efficient catalyst for CO2 insertion into epoxide cycles. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Koczorowski T, Rębiś T, Szczolko W, Antecka P, Teubert A, Milczarek G, Goslinski T. Reduced graphene oxide/iron(II) porphyrazine hybrids on glassy carbon electrode for amperometric detection of NADH and L-cysteine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guo Y, Stroka JR, Kandemir B, Dickerson CE, Bren KL. Cobalt Metallopeptide Electrocatalyst for the Selective Reduction of Nitrite to Ammonium. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16888-16892. [PMID: 30457856 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A cobalt-tripeptide complex (CoGGH) is developed as an electrocatalyst for the selective six-electron, eight-proton reduction of nitrite to ammonium in aqueous buffer near neutral pH. The onset potential for nitrite reduction occurs at -0.65 V vs Ag/AgCl (1 M KCl). Controlled potential electrolysis at -0.90 V generates ammonium with a faradaic efficiency of 90 ± 3% and a turnover number of 3550 ± 420 over 5.5 h. CoGGH also catalyzes the reduction of the proposed intermediates nitric oxide and hydroxylamine to ammonium. These results reveal that a simple metallopeptide is an active functional mimic of the complex enzymes cytochrome c nitrite reductase and siroheme-containing nitrite reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Guo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627-0216 , United States
| | - Jesse R Stroka
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627-0216 , United States
| | - Banu Kandemir
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627-0216 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Middle East Technical University , North Cyprus via Mersin 10 , Turkey
| | - Claire E Dickerson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627-0216 , United States
| | - Kara L Bren
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rochester , Rochester , New York 14627-0216 , United States
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Falkowski M, Rebis T, Piskorz J, Popenda L, Jurga S, Mielcarek J, Milczarek G, Goslinski T. Multiwalled carbon nanotube/sulfanyl porphyrazine hybrids deposited on glassy carbon electrode — effect of nitro peripheral groups on electrochemical properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617500134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis, MS, UV-vis, NMR, HPLC and electrochemical characterization of magnesium sulfanyl porphyrazine with 2-[2-(4-nitrophenoxy)ethoxy]ethylsulfanyl substituents in the periphery. The electrochemical properties of novel macrocycle were studied by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry in non-aqueous electrolyte. The experimental data indicated the occurrence of clearly defined four redox couples corresponded to one-electron reactions of the [Formula: see text]-conjugated porphyrazine ring and substituents in the periphery. Multiwalled carbon nanotube/sulfanyl porphyrazine hybrids deposited on a glassy carbon electrode allowed for the evaluation of the effect of nitro peripheral groups on the electrochemical properties. The electrochemical behavior of immobilized nitro porphyrazine was consistent with the reduction mechanism for the various arylnitro compounds in aqueous media, with two processes characteristic of the redox transitions of the arylnitro group to the corresponding arylhydroxylamine and/or arylhydroxylamine–arylnitroso groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Falkowski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Rebis
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Piskorz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Lukasz Popenda
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Stefan Jurga
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Mielcarek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Milczarek
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Goslinski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
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Electrocatalytic and new electrochemical properties of chloropromazine in to silicaNPs/chloropromazine/Nafion nanocomposite: Application to nitrite detection at low potential. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Versatile cell for in-situ spectroelectrochemical and ex-situ nanomorphological characterization of both water soluble and insoluble phthalocyanine compounds. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Rebis T, Lijewski S, Nowicka J, Popenda L, Sobotta L, Jurga S, Mielcarek J, Milczarek G, Goslinski T. Electrochemical properties of metallated porphyrazines possessing isophthaloxybutylsulfanyl substituents: Application in the electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Johnson BJ, Peterson GW, Jones P, Melde BJ, Taft JR, Schindler BJ. Porphyrin-embedded organosilicate materials for ammonia adsorption. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424612501337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the application of porphyrin-embedded porous organosilicate materials to the adsorption of ammonia gas. Organosilicate scaffolds were synthesized through a surfactant-templating process combined with a phase separation technique. The structure offers a macro-textured scaffold to facilitate flow through the sorbent material and provide enhanced access to the available surface area provided by a combination of micro- and mesopores distributed over a range of sizes. The materials were grafted post-synthesis to provide sites for covalent immobilization of porphyrins. These porphyrins were utilized for incorporation of metal sites into the organosilicate materials. The removal of ammonia was evaluated for a number of materials incorporating copper metalloporphyrins of varied structure at varied loading levels. Results have been compared to removal of ammonia by a carbon material. Copper deuteroporphyrin IX bis-ethylene glycol provided the strongest interactions with ammonia. High loading levels of this porphyrin within the sorbent structure showed increasing evidence of stacking and did not improve the performance of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paulette Jones
- Science Applications International Corporation, Gunpowder, MD 21010, USA
| | | | - Jenna R. Taft
- NOVA Research Incorporated, Alexandria, VA 22308, USA
| | - Bryan J. Schindler
- Science Applications International Corporation, Gunpowder, MD 21010, USA
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THAMAE MAMOTHIBEA, NYOKONG TEBELLO. Spectroscopic studies of the interaction of cobalt(II) N,N',N″,N‴-tetramethyltetra-3,4-pyridinoporphyrazine with amino acids and nitrogen oxides. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jpp.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of histidine, cysteine, NO and nitrite with cobalt(II) N,N',N″,N‴-tetramethyltetra-3,4-tetrapyridinoporphyrazine ([ Co II tmtppa ]4+) is reported. Metal-based autoreduction of [ Co II tmtppa ]4+ occurs with the formation of the [ Co I tmtppa (-2)]3+ species in the presence of histidine and cysteine. Kinetic data for the auto reduction of [ Co II tmtppa ]4+ in the presence of these amino acids gave the rate constants k f = 2.1 × 101 and 2.8 dm3 mol-1 s-1, for cysteine and histidine, respectively. One molecule of NO or nitrite was found to coordinate to the [ Co II tmtppa ]4+ species. The equilibrium and rate constants for the coordination of the nitric oxide were K = 2.3 × 104 dm 3 mol -1 and k f = 7.5 dm 3 mol -1 s -1, respectively. The coordination of nitrite to [ Co II tmtppa ]4+ occurred with an equilibrium constant of K = 2.0 × 102 dm 3 mol -1 and a rate constant of k f = 4.0 × 10-3 dm 3 mol -1 s -1. There was no evidence for the coordination of two molecules of nitrite to the [ Co II tmtppa ]4+ species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - TEBELLO NYOKONG
- Chemistry Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South, Africa
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Obirai J, Rodrigues NP, Bedioui F, Nyokong T. Synthesis, spectral and electrochemical properties of a new family of pyrrole substituted cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel and zinc phthalocyanine complexes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424603000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new family of pyrrole substituted metallophthalocyanine complexes, namely cobalt(II), iron(II), manganese(III), nickel(II) and zinc(II) tetrakis-4-(pyrrol-1-yl)phenoxy phthalocyanines (noted as M ( TPhPyrPc ), where M is the metallic cation) have been synthesized and fully characterized. In particular, the UV-visible spectra of the iron and nickel complexes showed extensive aggregation even at low concentrations. The cyclic voltammetry of the cobalt, iron and manganese complexes showed three to four redox couples assigned to metal and ring based processes. Spectroelectrochemistry of the manganese derivative confirmed that the synthesized complex is Mn III( TPhPyrPc -2) and that the reduction of Mn II( TPhPyrPc -2) to be centred on the ring and rather than on the metal, forming the Mn II( TPhPyrPc -4) species. Also, the electrochemical polymerization of these newly synthesized pyrrole-substituted phthalocyanines has been demonstrated in the case of the cobalt complex and the electrocatalytic activity of the obtained film has been tested towards the oxidation of L-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Obirai
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Nazaré Pereira Rodrigues
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, UMR CNRS-ENSCP n° 7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Fethi Bedioui
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, UMR CNRS-ENSCP n° 7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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Ebadi M, Lever ABP. Electroreduction of nitrite catalyzed by a dinuclear ruthenium phthalocyanine modified graphite electrode. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424603000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic reduction of nitrite on a dinuclear ruthenium phthalocyanine ( RuPc )2modified electrode is studied, using cyclic voltammetry (cyclic voltammogram), rotating disc electrode (RDE) and ring-disc electrode (RRDE) techniques. The products of nitrite reduction are ammonia, nitrous oxide, and hydroxylamine. Depending on the experimental conditions, ammonia or nitrous oxide is formed as the main product. The initial step in the electroreduction of nitrite catalyzed by ( RuPc )2is a one electron RuII/ RuIprocess, followed by coordination of NO2−to the metal center. Formation of a nitrosyl complex prior to the electroreduction does not occur. A suitable mechanism is proposed by analyzing the rate equation and the Tafel slope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Ebadi
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada
| | - A. B. P. Lever
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada
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Safaei E, Ranjbar B, Hasani L. A study on the self assembly of Fe(II) and dual binding of Ni(II) porphyrazines on CT-DNA. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424607000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of N , N ′, N ″, N ‴-tetramethyltetra-2,3-pyridinoporphyrazinatonickel(II), ([ Ni (2,3- tmtppa )]4+) and N , N ′, N ″, N ‴-tetramethyltetra-2,3-pyridinoporphyrazinatoiron(II), ([ Fe (2,3- tmtppa )]4+) with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) have been studied in 1mM phosphate buffer and low ionic strength (5 mM NaCl ) using several spectroscopic techniques: absorbance, fluorescence and circular dichroism. The 2:1 porphyrazine/DNA mole ratio, existence of moderate hypochromicity, moderate and progressive red shift and conservative ICD in the visible part of [ Fe (2,3- tmtppa )]4+ spectra suggested an outside binding with self-stacking mode. Analysis of the dramatic hypochromicity, small blue shift and bisignate ICD in the Q-band absorption region of [ Ni (2,3- tmtppa )]4+ spectra and 1:1 porphyrazine/DNA mole ratio possibly led us to the dual binding mode of this complex, i.e. at the minor and major grooves of DNA. The influence of the ionic strength on the porphyrazine-DNA binding confirmed this suggestion. The fluorescence quenching of DNA-ethidium bromide complex by porphyrazines was investigated. The values of quenching constants ( K sv ) and the rate constants of the quenching ( K q ) were determined by Stern-Volmer equation. The values of K sv have been obtained (2.07 ± 0.11) × 106 and (0.48 ± 0.01) × 106 M−1 for [ Fe (2,3- tmtppa )]4+ and [ Ni (2,3- tmtppa )]4+, respectively, at 27°C. The higher affinity of [ Fe (2,3- tmtppa )]4+ for the quenching of EB-DNA fluorescence with respect to Ni complex was attributed to self-stacking of the former along DNA helix and favorable energy transfer between EB+ and cationic porphyrazine. ΔG25 (the difference between the free energy of the native ( N ) and the denatured (D) form of DNA at 25°C), ΔHm and ΔSm (difference between enthalpy and entropy at Tm) were extracted from thermal curves. The decline in the melting temperature of DNA following the addition of porphyrazine complexes confirms that the substantial mode of Ni and Fe interaction is not intercalation. The thermodynamic results imply that both Ni and Fe complexes have a slight destabilizing effect on the DNA. A comparison between [ Ni ( tmtppa )]4+ and [ Fe ( tmtppa )]4+ indicates that the latter is more effective than the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Safaei
- Institute of Advanced studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45195, Iran
| | - Bijan Ranjbar
- Department of Biophysics, College of Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Hasani
- Department of Biophysics, College of Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
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Chen J, Zhang J, Tse YH, Janda P, Christendat D, Lever ABP. Surface electrochemistry of N,N',N″,N‴-tetramethyl-tetra-3,4-pyridinoporphyrazinocobalt(II). J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424606000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The complex N,N',N″,N‴ -tetramethyl-tetra-3,4-pyridinoporphyrazinocobalt(II) ([ Co II TMPz [4+])4+ adsorbed on a graphite electrode undergoes spontaneous reduction, forming a surface containing Co I. Five reversible surface peaks are observed at low pH, two of which are two-electron concerted processes. At high pH, one of these two-electron processes splits into two one-electron waves. Both oxidation and reduction of the central metal can be observed, along with successive reduction steps involving the porphyrazine ligand. Notable is the marked shift to positive potentials of these processes, relative to unsubstituted cobalt phthalocyanine, due to the positive charge localized on the porphyrazine. The electrocatalytic activity of this complex modified electrode toward the reduction of hydrogen peroxide is also reported. We demonstrate that a series of different surfaces exist which are obtained by variation of pH and polarization potential and that these surfaces possess differing electrocatalytic activity. Surfaces inactive to hydrogen peroxide can exist at potentials more negative than active surfaces even though the driving force for peroxide reduction will be greater for the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, York University, North York, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jiujun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, York University, North York, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Yu-Hong Tse
- Department of Chemistry, York University, North York, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Pavel Janda
- Department of Chemistry, York University, North York, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - A. B. P. Lever
- Department of Chemistry, York University, North York, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Chen J, Lever ABP. Surface electrochemistry and electrocatalytic activity of ion pairs formed from oppositely-charged phthalocyanine and porphyrin species. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424607000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled ion pairs are deposited onto a graphite electrode surface by dipping the electrode sequentially into phthalocyanine cations and anions, or a phthalocyanine cation and porphyrin anion. The electrochemical properties of these surface-bound ion pairs are compared with the properties of the individual surface-bound components. The order of deposition is shown to be crucial, implying that these species lie flat on the surface. A detailed study of the electrocatalytic oxidation of oxalate anion is used to explore their reactivity as a function of deposition order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Chen
- Chemistry Department, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - A. B. P. Lever
- Chemistry Department, York University, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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Prasad R, Kumar A. Synthesis, spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations of supramolecular nickel(II)tetraazaporphyrin complexes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424605000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ( bpy )2 Ru II and ( phen )2 Ru II moieties were linked to [ Ni ( OBTTAP )]1, periphery through coordinate bonds in order to synthesize cationic di- and pentanuclear complexes 2-5 that were obtained as PF 6− salts. They were characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, UV-vis, and mass spectral data. The electronic absorption, emission and redox data of these bichromophoric systems indicate the presence of a high degree of intercomponent electronic interaction. The position and relative intensities of the Soret and Q bands in these complexes is altered due to peripheral binding of the metal units. The compounds were non-emissive for the Q band excitation but, Soret excitation led to a strong S 2 emission, observed between 400-450 nm. In cyclic voltammetry, the compounds exhibited one Ru centered oxidation together with one or two OBTTAP centered oxidations. The Ru II/ Ru III oxidations were observed at significantly lower potentials as compared to the corresponding simple maleonitrile-benzylthioether complexes and has been interpretted in terms of weaker d π( S )– d π( Ru ) interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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Abstract
A stroll through memory lane highlighting the author's contributions to phthalocyanines, including synthetic aspects especially of binuclear species, manganese oxygen breathing chemistry, mixed valence species, solution and surface electrochemistry, electrocatalysis, two-electron concerted processes, charge transfer spectroscopy, ligand electrochemical parameter applications and phthalocyanine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. P. Lever
- Department of Chemistry, CB124, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada
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Sakamoto K, Ohno-Okumura E, Kato T, Kawaguchi T, Cook MJ. Laser-flash photolysis of dialkylbenzodipyridoporphyrazines. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424603000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the course of a fundamental study of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cancer, a non-peripheral substituted phthalocyanine analogue, zinc bis(1,4-didecylbenzo)bis(3,4-pyrido)porphyrazine and its position isomers were examined to measure their photoexcited triplet state lifetimes in poly(methyl methacrylate) film using laser-flash photolysis. The isomer mixture of zinc bis(1,4-didecylbenzo)bis(3,4-pyrido)porphyrazine showed the most intense absorption in the 660-710 nm region, and the longer triplet state lifetime. The lowest symmetry isomer of zinc bis(1,4-didecylbenzo)bis(3,4-pyrido)porphyrazine was found to have the longest triplet state lifetime when all isomers were separated. The compound is proposed to be suitable for use as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi-cho, Narashino-shi, Chiba-ken 275-8575, Japan
| | - Eiko Ohno-Okumura
- Research Institute of Chemical Science, Technology and Education, 8-37-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba-ken 274-0063, Japan
| | - Taku Kato
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi-cho, Narashino-shi, Chiba-ken 275-8575, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kawaguchi
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi-cho, Narashino-shi, Chiba-ken 275-8575, Japan
| | - Michael J. Cook
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, England
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Bordbar AK, Dezhampanah H, Asadi M, Safaei E, Sohrabi N, Khodadost Y. Thermodynamics investigation of a series of metalloporphyrazine-bovine serum albumin complexes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424607000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The equilibrium binding of the tetra-cationic complexes ( N , N ′, N ″, N ‴-tetra-methyltetra-2,3-pyridinoporphyrazinato)copper(II), ([ Cu (2,3- TMTPPA )]4+), ( N , N ′, N ″, N ‴-tetra-methyltetra-3,4-pyridinoporphyrazinato)copper(II), ([ Cu (3,4- TMTPPA )]4+), (( N , N ′, N ″, N ‴-tetra-methyltetra-3,4-pyridinoporphyrazinato)cobalt(II), ([ Co (3,4- TMTPPA )]4+) and (( N , N ′, N ″, N ‴-tetra-methyltetra-3,4-pyridinoporphyrazinato)zinc(II), ([ Zn (3,4- TMTPPA )]4+) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been studied in phosphate buffer pH = 7.0 and at various temperatures using multi-spectroscopy techniques. The results of resonance light scattering (RLS) studies represent no aggregate formation of porphyrazine in the surface of BSA and low tendency of these porphyrazine for aggregate formation. The binding constants and binding stoichiometries were determined by analyzing of optical absorption spectra of porphyrazine complexes at various concentration of BSA using SQUAD software. The results show that the best fitting corresponds to a 1:1 complex model between BSA and porphyrazines. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated by van't Hoff equation at various temperatures. The data indicate that the process is entropy driven suggesting that hydrophobic interactions play a considerable role in the complex formation. The binding of porphyrazine complexes to BSA quenches fluorescence emission of BSA via a dynamic mechanism and the quenching process obeys a linear Stern-Volmer relationship. The average aggregation number of BSA, which has been calculated from the analysis of fluorescence quenching data, indicates the absence of any porphyrazine induced aggregation of BSA due to its interaction with porphyrazine complexes. Fluorescence studies also indicate that porphyrazine is bound to site I of BSA placed in sub-domain IIA, where tryptophan 214 is located.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Khalegh Bordbar
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jereeb Street, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Hamid Dezhampanah
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jereeb Street, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Mozaffar Asadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Safaei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454, Shiraz, Iran
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Gava Zang, P.O. Box: 45195-159, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Sohrabi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran
| | - Yadollah Khodadost
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jereeb Street, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
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Ojani R, Raoof JB, Rahemi V. A Simple and Efficient Electrochemical Sensor for Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrite Based on Poly(4-aminoacetanilide) Film Using Carbon Paste Electrode. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201190084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrite on tetraruthenated metalloporphyrins/Nafion glassy carbon modified electrode. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Electrochemical reduction of nitrite at poly-[Ru(5-NO2-phen)2Cl] tetrapyridylporphyrin glassy carbon modified electrode. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Özçeşmeci İ, Koca A, Gül A. Synthesis and electrochemical and in situ spectroelectrochemical characterization of manganese, vanadyl, and cobalt phthalocyanines with 2-naphthoxy substituents. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Habib IHI. Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Nitrite Using Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Chitosan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2011.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zagal JH, Griveau S, Silva JF, Nyokong T, Bedioui F. Metallophthalocyanine-based molecular materials as catalysts for electrochemical reactions. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Adekunle AS, Pillay J, Ozoemena KI. Probing the electrochemical behaviour of SWCNT–cobalt nanoparticles and their electrocatalytic activities towards the detection of nitrite at acidic and physiological pH conditions. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kamyabi MA, Asgari Z, Monfared HH. Electrocatalytic oxidation of nitrite at a terpyridine manganese(II) complex modified carbon past electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-009-0977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Metal phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acids, metal phthalocyanine octacarboxylic acids, metal octakis(hexyloxymethyl)phthalocyanines, and metal anthraquinocyanines have been synthesized. Then, zinc bis(1,4-didecylbenzo)-bis(3,4-pyrido)porphyrazines, the cyclotetramerization products of a 1:1 mixture of 3,6-didecylphthalonitrile and 3,4-dicyanopyridine, were synthesized. Futher, subphthalocyanine and its derivatives, with substituents such as thiobutyl and thiophenyl moieties were synthesized. Electrochemical measurements were performed on the abovementioned phthalocyanine derivatives and analogues in order to examine their electron transfer abilities and electrochemical reaction mechanisms in an organic solvent. Moreover, 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thio-phenylmethyl)phthalocyanes were synthesized. The Q-bands of the latter compounds appeared in the near-infrared region. Furthermore, non-colored transparent films in the visible region can be produced.
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Electrochemical properties and electrocatalytic activity of FAD immobilized onto cobalt oxide nanoparticles: Application to nitrite detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Moeno S, Idowu M, Nyokong T. Spontaneous charge transfer between zinc tetramethyl-tetra-2,3-pyridinoporphyrazine and CdTe and ZnS quantum dots. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2008.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Raoof JB, Ojani R, Ramine M. Voltammetric sensor for nitrite determination based on its electrocatalytic reduction at the surface of p-duroquinone modified carbon paste electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Qi M, Lever A. The electrochemistry of a surface modified, cationic, tetra-(N-methyl)pyridiniumporphyrazinocopper electrode. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Soropogui K, Sigaud M, Vittori O. A Cobalt Film Electrode for Nitrite Determination in Natural Water. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Agboola B, Nyokong T. Comparative electrooxidation of nitrite by electrodeposited Co(II), Fe(II) and Mn(III) tetrakis (benzylmercapto) and tetrakis (dodecylmercapto) phthalocyanines on gold electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 587:116-23. [PMID: 17386762 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on the electrooxidation of nitrite using Co(II), Fe(II) and Mn(III) tetrakis (benzylmercapto) and tetrakis (dodecylmercapto) phthalocyanines electrodeposited onto a gold electrode. Good catalytic activity (in terms of lowering overpotential) was obtained for these molecules when compared to previously reported MPc catalysts. The catalytic current was found to vary linearly with nitrite concentration in the range employed in this work (0.1-1 mM) and high sensitivities ranging from 6.9 to 9.9 microA mM(-1) were observed for all the modified electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolade Agboola
- Chemistry Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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37
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Siswana MP, Ozoemena KI, Nyokong T. Electrocatalysis of asulam on cobalt phthalocyanine modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes immobilized on a basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Agboola BO, Ozoemena KI, Nyokong T. Electrochemical properties of benzylmercapto and dodecylmercapto tetra substituted nickel phthalocyanine complexes: Electrocatalytic oxidation of nitrite. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Asadi M, Safaei E, Ranjbar B, Hasani L. A study on the binding of two water-soluble tetrapyridinoporphyrazinato copper(II) complexes to DNA. J Mol Struct 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Ozoemena KI, Nyokong T. Surface electrochemistry of iron phthalocyanine axially ligated to 4-mercaptopyridine self-assembled monolayers at gold electrode: Applications to electrocatalytic oxidation and detection of thiocyanate. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Asadi M, Bordbar AK, Safaei E, Ghasemi J. Interaction of some water-soluble metalloporphyrazines with human serum albumin. J Mol Struct 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2004.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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42
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Wang S, Yin Y, Lin X. Cooperative effect of Pt nanoparticles and Fe(III) in the electrocatalytic oxidation of nitrite. Electrochem commun 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2003.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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43
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A poly(pyrrole-Cobalt(II)deuteroporphyrin) electrode for the potentiometric determination of nitrite. SENSORS 2003. [DOI: 10.3390/s30700213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Photosensitizer efficacy of non-peripheral substituted alkylbenzopyridoporphyrazines for photodynamic therapy of cancer. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(02)00292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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45
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46
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